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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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9. Преобразуйте утверждения, выражая возможность выполнения
действия в будущем.
Model: I cannot do it now. (tomorrow) – I’ll be able to do it tomorrow.
1. Lucy cannot fi nish her report now. (by 5 o’clock) 2. They can’t buy
a new photocopier for their Department. (next year) 3. Richard can’t leave
lecture now. (in an hour) 4. They can’t print out the documents now. (this
afternoon) 5. We cannot translate technical articles without a dictionary well
now. (in a year or two) 6. We can’t go cycling. (when the work is over) 7. They
can’t discuss this problem today. (tomorrow) 8. Alice can’t participate in the
conference this week. (next week) 9. She can’t forget her fi rst love. (when the
time passes) 10. We can’t completely rely on machines. (in the future life)
10. Дайте краткие и полные ответы на следующие вопросы по образцу.
Model: Do you have to do it now? (A – last week; B – next week)
A: No, I don’t. I had to do it last week.
B: No, I don’t. I will have to do it next week.
1. Does Mike have to meet all of them today? (A – yesterday; B –
tomorrow) 2. Do you have to learn the poem for today? (A – for the day
before yesterday; B – for Friday) 3. Does the post service usually have to
deliver the mail at noon? (A – in the morning; B – in the evening) 4. Does
your sister have to translate the article for today? (A – for yesterday; B – for
the next English class) 5. Do they have to begin their class discussion at
7 p.m. as usual? (A – at 5 p.m.; B – at 8 p.m.) 6. Do you have to get home
early today? (A – last weekend; B – next weekend) 7. Do you have to clean
the science lab tonight? (A – last night; B – next Monday) 8. Does Mary
have to present her project on scientifi c progress now? (A – last Sunday;
B – tomorrow) 9. Do college tutors have to work at the weekends? (A – last
weekend; B – next weekend) 10. Does he have to save up for a new book
now? (A – when he was at school; B –
when he passes his exams)
11. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в соответствии с образцом.
Model: – Don’t smoke in this room? (outside)
– You should smoke outside.
1. Don’t copy the text here. (at home) 2. Don’t write in pencil. (in ink)
3. Don’t criticize his work in public. (in private) 4. Don’t speak to the rector
right now. (when he is not so busy) 5. Don’t switch on the computers now.
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(when we are done with the test) 6. Don’t instruct them now. (in the afternoon)
7. Don’t take your coat off now. (when you enter the building) 8. Don’t argue
with your professor. (respect his age and opinion) 9. Don’t rely so heavily on
electronic equipment. (have only some necessities) 10. Don’t lose your time.
(start to revise for your fi nal exam now)
12. Дополните следующие разделительные вопросы краткими общими вопросами и дайте на них ответы.
1. The student was not allowed to cheat in his fi nal exam, ...? 2. You had
to leave the lecture early, ...? 3. Alice can’t speak Belarusian, ...? 4. The
Browns were able to meet their son’s tutor, ...? 5. You must be there, ...?
6. The students needn’t hurry, ...? 7. You won’t have to make a report, ...?
8. The students won’t be allowed to use calculators in their test, ...? 9. Kate
should be here by now, ...? 10. Jack has to try it out again, ...?
13. Преобразуйте модальные глаголы в следующих предложениях в
соответствующие формы прошедшего времени.
1. Students must always observe the university rules. 2. These days
lecturers can consult their students online. 3. They may use new data in their
report. 4. Mary can speak two foreign languages. 5. Dmitry can translate this
text without a dictionary. 6. You must rewrite this page. 7. They may have
a short break after this double class. 8. My parents must attend the parents’
meeting at my school, but they can’t. 9. Henry can meet the delegation at the
Research Institute. 10. You must improve your English pronunciation.
14. Выберите правильный вариант употребления модального глагола для следующих ситуаций.
1. A student has just come into the class and left the door open. It is noisy
outside. You say to him:
a) Can you close?
b) Are you able to close?
2. You have opened the window to let in some fresh air. Your roommate
comes in. You say to her:
a) You can’t be here.
b) You needn’t be here.
3. Your friend wants to pay for your dinner. You tell him it is not necessary:
a) You mustn’t do it.
b) You don’t have to.
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4. Your groupmate wants to know what data you have used in your
presentation beforehand. You say:
a) I can’t tell you.
b) I am not able to tell.
5. A friend from Russia phones to tell you she is coming to Belarus next
summer. You say to her:
a) You should stay with me.
b) You must stay with me.
6. You are going to attend a lecture. Your friend wants to skip it. You say to her:
a) You don’t have to.
b) You can’t do that.
7. You feel happy because you have just passed your exam. You say to a friend:
a) I was able to concentrate.
b) I could concentrate.
8. Your friend failed his exam. He hadn’t revised at all. You say to him:
a) You should have revised.
b) You needn’t have revised.
9. You want to wear shorts for your classes on a very hot day. Your tutor says
to you:
a) You aren’t allowed to.
b) You can’t go like that.
10. You feel exhausted and want to leave the last lecture a bit earlier. You say
to your lecturer:
a) May I leave earlier?
b) Should I leave earlier?
READING PRACTICE
15. Прочитайте текст A и переведите его на русский язык, пользу-
ясь словарем.
TEXT A. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Scientists are perhaps the most infl uential people in the world today. They
are responsible not only for the great practical advances in medicine and
technology, but they also give us a deep understanding of what the world
is and how it works. Their role in shaping the worldview of our culture is
excellent.
73
Therefore, science is important to most people living in the modern world
for a number of reason. Firstly, science is important to world peace and
understanding in many ways. On the one hand, scientists have helped to
develop many of the modern tools of war. On the other hand, they have
also helped to keep the peace through research which has improved life for
people. Scientists have helped us to understand the problem of supplying the
world with enough energy; they have begun to develop a number of solutions
to the energy problem – for example, using energy from the sun and from the
atom. Scientists have also analysed the world’s resources. We can begin to
learn to share the resources with the knowledge provided to us by science.
Science studies the Universe and works out the way to use its possibilities
for the benefi t of men. Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, they
are continuing to study many other natural events such as storms. Scientists
are also studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and
developments of the human race. The study of the natural world may help to
improve life for many people all over the world.
Secondly, science is also important to everyone who are aff ected by
modern technology. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better
are the results of advances in technology and, if the current patterns continue,
technology will aff ect us even more in the future than it does now. In some
cases, such as technology for taking salt out of ocean water, technology may
be essential for our lives on the Earth.
Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy
their needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives.
Throughout human history, human beings have invented tools, machines,
materials and techniques to make their lives easier.
Of course, when we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in
a much narrower sense. Generally, we mean industrial technology, or the
technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of powerdriven machines, growth of factory system, and mass production of goods
that has created the basis for our modern society. These days we often say
that we live in an age of science and technology. According to one estimate,
90% of all the scientists who ever lived, were alive and active in the 1970s
of the 20th century. This increased scientifi c activity has brought new ideas,
processes, and inventions in ever-growing amount.
Although the scientifi c revolution that began in the 16th century was the
fi rst time that science and technology started to work together. During the
17th century, more and more people began to realise that they could estimate
their scientifi c ideas by designing a relevant experiment and seeing what
happened. A lot of progress was made in this way by individual scientists.
These men and women often worked alone, carrying out research into many
diff erent areas of science, and they often received very little reward for
74
their hard work. At the start of the 20th century, though, it became clear that
science was becoming more complicated and more expensive. The individual
scientist disappeared, to be replaced by highly qualifi ed teams of experts.
Modern science was born.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1) to be important to world peace and understanding – иметь боль-
шое значение для достижения мира и понимания (между народами);
2) to be aff ected by modern technology – под воздействием современ-
ных технологий;
3) in a much narrower sense – в значительно более узком смысле;
4) growth of the factory system – рост фабричной системы;
5) highly qualifi ed teams of experts – группы высококвалифициро-
ванных экспертов.
16. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Why is science so important in the modern world?
2. How does science help to keep peace in the world?
3. How does science help to solve the energy problem?
4. What proves that the study of science is important for understanding of
the natural world?
5. What proves that science and technology are closely related today?
6. What does the term “technology” refer to?
7. What does the term “industrial technology” mean?
8. What did more and more people begin to realize?
9. Why did individual scientists disappear?
10. Who were they replaced by?
17. По названию текста B догадайтесь, о чем в нем говорится, выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа A–C. Прочитайте
текст B.
A. The development of cars
B. The benefi ts cars can give people
C. The danger of cars
TEXT B. CARS: PASSION OR PROBLEM?
For some people, the car is a convenient form of transportation. But for
others, the car is an exciting hobby. Some people spend their lives collecting
75
valuable cars. Others drive them in races, including the Mille Miglia in Italy,
the Carrera Panamericana in Mexico, and the world-famous Indianapolis
500. For many people, cars are more than transportation: they are a source of
passion and pleasure. Yet cars can also be a source of many problems.
In 1903, Henry Ford began selling the Model T car for $825. His company,
Ford Motors, was the fi rst to produce cars in large numbers. This made the car
available to large numbers of people and helped them to travel long distances
quickly and easily. The car has brought people much closer to places of work,
study, and entertainment. Many people also work in car-related industries:
fi xing cars, washing cars, advertising cars, and selling car products such as
stereos and cellular phones. Most Americans buy a new car every fi ve or six
years. This means that one American may own a dozen cars in a lifetime.
In fact, there are more cars than people in the United States. In New
York City, 2.5 million cars move in and out of the city each day. In this
traffi c, the average speed is sometimes 8.1 miles per hour. This speed could
easily be reached by riding a horse instead of driving a car. But New Yorkers
continue to drive, just as people do in California, where freeways are often
very crowded.
Some environmentalists believe that forms of public transportation such
as buses and trains have not been fully developed in the United States. They
try to teach others that public transportation saves fuel and helps to protect
the environment. Many people are unhappy with car traffi c and pollution,
as well as with the use of beautiful land for building new roads. One
environmentalist, Jan Lundberg, left his Mercedes-Benz in Los Angeles and
moved to the forests of northern California. There he works on the “AutoFree Times”, a newspaper that teaches people how to live without driving.
Lundberg travels on foot, on bicycle, or by bus. Before he decided to live
without a car, Lundberg worked for the oil companies, studying the prices
of gasoline. Lundberg and other environmentalists dream of turning parking
lots into parks and replacing cars with bicycles, but most people around the
world believe that the car is a necessary part of life in today’s world. Still,
there is an important question that must be answered: What kind of fuel will
we use when gasoline is no longer available? Lundberg believes that by
2021, there will no longer be oil for gasoline makers to use.
To solve this problem, car companies in Korea, Japan, Europe, and the
United States are trying to develop an electric car that will not require gasoline
at all. The electric car is not a new idea. It had success with American women
in the early 1900s. Women liked electric cars because they were quiet and
did not pollute the air. Electric cars were also easier to start than gasolinepowered ones. But gasoline-powered cars were faster, and in the 1920s they
became much more popular. The electric car was not used again until the
76
1970s when there were serious problems with the availability of oil. Car
companies began to plan for a future without gasoline. The General Motors
Company had plans to develop an electric car by 1980; however, oil became
available again, and this car was never produced.
Today there is a new interest in the electric car, which is partly related
to a passion for speed and new technology. The General Motors Company
began new work on the development of the electric car. The Toyota Company
recently decided to spend $800 million a year on the development of new car
technology. Many engineers believe that the electric car will lead to other
forms of technology being used for transportation. Cars may change, but
their importance will not. Cars are important to nearly everyone, including
engineers, businesspeople, environmentalists, and even poets. Poet Curt
Brown believes that cars are part of our passion for new places and new
experiences. According to Brown, this “very, very comfortable fl ying chair”
will continue to bring us travel and adventure, no matter how it changes in
the future.
18. Расположите предложения в хронологическом порядке в соответствии с содержанием текста B.
1. For some people, cars are more than transportation.
2. Cars will always be important.
3. People in the US need cars to go to school, work, places of entertainment.
4. Soon there will be no oil to fuel cars.
5. Cars can cause diff erent various problems.
6. Some people think of how to live without cars.
19. Прочитайте следующие утверждения и укажите, какая информация не содержится в тексте. Докажите свой выбор одним предложением.
1. There are more cars than people in the world today.
2. Two and a half million cars pass through New York City each day.
3. Travel is sometimes slow because of traffi c.
4. Cars were fi rst produced in large numbers by Ford Motors.
5. The fi rst electric cars were faster than gasoline-powered cars.
6. The General Motors Company produced an electric car.
20. Парная работа. Составьте 5–6 вопросов по тексту B и обсудите
их со своим партнером.
21. Составьте резюме по содержанию текста B.
77
22. Прочитайте текст С и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT C. WHY THE LAST SHALL BE FIRST
Have you heard of Berkey or Ampex? Gablinger or Chux? Perhaps
you should have, because each occupies an important place in the history
of product innovation. Berkey produced the fi rst hand-held electronic
calculators, Ampex the fi rst video recorders. Gablinger developed lowalcohol lager and Chux sold the fi rst disposable nappies.
Or perhaps you should not, because none of these companies made a
commercial success of their innovations. Today the calculators we use are
probably made by Casio, our video recorder comes from Matsushita, our
low-alcohol beer is Miller Lite, our nappies are made by Procter & Gamble.
In each of these markets the innovator was swept away. Xerox looks like an
exception to this sorry catalogue. The company was fi rst into the photocopier
market and, even if its dominance was ultimately challenged by Canon, it
remains a large and successful company today. But Xerox was also a pioneer
in fax machines and personal computers. Each of these eventually proved to
be a success – but not for Xerox Corporation.
As we all know, it was Apple that developed the personal computer
market. But Apple’s leadership quickly disappeared when IBM came on the
scene. Apple then jumped ahead by introducing the graphical user interface.
Its windows and mice brought personal computing within the reach of
everyone. But it is Microsoft that does this now. The business world is not
kind to pioneers. Even if you know how a market will develop, timing is a
matter of luck – or of quite exceptional skill.
There are two closely related lessons. One is that being fi rst is not often
very important. The other is that innovation is rarely a source of competitive
advantage on its own. Individuals and small companies can make a great
deal of money out of good new ideas. The success of large established
corporations – Matsushita, Philip Morris, IBM or General Electric – is
generally based on other things: their depth of technical expertise, their
marketing skills. And time and again these characteristics enable them to
develop the innovative concept far more eff ectively than the innovators
themselves.
This is not to say that there is no role in business for the great innovator.
After all, General Electric was built on the extraordinary creativity of Thomas
Edison’s mind, the Ford Motor Company on the abilities of its eponymous
founder. The imagination of Walt Disney created a company that is still
without parallel or rival. Perhaps Akio Morita of Sony occupies a similar
place in the annals of modern business.
78
23. Составьте пять предложений с данными словами.
innovation pioneer founder
innovator user
24. Парная работа. Обсудите с партнером основные идеи текста C.
1. Several well-known companies are mentioned: what are the reasons for
their success?
2. Speak about the connection between Disney, Ford, General Electric
and Sony.
3. Can you name any companies which were: a) innovators; b) imitators?
25. Напишите аннотацию к тексту C, используя данные конструкции.
• The title of the text is _______________________________________.
• The text is about __________________________________________.
• The writer states that _______________________________________.
• He also points out that ______________________________________.
• In addition, ______________________________________________.
• In conclusion, the text says that _______________________________.
• I fi nd this text very ________________________________________.
ORAL PRACTICE
26. Прочитайте телефонный разговор двух друзей. Выполните послетекстовое задание.
– I’ve got this science project to fi nish for tomorrow morning... What?
Mathematics exam? Poor you! Yes, I know all your computer science
students love maths, but, hey, listen, Michelle,........do you want to go
out for dinner tonight? You do!? Well, great! I’ll pick you up at 7...
Fantastic! ... No, I’ll fi nish this project in no time... OK, see you at 7...
What? No, of course, I won’t be late! Bye! YES!!!
– Right, that’s it! Half past six! I just have to print this out and get ready for
Michelle.
79
The brilliant young scientist takes the mouse and moves the cursor onto the
icon of the printer. He clicks once and...? Double click?
– Come on computer, print the document! Oh, ok, don’t panic. The computer’s
crashed. It happens. You’ve got plenty of time. Just restart the computer
and everything will be fi ne... Now, time for a cup of tea...
– OK, my lovely little PC, you are going to print my document, aren’t you?
Now where is it? In the science folder... which fi le? ...em, project 4. That’s
it... so, we’ll just open that... We’ll just open that fi le... Oh, come on!
Please! What’s wrong with you?
– OK, look, if you open this document, I’ll buy you a new keyboard or a
nice fl at screen monitor or a lovely colour laser printer with scanner and
photocopier... Just open it, please! Come on!
– Oh, no! I don’t believe it! Error? ...Don’t tell me I’ve lost that document.
It’s taken me four days. Please, no!
– Michelle! I can’t make dinner... I think I’ve got a virus! No, not me, my
computer! It just went dead! ... Yeah, the screen went blank, nothing
works... I’ve lost my science project... No, I haven’t got a backup... My
pen drive broke down and... Yeah, I know you told me to get an external
memory, but...Yes, the only copy is on the hard disk. ... No, I haven’t
downloaded any funny programs recently, and I haven’t been surfi ng any
new sites on the net either... No, I haven’t opened any strange emails...
I don’t know what to do. I am not a computer programmer. ...Really? ...
You don’t mind? Oh, Michelle, that’s so nice of you... How long? Twenty
minutes? OK, I’ll see you then... Thanks a lot...
1. Tony calls Michelle ...
a) to tell her about his project.
b) to talk about exams.
c) to invite her to dinner.
2. Tony has problems ...
а) printing his project.
b) emailing his project to his professor.
c) connecting to the Internet.
3. Which of these methods of solving the problem does Tony NOT try?
a) restarting the computer.
b) reinstalling the software.
c) talking to his computer.
4. Tony calls Michelle again in order to ...
a) tell her he is ill.
b) ask her for advice about the computer problems.
c) cancel their date.
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