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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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PART II
UNIT VII. Mechanical Engineering
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. advancement [ədˈvɑːn(t)smənt] продвижение; развитие, прогресс
Everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life of the community,
to enjoy the arts and to share in scientifi c advancement and its benefi ts.
2. advent [ˈædvent] появление, прибытие, приход
Mechanical engineering did not start until the advent of the Industrial
Revolution with the demand for the steam engine.
3. aircraft [ˈeəkrɑːft] самолет
The aircraft was fl ight-tested in 1990.
4. amount [əˈmaʊnt] количество, величина, сумма
The project will take a huge amount of time and money.
5. basic [ˈbeɪsɪk] основной
The basic idea is simple.
6. breakthrough [ˈbreɪkθruː] достижение, успех, открытие
Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.
7. consumer [kənˈsjuːmə] потребитель
These price cuts are good news for consumers.
8. computer-aided design (CAD) автоматизированное проектирование
Computer-aided design is the use of computers to design industrial
products.
9. core [kɔː] основной, центральный
The core business of airlines is fl ying people and cargo from place to
place.
10. device [dɪˈvaɪs] устройство, прибор
The company makes devices to detect carbon monoxide.
11. engine [ˈendʒɪn] двигатель, мотор
The car has a four-cylinder engine.
12. to enhance [ɪnˈhɑːn(t)s] усиливать, улучшать
Pictures can then be enhanced on a PC.
13. equipment [ɪˈkwɪpmənt] оборудование
The photographer came early to set up his equipment.
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14. to involve [ɪnˈvɒlv] касаться, вовлекать
What will the job involve?
15. maintenance [ˈmeɪnt(ə)nən(t)s] содержание и техническое обслу-
живание
The maintenance of the house costs a lot.
16. to manufacture [ˌmænjəˈfæktʃə], [ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə] производить
This fi rm manufactures cars at the rate of two hundred per day.
17. mechanical engineering [mɪˌkænɪk(ə)l][ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ] машиностро-
ение
Mechanical engineering is the study of the design and production of
machines and tools.
18. overall [ˌəʊvərˈɔːl] полный, общий
We don’t want all the details now, just the overall picture.
19. to overlap [ˌəʊvəˈlæp] частично совпадать
It’s clear that our arguments don’t overlap at all.
20. to require [rɪˈkwaɪə] требовать
Most house plants require regular watering.
21. society [səˈsaɪətɪ] общество
The fi rst professional society for mechanical engineers was formed in the
United Kingdom in 1847.
22. tool [tuːl] инструмент; механизм, станок
I don’t have the right tools to start fi ddling around with the engine.
23. to touch [tʌtʃ] касаться, затрагивать
These two wires must not touch.
24. vitality [vaɪˈtælətɪ] жизнеспособность, жизненность, жизнестойкость
Mechanical engineering plays a dominant role in economic vitality.
25. weapons [ˈwepənz] вооружение
Hydrogen bombs are thermonuclear weapons.
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
discipline [ˈdɪsəplɪn]
physics [ˈfɪzɪks]
analysis [əˈnæləsɪs]
system [ˈsɪstəm]
mechanical [mɪˌkænɪk(ə)l]
mechanics [mɪˈkænɪks]
economic [ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk]
professional [prəˈfeʃ(ə)n(ə)l]
to transport [trænˈspɔːt]
transport [ˈtræn(t)spɔːt] [ˈtrɑːn-]
energy [ˈenədʒɪ]
combination [ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n]
revolution [ˌrev(ə)ˈluːʃ(ə)n]
automobile [ˈɔːtəmə(u)biːl]
metallurgical [ˌmet(ə)ˈlɜːdʒɪk(ə)l]
personal [ˈpɜːs(ə)n(ə)l]
industrial [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl]
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3. Подберите пары синонимичных или близких по значению слов.
1) device
2) tool
3) core
4) to manufacture
5) breakthrough
6) advent
7) dominant
8) expert
9) operation
10) automobile
a) basic
b) coming
c) main
d) car
e) apparatus
f) to produce
g) work
h) achievement
i) instrument
j) competent
4. Подберите пары антонимов.
1) heating
2) advancement
3) to start
4) internal
5) safety
6) dominant
7) motion
8) possible
9) breakthrough
10) heavy
a) external
b) minor
c) cooling
d) rest
e) setback
f) to end
g) light
h) risk
i) regress
j) impossible
5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
the broadest of the engineering
disciplines
an understanding of core con-
cepts
the advent of the Industrial Revo-
lution
the demand for the steam engine
the internal combustion engine
to overlap with aerospace engi-
neering
to lead to breakthroughs
enhancing safety
economic vitality
to play a dominant role
lifesaving medical devices
powered by human labour
design of mechanical systems
expert knowledge of the de-
sign
control systems for automo-
biles
electric power generation
plants
every aspect of life
the principles of force and en-
ergy
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WORD-BUILDING
6. Проанализируйте модели образования слов, прочитайте и переведите слова, созданные на их основе.
Модель 1
основа глагола + -ing → существительное
boil – кипеть
end – заканчиваться
begin – начинать
learn – изучать
train – обучать
breathe – дышать
open – открывать
sail – плавать
Модель 2
re- + основа глагола → глагол, означающий повторное действие
write – писать
melt – плавить
appear – появляться
read – читать
construct – строить
consider – рассматривать
elect – избирать
sell – продавать
boiling – кипение
ending –
beginning –
learning –
training –
breathing –
opening –
sailing –
rewrite – переписывать
remelt –
reappear –
reread –
reconstruct –
reconsider –
reelect –
resell –
Модель 3
существительное + -ful → прилагательное, означающее наличие качества
power – сила, мощь
use – польза
skill – умение
success – успех
care – забота
harm – вред
hope – надежда
peace – мир
124
powerful – мощный
useful –
skillful –
successful –
careful –
harmful –
hopeful –
peaceful –
Модель 4
существительное + -less → прилагательное, означающее отсутствие
качества
breath – дыхание
child – ребенок
value – ценность
power – сила, мощь
care – забота
use – польза
price – цена
hope – надежда
breathless – бездыханный
childless –
valueless –
powerless –
careless –
useless –
priceless –
hopeless –
GRAMMAR REVIEW
ИНФИНИТИВ
7. Проанализируйте приведенные в таблице формы инфинитива
и примеры, иллюстрирующие различные функции инфинитива.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Tense Active Passive
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
to use / to send to be used / sent
to be using / sending –
to have used / sent to have been used / sent
to have been using / sending –
Инфинитив может выполнять в предложении следующие функции:
a) подлежащего:
To work is everybody’s duty.
To master this speciality is not an easy thing.
To fulfi l this condition was out of my power.
It is necessary to master this speciality.
б) обстоятельства цели:
We have come here to repair this engine.
This mechanism is provided with special devices for the whole system to
function.
To achieve better results we must repeat the experiment.
To understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts.
125
в) определения:
The parts to be repaired have just arrived.
This is the shed for the engine to be repaired.
We hope that the experiment to be carried out in our laboratory will
provide new data.
The device to be tested has been brought to our laboratory.
г) дополнения:
The engineer wants me to repair this engine as soon as possible.
We waited for the motor to start.
They had arranged to visit the laboratory the next day.
Our engineers want to test this device in our laboratory.
д) части сказуемого:
In our experiment we were to compare various data.
You may come in.
Our task is to test this device.
The aim of this experiment is to raise the effi ciency or production.
8. Вставьте частицу to там, где это необходимо.
1. I do not desire you ... tell them about the experiments beforehand. 2. The
engineer wanted the device ... be examined carefully by experts. 3. We often
watched the operator ... control the functioning of the equipment. 4. Pressure
causes ice ... melt. 5. We have seen the device ... begin ... operate. 6. Tests
have shown the device ... be very accurate. 7. I wish you ... complete your
tests as quick as possible. 8. He observed them ... carry on this experiment.
9. The microscope enables very small objects ... be examined in detail.
10. We know the frequency ... be expressed in kilocycles.
9. Выберите подходящую форму инфинитива.
А. Active or Passive.
1. The lecturer wants ... . The student wants ... (to understand / to be
understood) 2. We expected the meeting ... next month. He expected ... the
attention of the audience. (to hold / to be held) 3. Some changes had ... . He
wanted ... some changes in the project. (to make / to be made)
B. Simple or Perfect.
1. She admits ... the same mistake in her previous paper. (to make / to
have made) 2. It’s good ... work on time. (to fi nish / to have fi nished) 3. She
confessed ... the experiment. (to fail / to have failed)
10. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания с пассивным инфинитивом.
126
Model: The data to be discussed ... – Данные, которые нужно обсудить ... /
Данные, которые будут обсуждаться ...
1. The problems to be solved ...
2. The measures to be taken ...
3. The device to be tested ...
4. The decision to be made ...
5. The temperature to be measured ...
6. The new method to be introduced ...
7. The factor to be taken into consideration ...
8. The advice to be followed ...
9. The secret to be discovered ...
10. The conference to be held ...
11. Переведите на русский язык предложения с инфинитивом в
функции определения.
1. The problems to be discussed are of vital importance for our work.
2. The decision to be made is hardly an easy one. 3. There are some measures
to be urgently taken. 4. This method isn’t good enough to be used everywhere.
5. The engine to be used in this vehicle is of a new design. 6. The scientist in
the fi eld of physics spoke about the new method to be introduced.
12. Измените предложения согласно модели и переведите их на русский язык.
Model: Thomson was the fi rst who discovered the electron. – Thomson
was the fi rst to discover the electron. (Томсон первым открыл
электрон.)
1. Lodygin was the fi rst who invented the electric lamp. 2. Yuri Gagarin
was the fi rst who fl ew into space. 3. Samuel Morse was the fi rst who produced
a practical telegraph. 4. Albert Einstein was the fi rst who developed the theory
of relativity. 5. James Chadwick was the fi rst who discovered the neutron.
13. Переведите предложения с конструкцией for + noun (pronoun) +
infi nitive.
Model: It is desirable for you to know it. – Желательно, чтобы вы это знали.
1. He waited for the paper to be published. 2. There is only one thing
for you to do. 3. It is very good for this device to have been tested before
the experiment begins. 4. Everybody waited for new data of the experiment
to be published. 5. This is a good possibility for us to utilize the electronic
127
device for speeding up the process of calculation. 6. It required some more
experiments for the engineer to prove the importance of the results obtained.
7. High temperature is needed for the reaction to start. 8. Much experimental
work is needed for these phenomena to be explained.
14. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание
на функции инфинитива и его место в предложении.
1. Our plan is to fulfi l this assignment as soon as possible. 2. The work to
be fi nished in a week is of great importance. 3. To harness solar energy for
practical purposes is the task facing engineers. 4. To harness solar energy for
practical purposes the engineers will have to make a lot of experiments. 5. To
develop national economy is the main task of the government. 6. To develop
national economy the people have to use the natural resources of the country
most effi ciently. 7. He was the fi rst to apply the invention in this branch
of science. 8. To expand old universities is a versatile problem. 9. To take
correct measurements is not an easy task. 10. To take correct measurements
it is necessary to use accurate instruments.
ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
15. Проанализируйте структуру объектного инфинитивного оборота. Затем прочитайте и переведите фрагмент текста, обращая внимание на объектный инфинитивный оборот.
Подлежащее Глагол-связка Дополнение Инфинитив
I
We
They
I
The engineer
want
saw
expect
like
expected
you
the engineer
us
people
the work
to come tomorrow.
leave the laboratory.
to come.
to tell the truth.
to be done in time.
We know Greek philosophers to call art an “imitation of nature”, but their
own mythology tells a diff erent story. The story of Pygmalion is the most
famous of the myths that believe art to have the power of creation rather than
the power of portraying. Here is the myth of Pygmalion.
In ancient Greece there lived a sculptor, Pygmalion by name. People
knew him to be a great sculptor. Once he made a statue of a young woman.
The statue was so beautiful that Pygmalion fell in love with it. He wanted
the statue to become alive and asked the gods to help him. For a long time he
128
waited, expecting the statue to talk but it was silent. Then Pygmalion decided
to go to Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love. He expected her to help him. “On,
Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, only you can help me. I know you to be very
kind. Give me a wife as beautiful as my statue or make my statue talk.” On
returning home Pygmalion ran up to his statue, looked at it, and suddenly
he noticed it move and then heard it speak. Soon the statue turned into a
beautiful woman, and Pygmalion married her.
16. Переведите предложения с объектным инфинитивным оборотом.
1. We know J. Kepler to have stated the laws of planetary motion.
2. In ancient times people believed the atom to be indivisible.
3. Bohr considered the atom to consist of two parts: the nucleus and
electrons.
4. I’d like you to read about the latest discoveries made in the fi eld of
astronomy.
5. I didn’t see the professor enter the room.
6. The new method permitted these phenomena to be investigated
thoroughly.
7. The professor wanted the postgraduate to fi nd the articles on the latest
discoveries in astronomy.
8. The telescope enables scientists to examine celestial bodies.
9. It is necessary to utilize the immense supply of free solar energy to
make our star, the Sun, serve mankind.
10. I have never heard anyone give so much interesting information in
one report.
11. The engineer wants them to use new methods in their work.
12. We saw the skilled worker assemble the tiny devices very quickly.
СУБЪЕКТНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
17. Проанализируйте структуру субъектного инфинитивного оборота. Затем прочитайте предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
Подлежащее Глагол-сказуемое Инфинитив
The delegation
He
He
The weather
She
He
is known
is said
proved
is likely
is unlikely
is sure
to arrive soon.
to be a great specialist.
to be a good engineer.
to change.
to arrive today.
to come.
129
1. These students are considered to conduct research rather well.
2. One of the students is said to be conducting a research work now.
3. That student is supposed to have conducted research last year.
4. This research is supposed to have been conducted by our best students.
5. These students are believed to have been conducting this research since
last year.
6. All bodies are known to possess weight.
7. This student seems to know English well.
8. His knowledge of English appears to be improving.
9. This discovery proved to be of special value for the development of
electronics.
10. The student’s answer seemed to satisfy the examiner.
11. This planet appears to possess tremendous humidity.
12. The results obtained are considered to be of great importance for our
researches.
13. They didn’t appear to be satisfi ed with our work.
14. These students proved to be very capable researchers.
15. Electronic equipment is assumed to fi nd ever growing application.
16. These students are likely to take part in this discussion as the main
problem to be discussed is on their speciality.
17. He is certain to make a good report at the conference, for he read a lot
of technical journals while preparing for it.
18. He is sure to come in time, he will be the fi rst to make a report.
19. They are sure to be sent to some construction site after graduating
from the Civil Engineering Institute.
18. Прочитайте начало предложений на русском языке и найдите к
ним соответствующие английские эквиваленты.
A.
1. Утверждают, что этот метод ...
2. Находят, что этот метод ...
3. Предполагают, что эти явления ...
4. Считают, что этот метод ...
5. Полагают, что они ...
6. Полагают, что эти явления ...
7. Допускают, что эти явления ...
8. Сообщают, что эта теория ...
9. Говорят, что эта теория ...
10. Констатировано, что эта те-
ория ...
a) This method is considered to ...
b) These phenomena are held
to ...
c) This method is claimed to ...
d) This method is found to ...
e) These phenomena are as-
sumed to ...
f) These phenomena are sup-
posed to ...
g) They are thought to ...
h) This theory is stated to ...
i) This theory is reported to ...
j) This theory is said to ...
130
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