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tice that genetic factor plays an important role in the etiology of this condition. 6.
Very little difficulty should be expected with delivery in any of its stages unless
there is abnormal presentation in a woman who has had poliomyelitis. 7. On condition toxemia of pregnancy is very severe, the necessity of certain section is considered. 8. The pregnant woman should continue to eat foods which she likes, providing, of course, that no complications arise. 9. All advantages of adequate neonatal supervision may be lost unless satisfactory care during childhood is ensured.
10. These drugs will produce satisfactory results provided they are given in proper
dosage.
19. Translate the sentences paying special attention to rendering elliptical
clauses (в эллиптических предложениях могут быть опущены подлежа-
щее и сказуемое, или одно из них; при переводе недостающие члены пред-
ложения должны быть восполнены).
Model: Attacks of bronchial asthma, if frequent, may seriously affect the child’s
general health. – Приступы бронхиальной астмы, если они случаются час-
то, могут серьезно повредить общему состоянию здоровья.
1. If virus is present, even though inapparent clinically, a sesarotomy should be
considered. 2. The causative allergen, if detected, should be immediately removed
from the home of an asthmatic. 3. All these measures, if practiced generally, will
reduce the fetal mortality considerably. 4. The symptoms of brain disturbances in a
newborn, if present, require immediate surgical help. 5. During childhood growth
continues with a rapidity which, though great, is less than in infancy. 6. Artificial
termination of pregnancy, if undertaken, must have close cooperation between the
gynecologist and radiotherapist. 7. The first signs of allergic response, unless properly treated, may become a fixed condition. 8. What significance, if any, the use of
this preparation in the human neonate may have is not yet known. 9. The serum
immunoglobulins were assessed in order to determine their relationship, if any, to
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the type and severity of respiratory allergy. 10. Many of the fetal organs, though
perfect, are not yet active.
20. Fill in b lanks with suitable prepositions. Translate t he sentences:
1. Much progress has been achieved in treating bronchial asthma … the last few
years. 2. The child’s sensitiveness … penicillin should be studied before the treatment is begun. 3. The term “analgesics” is applied … the drugs which cause pain
to subside. 4. The discovery of the reactions of the human organism to the changes
of weather gave rise … a new branch of medicine – medicometereological forecasting (прогнозирование). 5. Prevention of infectious diseases should be organized … a way which ensures the maximum effectiveness of prophylactic measures. 6. This group of antibiotic drugs is bactericidal … nature. 7. The findings of
the intradermal tests proved … great diagnostic importance. 8. All infectious diseases are similar … origin. 9. Exposure … rubella was detected in the mothers of
(at least) one third of children with congenital rubella syndrome. 10. Children with
metabolic disorders should be guided … from eating harmful foods. 11. The child
was noted to be allergic … definite inhalant materials. 12. Preventive therapy is of
great importance … bron chial asthma and other allergic conditions.
21. From the words given below choose the synonyms of the words and word
combination in bold type . Translate the senten ces:
1. Individuals thought to be susceptible to house dust were challenged with the
house dust antigen. 2. Local allergic reaction in the operative site to dressing material may be brought about b y medications given pre- and postoperatively. 3. Allergic responses vary depending on different environmental, climatological and
emotional factors. 4. The mechanism of many diseases which do not belong to al-
lergic ones, have symptoms which are characteristic of allergic responses. 5. Some
substances which are absolutely harmless to one person may produce an allergic
response in another. 6. Because of recurrent digestive disorders, the child had to
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be hospitalized. 7. The difficulties the pediatric surgeons meet with are of highly
specific natur e.
food-upset, fall into category (of), to encounte r, innocuous, response, div erse, to
be allergic
22. Translate the sentences paying special attention to rendering the word
“background”:
1. The background levels were the same. 2. The two diseases have common etiological background. 3. The background of these phenomena remained unre-
solved until the end of the 1970s. 4. The term “dose” has many meanings depending on the background and expertise. 5. The present study was aimed to form a
background for future studies wi th mutant animals.
23. Translat e the following sentences into Ru ssian:
1. They didn’t have the course of their disease changed by this therapy. 2. Many
pediatric patients have had allergy reduced after guiding away from their homes. 3.
There are some of the tests the patient will have to get done. 4. Our problem at the
moment is that we have no way of predicting which patients will tolerate which
class of drugs. 5. Asthmatic children often become much improved when separated
from their parents. 6. Allergic diseases have several characteristic features in
common. 7. If doctors could prevent sensitization to foreign proteins, the problem
of many allergic patients would be solved.
24. Translat e the following sentences into English:
1. Причины различных аллергических состояний могут быть одинаковы. 2.
Многие заболевания, обычно наблюдаемые у детей, имеют аллергический
характер. 3. Существует много способов предотвращения аллергий у детей.
4. 9-летняя девочка поступила в больницу с острым приступом бронхиальной
астмы. 5. Был поставлен диагноз аллергической бронхиальной астмы и хро-
нической неспецифической пневмонии. 6. Опубликованные данные показали,
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что мать должна как можно дольше кормить грудью младенца, если в семье
есть случаи аллергии. 7. Лечение детей-астматиков следует начинать под
строгим медицинским контролем.
25. Read and translate text IV in written form:
Text IV. Allergies may be One of t he Triggers of Asthma Attacks
The items that most often trigger asthma in susceptible people include pollens,
animal dander, molds and house mites. If one have this type of asthma, allergy
shots may cut the number and severity of attacks. They may also reduce one’s need
for asthma medication.
Even for people without allergies certain irritants can trigger an attack. These
substances include tobacco smoke, fumes, smog, hair spray, perfumes and the like.
In addition, certain medicines may also spark or worsen an attack. These include
aspirin, anti-inflammatory pain relievers like ibuprofen, sulfites (a food preservative) and a class of drug s known as beta-blockers.
Beta-blockers come in pill form as well as eye drops. Allergy shots work by
challenging the body with very small doses of substance one is allergic to. This tiny amount gives the immune system a chance to build up a tolerance to it, without
being overwhelmed. The dose is gradually increased, until one can take full doses
without a reduc tio n.
26. Read text V and give th e abstract of the text:
Text V. Genetic Aspects of Atopic Disorders
Although hereditary components in the development of allergic manifestations have generally been recognized, the exact character of inheritance of allergies
has so far eluded resea rchers. The understanding of th e exact genetic mechanisms
involved in the development of allergic reaction would shed light on the underlying biochemical reactions and, thus, contribute to treatment and prevention. In addition, it w ould lead t o more precise predictions about recurrence risks.
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Although the earlier studies have been useful for counseling families about
risks of developing allergy, breakthroughs in understanding the etiology of allergic
disease did not come until the 197 0s.
March et al. set out to define limits of IgE levels for the genotype associated
with atopic disease, identifying those IgE levels that would cause the least overlap
between atopic and nonatopic individuals. Complex analysis supported the hypothesis of a major locus as well as significant influence for IgE regulation. This locus would have two genes: a dominant gene suppressing high levels of IgE and recessive gene, which in the homozygous state would lead t o high serum IgE levels.
There are two most common HLA gene combinations in Europeans. These
patterns occur with frequency of 5% and 3%, respectively, which is 20-30 times
more frequent than would be expected. It appears that individuals carrying these
patterns have some selective advantage. For instance, the gene or genes could have
increased the resistance of the individual to some virus or other organisms causing
disease and death in those not carrying the gene.
27. Read text VI and translate it without a dictionary. Entitle the text:
Text VI.
Sometimes a normal immune response does no t occur. Instead, a violent reac-
tion called allergy is produced. This can cause sudden death but usually involves
consequences of varying degrees of severity, ranging from skin rashes or mouth
ulcers to partial obstruction of airway. Sensitivity to certain types of pollen, food,
stings, latex products and drugs can produce an allergic re sponse.
A much more serious type of allergy which could happen in practice is that affecting patients sensitive to penicillin and its derivatives. If one of these drugs was
given to such patients, the above-mentioned reactions may occur – the worst effect
of all being the rapid onset of a severe state of collapse which may be fatal. This is
called anaphylactic shock. The patients most at risk of allergic responses are those
with a history of asthm a, eczema and hay fever.
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28. Read text VII and translate it with the help of a dictionary:
Text VII. Allergies
Allergies are some of the less desirable responses of the immune system to
foreign substances called allergens (substances that produce an allergic response).
Pollens, grasses, grains, molds, dust, animal hair, foods, and drugs contain allergycausing antigens. Almost anything containing a foreign substance can be an allergen. The allergic response is due to synthesis in the body of a particular class of
antibodies that are different from the ones that recognize and inactivate bacteria,
viruses, and cells. No one is really sure what benefit accrues from our being able to
synthesize this special class of allergy-related antibodies (called immunoglobulin
E), but millions of people can attest to the misery and discomfort caused by this
immune response. Between one-third and one-half of all people in the United
States suffer from some form of allergy (58 % - hay fever, 19 % - drugs, 18 % dusts, 16 % - foods, 4 % - insect bites, 4 % - asthma).
The allergic reaction is usually accompanied by inflammation, mucus secretion, and the release of histamine, a chemical that is stored in cells that are abundant in the skin, respiratory passages, and digestive tract. Thus, it is no coincidence
that many allergic reactions are associated with skin (eczema, hives, poison ivy),
the respiratory tract (hay fever, asthma), and the digestive tract (vomiting, diarrhea).
Though allergies certainly involve physiological and immunological responses in the body, they are also strongly tied to a person’s emotional and psychic
state. Asthmatic children often become much improved when separated from their
parents. Sometimes skin eruption are a sign of “itching to get away” from something or someone. Sneez es may be seasonal or interpersona l.
29. Read text VIII and say what the main idea of th e text is. E ntitle the text:
Text VIII.
Allergies are blamed on many substances, yet allergens are but one component of the complex immunological response. Allergy specialist C.W.Moorefield
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(1971) has successfully treated asthmatic patients using hypnosis and behavior
therapy:
In asthma a conditioned bronchial spasm is the common pathway for a complexity of physical, allergic, and emotional mechanisms. Most studies have shown
that even in the presence of allergic conditions, some emotional overlay usually
triggers the attack of asthma. It is known that emotional influences are activated
through the autonomic nervous system. It is quite likely that emotions acting via
the autonomic nervous system produce local conditions in the mucosa of the bronchial tubes, which would make the respiratory system sensitive both to infections
and allergens.
Millions of allergi c people receive inoculations that are supposed to desensitize them to irritating substances to which they showed positive reactions in allergy
tests. Some people do get better with the program of desensitizing shots. It is recognized that only a small number of people actually will benefit from allergy shots
(Norman, 1990). Only when allergy or asthma can be shown to be mediated by
immunoglobulin E immunotherapy (shots) is justified. For most people with hay
fever, asthma, or allergies, desensitization shots probably are a waste of time and
money.
Food intolerance is an allergic reaction to an ingested food. The reaction may
be local (restricted to one organ system such as the stomach) or systemic (involving the entire body in reaction). Gastrointestinal reactions are commonly caused by
cow’s milk, soy protein, eggs, fish, and rice. Children and infants are the ones most
affected b ut many of them outgrow their food hypersensitiv ities.
A systemic reaction may that can produce anaphylactic shock and death is
most frequently caused by peanuts, fish, crustaceans, tree nuts, eggs, and milk.
Overall in the population, when people are tested, six foodstuffs account for 90
percent of the allergic reactions: eggs, peanuts, milk, fish, soy, and wheat (Sampson, 1987). Avoidance is the best treatment for food hypersensitivity. If you are
suspicious of certain food substances as possible allergens, avoid eating them for
several wee ks and observe any improvement in your sym ptoms.
138
Allergies of all kinds may be caused and cured by a person’s beliefs and by
suggestion. The human skin is particularly vulnerable to disturbed emotional and
mental states. Millions of people suffer from rashes, eczema, acne, and other skin
disorders. The causes are complex and lie as much within us as in what we are exposed to in the environment. A holistic approach to coping with an allergic problem should begin by determining what has upset a person’s mental and emotional
tranquility. When mind-body harmony is disturbed, the immune responses are affected, and one of the undesirable response s c an be allergic reactions.
30. Read text IX and write out Key-sente nc es from each passage:
Text IX. Allergies in the So-Called Allergic Person
with Excess IgE Antibodies
Some people have an “allergic” tendency. Their allergies are called atopic allergies because they are caused by a nonordinary response of the immune system.
The allergic tendency is genetically passed on from parent to child and is characterized by the presence of large quantities of IgE antibodies. These antibodies are
called regains or sensitizing anti bod ies to distinguish them from the more common
IgG antibodies. When an allergen (defined as an antigen that reacts specifically
with a specific type of IgE regain antibody) enters the body, an allergen-reagin
reaction takes pl ac e and a sub sequent allergic reaction takes place.
A special characteristic of the IgE antibodies (the regains) is a strong propensity to attach to mast cells and basophils. Indeed, a single mast cell or basophil can
bind as many as half a million molecules of IgE antibodies. Then, when an antigen
(an allergen) that has multiple binding sites binds with several of the IgE antibodies attached to a mast cell or basophil, this causes an immediate change in the
membrane of the cell, perhaps resulting from a simple physical effect of the an tibody molecules being pulled together by the antigen. At any rate, many of the mast
cells and basophils rupture; others release their granules without rupturing and secrete additional substances not already preformed in the granules. Some of the
many substances that are either released immediately or secreted shortly thereafter
include histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (which is a mixture of
139
toxic leukotrienes), eosinophil chemotactic substance, a protease, a neutrophil
chemotactic substance, heparin, and platelet activating factors. These substances
cause such phenomena as dilatation of the local blood vessels, attraction of eosinophils and neutrophils to the reactive site, damage to the local tissues by the protease, increased permeability of the capillaries and loss of fluid into the tissues, and
contraction of local smooth muscle cells. Therefore, a number of different types of
abnormal tissue responses can occur, depending on the type of tissue in which the
allergen-reagin reaction occurs. Among the different types of allergic reactions
caused in this manner are the following:
Anaphylaxis. When a specific allergen is injected directly into the circulation,
it can react in widespread areas of the body with the basophils of the blood and the
mast cells located immediately outside the small blood vessels if these have been
sensitized by attachment of IgE regains. Therefore, a widespread allergic reaction
occurs throughout the vascular system and in closely associated tissues. This is
called anaphylaxis. The histamine released into the circulation causes body-wide
vasodilatation as well as increased permeability of the capillaries with resultant
marked loss of plasma from the circulation. Many people wh o experience this reaction die of circulatory shock within a few minutes unless they are treated with epinephrine to oppose the eff ects of the hi stamine. But a lso release d from the cel ls is a
mixture of leukotrienes, which are also called slow-reacting substance of anaphy-
laxis. These leukotrienes cause spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchioles, eliciting an asthma-like attack and sometimes causing death by suffocation.
Urticaria. Urticaria results from antigen entering specific skin areas and causing localized anaphylactoid reactions. Histamine released locally causes (1) vasodilatation that induces an immediate red flare and (2) increased local permeability
of the capillaries that leads to local circumscribed areas of swelling of the skin in
another few minutes. The swellings are commonly called hives. Administration of
antihistamine drugs to a person before exposure will prevent the hives.
Hay Fever. In hay fever, the allergen-reagin reaction occurs in the nose. His-
tamine released in response to the reaction causes local vascular dilatation, with
140
resultant increased capillary pressure, as well as increased capillary permeability.
Both of these effects cause rapid fluid leakage into the tissues of the nose, and the
nasal linings become swollen and secretory. Here again, use of antihistamine drugs
can prevent this swelling reaction. Other products of the allergen-reagin reaction
still cause irritation of the nose, still eliciting the typical sneezing syndrom e despite
drug therapy .
Asthma. Asthma often occurs in the “allergic” type of person. In these, the allergen-reagin reaction occurs in the bronchioles of the lungs. Here, the most important product released from the mast cells seems to be the slow-reacting substance
of anaphylaxis, which causes spasm of the bronchiolar smooth muscle. Consequently, the person has difficult breathing until the reactive products of the allergic
reaction have been removed. Administration of antihistaminics has little effect on
the course of asthma because histamine does not appear to be the major factor eliciting the asthmatic reaction.
31. Revision questions:
1. What items most ofte n trigger asthma in susceptible people?
2. How do allergy shots work?
3. How many gene combinations are most common for Europe ans?
4. What patients are most at risk of allergic responses?
5. What can be an allergen?
6. What allergies are called atopic allergy?
7. What is called anaphylaxis?
8. What does the histamine cause?
9. What does urticaria result from?
10. Where does the allergen-reagin r eaction occur in case of hay fever?
11. Has the person difficulty with breathing while asthma attack?
12. Is it bet ter to treat or to prevent allergy ?