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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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11. What kinds of hole-making machines exist?
12. What can we use a drilling machine for?
13. What must be done to execute multiple simultaneous cuts on a planer?
14. What is the working tool in a grinder?
15. Can we grind fragile materials and why?
17. Прочитайте текст В и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT B. DIES
Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those
employed in the pressworking of cold metals.
In presswork, dies are used in pairs. The smaller die, or punch, fi ts inside
the larger die, called the matrix or, simply, the die. The metal to be formed,
usually a sheet, is placed over the matrix on the press. The punch is mounted
on the press and moves down by hydraulic or mechanical force.
A number of diff erent forms of dies are employed for diff erent operations. The
simplest are piercing dies, used for punching holes. Bending and folding dies
are designed to make single or compound bends. A combination die is designed
to perform more than one of the above operations in one stroke of the press. A
progressive die permits successive forming operations with the same die.
In coining, metal is forced to fl ow into two matching dies, each of which
bears an engraved design.
Wiredrawing Dies. In the manufacture of wire, a drawplate is usually
employed. This tool is a metal plate containing a number of holes, successively
less in diameter and known as wire dies. A piece of metal is pulled through the
largest die to make a coarse wire. This wire is then drawn through the smaller
hole, and then the next, until the wire is reduced to the desired measurement.
Wiredrawing dies are made from extremely hard materials, such as tungsten
carbide or diamonds.
Thread-Cutting Dies. For cutting threads on bolts or on the outside of
pipes, a thread-cutting die is used. It is usually made of hardened steel in the
form of a round plate with a hole in the centre. The hole has a thread. To cut
an outside thread, the die is lubricated with oil and simply screwed onto an
unthreaded bolt or piece of pipe, the same way a nut is screwed onto a bolt.
The corresponding tool for cutting an inside thread, such as that inside a nut,
is called a tap.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1) die – матрица, штамп;
2) piercing dies – пробивной штамп;
3) to punch – пробивать отверстие;
191
4) drawplate – волочильная доска;
5) tungsten carbide – карбид вольфрама;
6) diamond – алмаз;
7) thread-cutting die – резьбонарезная плашка;
8) hardened – закаленный;
9) nut – гайка;
10) to screw – привинчивать;
11) tap – метчик.
18. Найдите в тексте B английские эквиваленты следующих слов.
Прессование холодных металлов, гидравлическое или механическое
давление, различные формы штампов, последовательные операции
формовки, меньшего диаметра, уменьшается до желаемого размера,
карбид вольфрама, сделан из закаленной стали, болт без резьбы, для
нарезки внутренней резьбы.
19. Дополните следующие предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста B.
1. Dies are tools used for ...
2. The metal to be formed is placed ...
3. Bending and folding dies are designed to make ...
4. A piece of metal is pulled through the largest die to make ...
5. For cutting threads on bolts or on the outside of pipes, a ... is used.
6. A thread-cutting die is usually made of ... ... in the form of a round plate
with a ... in the centre.
7. The tool for cutting an inside thread is called a ... .
20. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Для различных операций используют различные штампы.
2. В штамповке изделий штампы используются парами.
3. Пробивные штампы используются для пробивания отверстий.
4. В чеканке монет метал затекает в парные штампы, в каждом из
которых выгравирован узор.
5. Волочильная доска – это металлическая пластина, содержащая
ряд отверстий, называемых волочильными фильерами.
6. Волочильные доски для проволоки делаются из очень твердых ма-
териалов.
7. Резьбонарезные плашки и метчики используются для нарезки
резьбы снаружи и внутри.
21. Составьте резюме по содержанию текста B.
192
22. Прочитайте текст С и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT C. BEARINGS
Bearing is a mechanical device for decreasing friction in a machine in
which a moving part bears – that is, slides or rolls on another part. Usually
in a bearing the support must allow the moving part one type of motion,
for example, rotation, while preventing it from moving in any other way,
for example, sidewise. The most common bearings are found at the rigid
supports of rotating shafts where friction is the greatest.
Bearings were invented early in history: when the wheel was invented, it
was mounted on an axle, and where wheel and axle touched was a bearing.
Such early bearings had surfaces of wood or leather lubricated with animal fat.
Modern bearings have been arbitrarily designated as friction bearings
and antifriction bearings. The fi rst comprises sleeve or journal bearings;
the second, ball and roller bearings. Neither type of bearing is completely
frictionless, and both are highly effi cient in reducing friction. A large, modern
aircraft engine, for example, has more than 100 bearings, including both
types; yet the total power consumed in overcoming bearing friction is less
than one per cent of the total power output of the engine.
Friction bearings of the sleeve or journal type are simpler than antifriction
bearings in construction but more complex in theory and operation. The
shaft supported by the bearing is called the journal, and the outer portion,
the sleeve. If journal and sleeve are both made of steel, the bearing surfaces,
even if well lubricated, may grab or pick up small pieces of metal from each
other. The sleeves of most bearings therefore are lined with brass, bronze, or
Babbitt metal. Sleeve bearings are generally pressure-lubricated through a
hole in the journal or from the housing that contains the bearing. The sleeve
is often grooved to distribute the oil evenly over the bearing surface.
Typical clearance (diff erence between the diameters of journal and
sleeve) is nominally 0.0025 cm for every 2.54 cm of journal diameter. When
the journal is rotating, it may be about 0.0000001 cm from the sleeve at the
side with the greatest load. The journal is thus supported on an extremely
thin fi lm of oil, and the two parts have no actual contact. As the rotational
speed increases, other variables remaining constant, the oil fi lm becomes
thicker, so that the friction increases in less than direct proportion to the
speed. Conversely, at lower speeds the oil fi lm is thinner if other factors are
unchanged. At extremely low speeds, however, the fi lm may rupture and the
two pieces come into contact. Therefore, friction is high when the machine is
started in motion, and the bearing may fail if high stresses are put on it during
starting. Ball bearings, on the other hand, have low starting friction.
193
Jewel bearings are used to mount very little shafts such as those found in
fi ne watches. They are friction-type bearings in which the ends of the shafts
are mounted in extremely hard substances. The bearing is lubricated with a
microscopic drop of fi ne oil.
In a ball bearing, a number of balls rotate freely between an inner ring,
which is rigidly fi xed to a rotating shaft, and an outer ring, which is rigidly
fi xed to a support. Both balls and rings are made of hardened alloy steel,
usually fi nished to extremely fi ne tolerances. The balls are generally held in
position by a cage or separator that keeps them evenly spaced and prevents
them from rubbing against each other. The bearing is lubricated with grease
or oil.
A roller bearing is similar to a ball bearing, except that small steel
cylinders, or rollers, are substituted for the balls. A needle bearing is a roller
bearing in which the rollers are extremely long and thin. An ordinary roller
bearing may have 20 rollers – each twice as long as it is wide – whereas a
needle bearing may have 100 needles, each 10 times as long as it is wide.
Needle bearings are particularly useful when space is limited.
23. Найдите в тексте С английские эквиваленты следующих слов.
Подшипник скольжения, подшипник качения, шарикоподшипник, роликовый подшипник, опорный подшипник, зазор, вращающийся вал, агатовый подшипник, внутреннее кольцо подшипника, игольчатый подшипник.
24. Дополните следующие предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста С.
1. Bearing is a mechanical device for …
2. Bearings were invented with the invention of the …
3. There are … in a large modern aircraft engine.
4. Neither type of bearings is completely …
5. The shaft supported by the bearing is called the … and the outer portion
is called the … .
6. The sleeves of most bearings therefore are lined with …
7. As the rotational speed increases, the oil fi lm …
8. Jewel bearings are used to …
9. A roller bearing … are substituted for the balls.
10. Needle bearings are useful when …
25. Парная работа. Обсудите следующие вопросы с партнером.
1. What are bearings used for?
2. What did early bearings look like?
194
3. How are bearings classifi ed?
4. How are antifriction bearings classifi ed?
5. When are jewel bearings used?
6. What is the diff erence between roller and ball bearings?
26. Напишите аннотацию к тексту С.
ORAL PRACTICE
27. Прочитайте диалог и выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями.
1. The company specialises in sheet metal working.
2. The company does a lot of metal casting.
3. Metal bashing is a precise technical term for hammering.
4. Drills and milling machines are always noisy.
5. Grinding is a process that uses abrasives.
6. The press is used for shearing metal.
Evan, a sales engineer with a metal fabrication company, is showing Mr.
Barrett, a new customer, around their plant.
Evan: Most of what we do is sheet metal working. We don’t do foundry
work – you know, casting and that type of thing. That’s obviously a
diff erent discipline. But apart from that, we’re equipped to do most things
to do with metal bashing.
Mr. Barrett: That’s the technical term for it, isn’t it?
Evan: I’m not sure what the technical defi nition of metal bashing would be.
A collective term for hammering, grinding and generally making a lot of
noise, probably.
Mr. Barrett: It’s actually not that noisy in here, is it?
Evan: No, it’s not too bad. We had a specialist fi rm come in a while ago to
measure noise levels at each machine – you know, for health and safety
regulations. A lot of what we do isn’t all that noisy. Things like drilling
and milling machines are not too bad, relatively speaking. Anything
involving abrasives tends to be noisy, things like grinders, even if they
are only hand tools. And that big press over there makes a loud bang when
they’re shearing steel. It certainly saves a lot of time, though, compared
with fl ame cutting, or sawing with a grinder blade.
Mr. Barrett: So, it’s a guillotine?
Evan: That’s what we use it for mostly, yes.
195
TEST
1. Выберите из трех предложенных вариантов один правильный.
1. The engineer proposed that we ... test the new device at our laboratory.
a) shall b) will c) should
2. Hundreds of years ago a man dreamed that cosmos ... give away its secrets.
a) will b) shall c) would
3. ... I start the engine?
a) Will b) Shall c) Should
4. ... you mind repeating your question?
a) Would b) Shall c) Should
5. The metal ... rust in wet air.
a) will b) shall c) should
6. The results of the experiments ... be checked up very carefully.
a) shall b) would c) should
7. For a number of years S. Kovalevskaya ... publish her papers abroad, that’s
why her name became known in many countries.
a) will b) would c) should
8. The instructor said that they ... use this device in the experiment.
a) will b) shall c) would
9. Were the construction of the power station completed, the region ... get
electricity in the necessary аmount.
a) will b) shall c) would
10. This time tomorrow he ... be watching the operation of the new machine.
a) will b) would c) should
2. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
Melting Furnaces
The metals used in various kinds of castings are melted in several types of
furnaces. They are: cupolas, electric furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, crucible
furnaces and some others.
A cupola furnace is a vertical type, cylindrical or shaft furnace designed
to melt ferrous metals in the production of cast iron castings. The cupola
consists of a refractory-lined steel stack resting on a cast iron base plate
which is supported by four steel legs. The bottom of the cupola consists of
two doors which are supported in closed position by a centre prop.
196
Iron, coke and fl ux are charged onto a coke bed and are held above the
tuyere [twiːˈjeə] openings where the maximum temperature is maintained.
Molten metal is tapped through a tap hole at the base of the cupola.
Although the fi rst cupola was built about 1720 cupola melting is still
recognized as the most economical melting process and most of the grey cast
iron produced is melted by this method.
Electric furnaces are used for producing high quality castings. The
principle of the electric furnace operation is based on the heating eff ect
obtainable from the passing of electricity. There are three general types: arc,
induction and resistance.
Arc furnaces are used for melting or refi ning ferrous metals. Two types of
arc furnaces are in use: direct-arc and indirect-arc.
In the direct-arc furnace the arc comes in direct contact with the metal
charge. Indirect-arc furnaces are the type in which the arc is maintained
between two electrodes above the charge.
In the induction furnace electric currents are induced in the charge and
their circulation through the charge produces heat. This type of furnace is
used for producing exact alloys.
In the resistance furnace the electrodes are placed in the charge and the
fl ow of electric current through the charge produces heat. These furnaces are
generally used for non-ferrous metals production.
UNIT XII. Petroleum
Engineering
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. artifi cial [ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l] искусственный, ненатуральный
It was the day when the world’s fi rst artifi cial satellite of the Earth was
launched.
2. beneath [bɪˈniːθ] внизу, ниже; под
Petroleum is found in rocks beneath the earth’s surface.
3. consumption [kənˈsʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n] потребление, расход
Ethiopia has almost the lowest oil consumption per capita in the world.
4. crude [kruːd] сырой, неочищенный
Crude oil reserves are running down.
197
5. drastic [ˈdræstɪk] решительный, резкий, крутой
The situation calls for drastic measures.
6. fabric [ˈfæbrɪk] ткань, материал, материя
This fabric won’t wrinkle.
7. fuel [ˈfjuːəl] топливо
Coal is one of the cheapest fuels.
8. to generate [ˈdʒen(ə)reɪt] производить, вырабатывать, генерировать
We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity.
9. grease [ɡriːs] жир, смазочное вещество
He used oil or grease to lubricate the cylinder.
10. huge [hjuːdʒ] гигантский, громадный
Although we use a huge variety of products made from petroleum, few
people ever see the substance itself.
11. lifeblood [ˈlaɪfblʌd] источник жизненной силы
Programme content is the lifeblood of communication.
12. to pave [peɪv] мостить, выстилать, укладывать дорожное покры-
тие
Old roads used to be paved with round stones.
13. petrol [ˈpetr(ə)l] бензин
Does your car take diesel or petrol?
14. power [ˈpaʊə] энергия
Many people are opposed to the use of nuclear power.
15. to prevent [prɪˈvent] предотвращать, мешать, препятствовать
To prevent energy shortage scientists are experimenting with artifi cial
forms of oil.
16. to recognize [ˈrekəɡnaɪz] узнавать, осознавать, признавать
Few people recognized the value of petroleum until the 1800’s.
17. rock [rɒk] горная порода; камень
To build the tunnel they had to cut through 500 feet of solid rock.
18. to run out [rʌn] [aʊt] кончаться, иссякать
They ran out of money and had to abandon the project.
19. scarce [skeəs] недостаточный, скудный, редкий
There was fi erce competition for the scarce resources.
20. to seep [siːp] просачиваться
Water was seeping through the walls.
21. to strain [streɪn] напрягать
You will strain your eyes trying to read in this light.
22. substance [ˈsʌbst(ə)n(t)s] вещество
Plutonium 238 is one of the most toxic substances known to man.
23. urgent [ˈɜːdʒ(ə)nt] срочный, неотложный, безотлагательный
The report called for urgent action to reduce lead in petrol.
198
24. valuable [ˈvæljuəbl] ценный, дорогостоящий
Peter has made a valuable contribution to our company’s success.
25. to vary [ˈveərɪ] изменять(ся), варьировать, разнообразить
The diamonds vary in size.
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
aspirin [ˈæsp(ə)rɪn]
kerosene [ˈkerəsiːn]
lamp [læmp]
molecule [ˈmɒlɪkjuːl]
characteristic [ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk]
fraction [ˈfrækʃ(ə)n]
asphalt [ˈæsfælt]
lubricant [ˈluːbrɪkənt]
resource [rɪˈzɔːs]
product [ˈprɒdʌkt]
natural [ˈnætʃ(ə)r(ə)l]
electricity [ɪˌlekˈtrɪsətɪ]
business [ˈbɪznɪs]
cosmetics [kɒzˈmetɪks]
detergent [dɪˈtɜːdʒ(ə)nt]
phonograph [ˈfəʊnəɡrɑːf]
3. Подберите пары синонимичных или близких по значению слов.
1) beneath
2) artifi cial
3) gasoline
4) to generate
5) power
6) huge
7) earth
8) certain
9) complicated
10) to distribute
a) petrol
b) energy
c) enormous
d) underneath
e) ground
f) false
g) complex
h) to create
i) to give out
j) sure
4. Подберите пары антонимов.
1) artifi cial
2) valuable
3) better
4) few
5) deep
6) thick
7) import
8) poor
9) shortage
10) light
a) many
b) thin
c) export
d) rich
e) natural
f) heavy
g) worthless
h) surplus
i) worse
j) shallow
199
5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
to provide power for
half the energy used in the world
to generate heat and electricity
a huge variety of products
to vary in thickness and color
to be found in solid form
beneath the earth’s surface
created an enormous demand
present rates of consumption
to meet energy needs
to use petroleum as a weapon
a full-scale energy shortage
artifi cial forms of oil
a great variety of uses
to give special characteristics
to be combined with diff erent
substances
to change into useful products
a high proportion of heavy oils
WORD-BUILDING
6. Найдите в каждом ряду существительное.
1. a) prepare; b) preparatory; c) preparation; d) repair.
2. a) industrialized; b) industrialist; c) industrial; d) industrialize.
3. a) various; b) vary; c) very; d) variety.
4. a) quality; b) equal; c) qualify; d) qualifi ed.
5. a) depend; b) independence; c) dependent; d) independent.
6. a) formal; b) informal; c) form; d) informed.
7. a) refi nery; b) fi ne; c) refi ne; d) refi ned.
8. a) relate; b) relation; c) relatively; d) lately.
9. a) serve; b) severe; c) service; d) served.
10. a) valueless; b) valuable; c) valued; d) value.
7. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, образованное от первого слова ряда.
1. adventure: a) advent; b) adventurous; c) adverb; d) adjective.
2. strong: a) strike; b) stroke; c) strength; d) struck.
3. promote: a) remote; b) promotion; c) motion; d) motive.
4. exact: a) exactly; b) exam; c) examine; d) exaggerate.
5. describe: a) prescribe; b) description; c) script; d) desire.
6. simple: a) sample; b) simply; c) supply; d) space.
7. create: a) react; b) real; c) reason; d) creation.
8. place: a) play; b) replace; c) peace; d) plays.
9. consume: a) consumption; b) costume; c) conserve; d) concept.
10. short: a) shirt; b) sheet; c) shortage; d) shelter.
200
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