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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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balls so they had to fi nd a substitute. The fi rst balls were made of coated
celluloid.
Ann: Celluloid is the plastic made from cellulose, isn’t it?
Nancy: Yes, and cellulose comes from plants. The problem was that this
could be explosive. The inventor liked to tell stories of the early balls
exploding when they were hit hard! Imagine that!
Ann: I found a book in the college library called “Plastics”, and it says that
another problem with the early plastics such as celluloid was that you
couldn’t make things to a high standard of quality. Apparently, it wasn’t
until they started using petroleum and natural gas in the mid-nineteen
hundreds that plastics production was really able to take off !
Nancy: Yes, it says here that using petroleum and natural gas led to the
development of so many diff erent plastics: polyethylene, nylon, polyester,
and they’ve all got diff erent properties so you can always fi nd one that’s
suitable for your product.
Ann: Exactly! They’re really versatile. Today, the plastics industry is mainly
based on oil so we can produce household and industrial items cheaply.
But we are running out of oil, what are we going to do then?
Nancy: Recycle! On this website, www.chemsoc.org there are loads of facts
about plastics. Today, manufacturers have the technology to produce
things such as rubbish bins, plastic sacks, and even clothes from recycled
plastic and I’m sure we’ll be able to extend this range of goods soon. I’m
sure we’ll be recycling large quantities of plastic in the future. But we’ll
have to fi nd good systems for collecting plastic for recycling. That’s not
very eff ective at the moment.
Ann: We’ll also have to fi nd alternative raw materials for producing new
plastic. There are already new technologies available which allow us to
use other raw materials.
Nancy: Yeah, look! I’ve just found in www.worldcentric.org that companies
are now able to make bioplastics from the starch in wheat, and even
oranges! Some manufacturers are already producing things like food
wrapping from these bioplastics.
Ann: I think they are still expensive to produce, so more research will have
to be done to allow us to produce these plastics more cheaply. But I’m
sure that these will be important for the future for plastics.
Raw material Plastic
cellulose
__________ and __________ polyethelene, nylon, polyester
starch from plants (e.g. wheat)
____________________
____________________
151
TEST
1. Выберите из трех предложенных вариантов один правильный.
1. The English language ... by most educated people in Britain is known as the
Queen’s English or Standard English.
a) speaking b) spoken c) having spoken
2. The professor ... this report works at our Institute.
a) delivering b) delivered c) being delivered
3. ... from moving by some external force, a body keeps moving for a while
due to the force of inertia.
a) Preventing b) Having prevented c) Prevented
4. ... the motor the engineer applied the most modern method.
a) Having tested b) Being tested c) Testing
5. The motor ..., the engineer submitted the results of his tests.
a) having tested b) having been tested c) testing
6. While ... experiments at the laboratory of Cambridge University, Newton
discovered the law of inertia.
a) making b) made c) having made
7. The project ... was proposed by a team of scientists.
a) realizing b) having realized c) being realized
8. ... the note, he folded it and put it away.
a) Reading b) Having read c) Read
9. ... for several hours the substance began melting.
a) Heating b) Having been heated c) Heated
10. The plant ... in our street will produce radio sets.
a) being built b) having built c) building
2. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
Fibers
Fibers are probably the oldest engineering materials used by man.
Jute, fl ax, and hemp have been used for “engineered” products such as
rope, cordage, nets, water hose, and containers since antiquity. Other
plant and animal fi bers have been used for felts, paper, brushes, and
heavy structural cloth.
152
The fi ber industry is clearly divided between natural fi bers (from
plant, animal, or mineral sources) and synthetic fi bers. Many synthetic
fi bers have been developed specifi cally to replace natural fi bers, because
synthetics often behave more predictably and are usually more uniform
in size.
For engineering purposes, glass, metallic, and organically derived
synthetic fi bers are most signifi cant. Nylon, for example, is used for
belting, nets, hose, rope, parachutes, webbing, ballistic cloths, and as
reinforcement in tyres.
Metal fi bers are used in high-strength, high-temperature, lightweight composite materials for aerospace applications. Fiber composites
improve the strength-to-weight ratio of base materials such as titanium
and aluminium. Metal-fi ber composites are used in turbine compressor
blades, heavy-duty bearings, pressure vessels and spacecraft re-entry
shields. Boron, carbon, graphite, and refractory oxide fi bers are common
materials used in high-strength fi ber composites.
Glass fi bers are probably the most common of all synthetic engineering
fi bers. These fi bers are the fi nest of all fi bers, typically 1 to 4 microns in
diameter. Glass fi bers are used for heat, sound, and electrical insulation;
fi lters; reinforcements for thermoplastics and thermoset resins and for
rubber (such as in tyres); fabrics; and fi ber optics.
UNIT IX. Materials Technology
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. bar [bɑː] брусок, планка
There were bars on the downstairs windows.
2. to bend [bend] гнуть, согнуть
You need a special tool to bend the steel.
3. to compress [kəmˈpres] сжимать
Light silk is best for parachutes, as it compresses well and then expands
rapidly.
4. crack [kræk] трещина
There were several small cracks in the glass.
5. decrease [ˈdiːkriːs] уменьшение
There has been a steady decrease of temperature.
153
6. to eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] уничтожать, устранять, исключать
Deformation eliminates the force causing the creep.
7. to exceed [ɪkˈsiːd] превышать
The temperature at the laboratory must not exceed 20 °C.
8. to fabricate [ˈfæbrɪkeɪt] изготовлять, производить
The discs are expensive to fabricate.
9. failure [ˈfeɪljə] неисправность, повреждение, отказ
The cause of the crash was engine failure.
10. force [fɔːs] сила
The force of the explosion blew out all the windows.
11. to fracture [ˈfræktʃə] ломать(ся), крошить(ся)
The immense pressure causes the rock to fracture.
12. gradual [ˈɡrædjuəl] постепенный, последовательный
The gradual loosening of bolts is an example of creep.
13. to loosen [ˈluːs(ə)n] ослаблять, расшатывать
You’ll need a spanner to loosen that bolt.
14. to occur [əˈkɜː] происходить
Failure of the material can occur when it is subjected to a repeated stress,
such as vibration.
15. permanent [ˈpɜːm(ə)nənt] постоянный
Creep is a slow, permanent deformation.
16. to propagate [ˈprɒpəɡeɪt] распространять(ся)
The group launched a website to propagate its ideas.
17. to respond [rɪˈspɒnd] отвечать, реагировать
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces.
18. to rupture [ˈrʌptʃə] разрывать(ся)
The pipe will rupture at its weakest point.
19. simultaneously [ˌsɪm(ə)lˈteɪnɪəslɪ] одновременно
Both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work.
20. to stretch [stretʃ] растягивать
This material stretches easily.
21. to suff er [ˈsʌfə] страдать
Materials at high temperatures usually suff er from deformation.
22. to support [səˈpɔːt] поддерживать
The middle part of the bridge is supported by two huge towers.
23. tensile [ˈten(t)saɪl] растяжимый, эластичный
If a material is tensile, it can be stretched.
24. tension [ˈten(t)ʃ(ə)n] напряжение
Tension is a pulling force.
25. volume [ˈvɒljuːm] объем, количество
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume.
154
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
technology [tekˈnɒlədʒɪ]
laboratory [ləˈbɒrət(ə)rɪ]
engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə]
deformation [ˌdiːfɔːˈmeɪʃ(ə)n]
form [fɔːm]
result [rɪˈzʌlt]
maximum [ˈmæksɪməm]
limit [ˈlɪmɪt]
component [kəmˈpəʊnənt]
machine [məˈʃiːn]
cyclic [ˈsaɪklɪk]
vibration [vaɪˈbreɪʃ(ə)n]
3. Подберите пары синонимичных или близких по значению слов.
1) to fabricate
2) component
3) engine
4) to fracture
5) technique
6) torsion
7) to occur
a) motor
b) to break
c) to happen
d) method
e) twisting
f) part
g) to produce
4. Подберите пары антонимов.
1) permanent
2) to pull
3) large
4) maximum
5) slow
6) decrease
7) to compress
a) small
b) fast
c) to stretch
d) to push
e) increase
f) temporary
g) minimum
5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
to meet the needs
to fabricate the materials
the laboratory techniques
a decrease in volume
to respond to external forces
to be simultaneously at work
a pulling force
to exceed the limit
the resistance of materials
the growth of cracks
the cyclic force
to be of basic importance
to suff er from deformation
to loosen the bolts
the components of machines
to lead to the rupture
155
WORD-BUILDING
6. Найдите в каждом ряду существительное.
1. a) develop; b) development; c) developed; d) developing.
2. a) generation; b) generating; c) generated; d) generate.
3. a) tensional; b) disappear; c) simultaneously; d) engineer.
4. a) failure; b) fail; c) short; d) loose.
5. a) occur; b) slow; c) cycle; d) remain.
6. a) tensile; b) vibration; c) cyclic; d) vibrate.
7. a) compress; b) compression; c) compressed; d) compressive.
8. a) lose; b) loose; c) lost; d) loss.
9. a) effi ciency; b) effi cient; c) eff ective; d) aff ect.
10. a) chemical; b) plenty; c) ceramics; d) ceramic.
7. Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательное.
1. a) physical; b) physics; c) physicist; d) physician.
2. a) exceed; b) creep; c) external; d) material.
3. a) during; b) elastic; c) suff er; d) engine.
4. a) grade; b) fi nally; c) gradual; d) cause.
5. a) through; b) never; c) slowly; d) slow.
6. a) heat; b) high; c) glow; d) crack.
7. a) possible; b) easily; c) alloy; d) fully.
8. a) contain; b) however; c) melt; d) critical.
9. a) signifi cantly; b) primary; c) carefully; d) while.
10. a) desirable; b) especially; c) scarcity; d) recycle.
8. Прочтайте следующие слова. Определите, к какой части речи
они относятся и от каких слов образованы. Переведите слова на
русский язык.
selection
suitable
composition
traditional
relatively
tremendously
resistant
insuffi ciently
156
resistance
compressive
obviously
length
completely
ecological
acceleration
adequately
regenerative
non-hazardous
performance
recovery
manufacturer
particularly
pressure
corrosion
GRAMMAR REVIEW
ГЕРУНДИЙ
9. Проанализируйте приведенные в таблице формы герундия и
примеры, иллюстрирующие различные функции герундия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Tense Active Passive
Simple
Perfect
waiting / leaving being waited / being left
having waited / having left having been waited / having been left
Герундий может употребляться в предложении в функции:
a) подлежащего:
Studying is the way to knowledge.
Reading scientifi c articles is useful.
Our being invited to take part in such conferences is very important for us.
Petrov’s having answered at the examinations so well is not surprising.
б) части сказуемого:
The only way to know the distance is measuring it.
His greatest pleasure was carrying out experiments.
His task was using these materials for constructing the device.
Mr. Smith’s report is worth discussing at the conference.
в) дополнения:
I thought of repairing these parts later.
I don’t remember hearing of these data before.
We insisted on the experiment being put off .
Do you fi nd any diffi culty in solving this problem?
г) определения:
I don’t like his manner of driving the car.
There are diff erent ways of obtaining this substance.
A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.
We were shown a lathe for cutting screws.
д) обстоятельства:
After having obtained good results they stopped experiments.
In copying the design he made a few mistakes.
We enrich our knowledge by reading books on science and technology.
Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it.
157
10. Составьте предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия.
1. I’d like you to stop … talking.
interrupting me.
asking me questions.
speaking Russian in class.
2. Have you begun … reading the book I gave you?
looking through the text?
making notes of the lectures?
discussing the question?
3. I don’t mind … your working at our laboratory.
her helping me.
his coming to see us tomorrow.
your taking this textbook.
4. They continue … making mistakes.
talking.
changing their plans.
interrupting him.
5. Do you mind if we go on … discussing the problem now?
testing the device?
working with the documents?
watching the latest news?
11. Раскройте скобки, употребляя правильную форму герундия.
1. I decided to do everything myself instead of
2. She succeeded in
3. Science requires
… (to defi ne) a problem precisely requires patience.
4.
5. We know of the work
6. They insisted on the sample
7. He has developed a method for
8. She turned pale on
9. I was angry at
10. The device needs
… (to speak) English fl uently.
… (to experiment).
… (to carry out) in this laboratory.
… (to test) repeatedly.
… (to evaluate) this problem.
… (to tell) the news.
… (to interrupt) every other moment.
… (to repair).
… (to ask) for help.
12. Прочитайте пары предложений и переведите их на русский язык.
1. He insisted on making experiments. He insisted on our making
experiments. 2. I don’t mind fi xing the device. I don’t mind his fi xing the
158
device. 3. We all know of the designing a new type of semiconductor radioset.
We all know of their designing a new type of semiconductor radioset. 4. I
insist on repairing these parts as soon as possible. I insist on your repairing
these parts as soon as possible.
13. Прочитайте предложения. Переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление герундия.
А. 1. Russian scientists played an important part in solving the problem
of atmospheric electricity. 2. Studying nature without making observation is
useless. 3. Any noise prevents me from working. 4. He doesn’t like being
praised, he is too modest. 5. We didn’t mind her helping us. 6. Reading aloud
can help you to improve your pronunciation. 7. You can’t become a good
specialist without being trained for a long time. 8. We heard of the experiment
having been started last week. 9. They couldn’t help using this information.
10. We succeeded in building a fl exible system.
B. 1. His being invited to take part in this conference is natural as
everybody knows of his having made a great number of experiments in
physics. 2. The engineer told us about his having been invited to that
research institute. 3. The engineer’s having constructed a new type of the
device was not known to us. 4. In spite of the semiconductor diodes being so
important they were little used at the beginning of the century. 5. The term
“semiconductor” has been chosen because of its occupying an intermediate
place between metals and insulators. 6. His being sent to Moscow was very
important for his work. 7. We all know of their designing a new type of
semiconductor radioset. 8. Our engineer’s taking part in the development of
the new programming system was of great help to us. 9. The Curies’ having
discovered radium gave them the possibility of discovering other radioactive
elements. 10. After the young scientist’s report having been discussed at the
conference it was published in a scientifi c journal.
READING PRACTICE
14. Прочитайте текст А и переведите его на русский язык, пользу-
ясь словарем.
TEXT A. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how
they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the
laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy,
scientists are fi nding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
159
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as
tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond
to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their
original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials
may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of
external forces are creep and fatigue.
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material
is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile
and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is
bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the
other side is compressed.
Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a
weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original
length if the force does not exceed the material’s elastic limit. Under larger
tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and
under greater forces the material ruptures.
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical
part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when
the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material
can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but
small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the
remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the
cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of
materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.
Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force
acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suff er from
this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of
components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many
cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force
causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time fi nally leads to the rupture
of the material.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1) torsion – кручение;
2) shear – срез;
3) elastic deformation – упругая деформация;
4) creep – ползучесть;
5) fatigue – усталость металла;
6) twisting – закручивание, изгиб;
7) elastic limit – предел упругости;
8) cyclic stress – циклическое напряжение;
9) cross-sectional area – площадь поперечного сечения.
160
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