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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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Модель 2
основа прилагательного + -(i)ty → существительное
safe – безопасный
mature – зрелый, совершеннолетний
cruel – жестокий
stupid – глупый
active – деятельный, активный
real – реальный
curious – любопытный
electric – электрический
safety – безопасность
maturity –
cruelty –
stupidity –
activity –
reality –
curiosity –
electricity –
GRAMMAR REVIEW
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ
И СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГАХ
7. Проанализируйте формы глаголов во временах Perfect Active и
Passive, приведенные в таблицах, затем прочитайте и переведите
фрагмент текста.
Perfect Tenses in the Active Voice
(на примере глаголов to act и to know)
Present
have + Ved/V³
Past
had + Ved/V³
Future
will + have + Ved/V³
I have acted
He has known
I had acted
He had known
I will have acted
He will have known
Have I acted?
Has he known?
Had I acted?
Had he known?
Will I have acted?
Will he have
known?
I have not acted
He has not known
I had not acted
He had not known
I will not have acted
He will not have
known
Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice
(на примере глаголов to instruct и to know)
Present
have + been + Ved/V³
Past
had + been + Ved/V³
Future
will + have + been + Ved/V³
I have been instructed
He has been known
I had been instructed
He had been known
I will have been instructed
He will have been known
51
Katerina Denuevo, a fi lm star, is giving an interview about her stay
in Poland: “I have never been to your country before. I had read many
interesting things about your country before I came here. People told me you
were all very friendly, and when I arrived at the airport everyone brought me
fl owers. And it is true, your shops are wonderful! I have already done some
shopping – I have bought a colourful scarf and some hand-painted china. I
have also taken a stroll round the Old Town. At one restaurant the owner
invited me to try some of your specialities. He explained to me some of the
secrets of your cuisine – the way you prepare mushrooms is excellent. I think
I will come back to your country as soon as I can. Because I have not visited
Krakow yet which I have heard so much about.”
8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в видовременных формах
Perfect Active и Passive.
1. I ... (not read) much recently as I am revising for my exams. 2. We ...
(not hear) from Professor Utkin since he left for the international conference.
3. My best friend and I ... (know) each other since our fi rst day at the
kindergarten. 4. The results of the experiment ... (record) by 5 o’clock.
5. By tomorrow all books ... (deliver), I assure you. 6. You are beaming
with happiness. – Of course, I am. I just ... (award) a grant for research on
nanomaterials. 7. ... they ... (hand in) all their papers by the end of the next
week? 8. The report ... (type) yet? 9. Brenda felt exhausted because she ...
(study) hard of late. 10. When we got to the lecture hall, the professor’s
assistant ... (hand out) the question papers.
9. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы по образцу, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect Active.
Model: – Are you through with your essay? (hand in)
– Yes, I have handed it in.
1. Are our laboratories clean? (do) 2. Does she know the rule? (learn by
heart) 3. Is his article ready? (write) 4. Do you know that your dictionary
is on the shelf? (fi nd) 5. Where is your English textbook? (give away)
6. Why don’t you wear your new trousers to university? (spoil) 7. Where
is your pocket money? (buy a new coursebook with some class audio CDs)
8. Where is Harry’s worksheet? (throw it away) 9. Why are you studying in
the computer class? (sell my old computer) 10. Why do you look so upset?
(fail my exam)
10. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы по образцу, употребляя
глаголы в Past Perfect Active.
52
Model: – Why did you give him your new telephone number? (promise)
– I gave it to him because I had already promised.
1. Why did our light go off ? (not pay for electricity) 2. What did he learn
about Helen from the letter he had received? (complete her project) 3. What
did you hear about Bob? (design a new model of a robot) 4. Why didn’t you
go to the conference? (not pay the admission fee) 5. Why didn’t Kate want
to go to that lecture? (hear it once) 6. Why was Ruth in trouble? (not do her
homework) 7. Why didn’t you join in our class discussion? (not get ready for
it at home) 8. Why couldn’t Joe email to us yesterday? (not use email before)
9. Why did they rush to the students’ café during the fi rst break? (not have
breakfast) 10. Why did the Smiths stop donating to the local school? (spend
all their funds)
11. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы по образцу, употребляя
глаголы в Future Perfect Active.
Model: – Will Paula still be a student next July? (graduate)
– Oh, no. She will have graduated by this time.
1. Will Michelle be at home if I ring her up at 8 p.m.? (not get back)
2. Will you still be working at the laboratory at 5 p.m.? (fi nish work) 3. Will
you still be working at your project at 11 p.m. tonight? (complete it) 4. Will
you still be sitting for your term exam when the guests arrive? (fi nish doing
that) 5. Will the secretary still be typing the papers in the afternoon? (give
them to the manager to sign) 6. Will Steve still be learning an old wordlist
when we get down to a new one? (know it very well by this time) 7. Will you
still be using the computer when I come back? (turn it off ) 8. Will you still
be teaching at the university next September? (retire by then) 9. Will they
still be testing a new electronic device at 7 p.m.? (close the workshop by
then) 10. Will they still be making experiments at noon? (record the results
by then)
12. Преобразуйте действительные обороты в страдательные по образцу (начните новое предложение с дополнения исходного).
Model: Active – People have invented a lot of useful devices.
Passive – A lot of useful devices have been invented.
1. Mr. Green has already sent the letters to his students’ parents. 2. They
will have recorded all data by 10 o’clock. 3. The professor had
delivered his
lecture by 3 p.m. 4. Who has written this article? 5. Two college rectors have
just signed the agreement. 6. They had checked their test worksheets by the
53
end of the class. 7. The teacher will have corrected all essays by the end of
the day. 8. Our friends will have booked a package tour by the beginning of
the summer. 9. They had discussed the draft by lunchtime. 10. We haven’t
tested all the robot models yet.
13. Соотнесите предложения с соответствующими временными показателями.
A
1. She is going to the gym ...
2. She has been to the gym ...
a) three times this week.
b) right now.
B
1. We have been examined ...
2. We had been examined ...
a) recently.
b) by noon.
C
1. He has lost his student ID card ...
2. He lost his student ID card ...
a) this month.
b) last month.
D
1. They will be going on a fi eld trip to
a paper mill ...
a) by then.
b) this time next week.
2. They will have gone on a fi eld trip to
a paper mill ...
E
1. The machine was plugged in ...
2. The machine had been plugged in ...
a) before we came.
b) by us last night.
14. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного глагола-сказуемого в следующих английских предложениях.
1. The chief engineer will have done the reports by next week.
a) выполняет; b) выполнит.
2. Recently talent contests have become bigger and more glamorous.
a) стали; b) становятся.
3. An interesting excursion has been arranged for us.
a) организовалась; b) организована.
4. Had all measuring glasses been washed before they were used in the
experiment?
a) были вымыты; b) будут вымыты.
5. They wish they had acted at once.
a) действовали; b) действуют.
54
6. All fading colours of this picture will have been restored by the gallery
experts by this time next year.
a) восстановят; b) восстановятся.
7. Who has this text been translated by?
a) переведен; b) будет переведен.
8. Mr. Lawrence hasn’t arrived yet, has he?
a) не прибывает; b) не прибыл.
9. I hope the experiment will have been completed by then.
a) будет завершен; b) завершился.
10. Tractors have been used on farms since the start of the 20th century.
a) используются; b) использовались.
READING PRACTICE
15. Прочитайте текст A и переведите его на русский язык, пользу-
ясь словарем.
TEXT A. BRITISH SCIENCE: GENERAL SURVEY
British contributions to science include many great discoveries linked
with famous names of Sir Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, Michael Faraday,
Henry Cavendish, and many others.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) is great English mathematician, physicist,
astronomer, and philosopher. He was born in the little village of Woolsthorpe,
not far from Cambridge, in a family of a farmer. Unfortunately, his father had
died before his son was born. In his early years he made a sundial and a clock
which worked by water. It is said that the sundial is still at Woolsthorpe in the
house where Newton used to live.
When Isaac was 14, his mother took him from school to help her on
the farm. Nevertheless, at the age of 16 he carried out his fi rst physical
experiment, which was in 1658. He jumped against and before the wind and
by the length of his jump he could judge the strength of the wind.
In 1661, Newton entered the University of Cambridge where he studied
mathematics. In 1665, Newton started studying the theory of gravitation.
When the Great Plague raged in London the students were sent home, and
in that quiet period of two years he fi nished considering discoveries. Those
were decomposition of light and the law of gravitation. In 1669, Newton
was appointed professor and he began delivering lectures on mathematics
and optics at Cambridge.
55
Newton developed his inverse square law of gravitation applying it to
planetary motion. He elaborated his laws of motion: 1) a body remains in its
state of rest or uniform motion unless acted on by an external force; 2) change
in motion is proportional to, and in the same direction as the applied force;
3) to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Sir Isaac Newton died in 1727 at the age of 85. He was buried with
honours, as a national hero.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867) is the father of the electric motor. He
was born in a small village in a poor family of a blacksmith. As a boy
Michael did not have much schooling. When he was 13 he went to work in
a bookbinder’s shop. He lived among books. Once he came across an article
on electricity. It struck his imagination and Faraday started thinking about
making experiments and devoting his own life to science. He made a new
kind of steel and a new kind of glass. He was wondering whether a magnet
could give an electric current. At 40 he got a brilliant idea: he would move
the magnet near wire. And then he got an electric current in the wire. This
was a great moment in history of electricity but Faraday did not stop. He got
a current when he moved the wire instead of the magnet.
He made a machine of electromagnetic induction. The machine gave
Faraday a current of electricity. It was the beginning of the electrical age,
which has changed the way our planet look like.
James Watt (1736–1819) is a Scottish engineer and the inventor of the
universal steam engine. He was born in Scotland, where his father was a
shipwright. He had a very good memory and liked mathematics. He was
sent to a private school in which he did very well at both languages and
mathematics. When James was 14 he was given the book by Isaac Newton.
He found the book so interesting that he read it hundreds of times and spent
his time experimenting. At 21, he became instrument maker to Glasgow
University.
In April 1765, while he was out for a walk the idea of condensing the
steam crossed his mind. He made fundamental improvements of the steam
engine. He also made other inventions. He invented a copying machine that
was in use for 100 years.
On August 19, 1819, James Watt died at his home. A few years later, a
monument was erected in the memory of James Watt in Westminster Abbey.
The unit of power is named after him.
George Stephenson (1781–1848) is the father of the railways. He was
a son of a poor English worker. George grew up illiterate. When George
was 8 he began to work. His job was to put coal under the boilers. He learnt
everything he could by watching. George began to dream of becoming an
56
engineer. At the age of 17, he decided to learn to write and read. After a 12hour shift he went a long distance to a teacher to be taught the alphabet.
During the First Industrial Revolution Stephenson designed a
locomotive. He laid metal rails for his engine to run on. On July 25, 1814,
his locomotive hauled 8 loaded wagons (30 tons) at a speed 4 miles per hour.
The new railway was opened in 1825. Stephenson made an engine Rocket
which could run 10 miles per hour. Five years later, in 1930, the railway
between Liverpool and Manchester was built and opened.
His son Robert was a perfect partner and an outstanding inventor. Robert
supervised the Rocket building. A monument to father and son was erected
in Westminster Abbey.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1) sundial – солнечные часы;
2) the Great Plague – Великая Чума;
3) decomposition of light – дисперсия света (разложение света);
4) shipwright – корабельный плотник;
5) to condense – конденсировать (превращать газ или пар в жидкость);
6) to cross one’s mind – осенять, внезапно прийти на ум;
7) the First Industrial Revolution – первая промышленная революция;
8) engine – локомотив, паровоз;
9) to haul – тянуть, перевозить.
16. Дополните предложения, пользуясь текстом A.
1. _______never went to school when he was a child.
2. _______got an education in a good school.
3. ______decided to devote his life to science after reading an article on
electricity.
4. _______made practical experiments trying to measure the strength of
the wind.
5. _______taught at the university.
6. _______had some kind of a practical job in one of the British
Universities.
17. Найдите в тексте A ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Whose names are many great discoveries linked with?
2. What did Newton make in his early years?
3. What are three main points of Newton’s laws of motion?
57
4. Newton was buried with honours, as a national hero, wasn’t he?
5. How did Faraday get an electric current in the wire?
6. What sort of machine did Faraday make?
7. What school subjects was James Watt good at?
8. What sort of machine did Watt make?
9. At what age did Stephenson start to learn how to read and write?
10. Who was Stephenson’s perfect partner in his work?
18. Прочитайте текст B и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT B. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Every year in the spring, large numbers of frogs appear in the mud near the
river Nile. They aren’t there in dry weather, so in the past ancient Egyptians
used to believe that the mud produced the frogs. The problem is they didn’t
test their belief scientifi cally.
The fi rst step in the scientifi c method is to observe the world around you.
For example, Newton noticed that an apple fell down, not up. The Egyptians
did this part alright; they observed the frogs.
Step two is to ask yourself a question based on your observations. “Why
does the apple go down?”, “Where do the frogs come from?” And then think
of a hypothesis: a possible answer. “Objects are pulled to the ground by an
invisible force” and “Mud produces frogs”. The Egyptians did this, too.
But it is not enough just to think of an answer to a question and believe it’s
true. You have to discover some evidence that confi rms your hypothesis. So,
the next step in the scientifi c method is to test your ideas with experiments
and more observations. Galileo believed that two objects with diff erent
masses would fall at the same rate. So, the story goes, he carried out an
experiment. He dropped a heavy ball and a light ball from the Leaning Tower
of Pisa, and confi rmed his belief. The Egyptians never did any experiments
on their mud-frog hypothesis, so they never found out it was false.
If you do an experiment only once, you may make a mistake. So repeat
your experiment to make sure you get the same results, and analyse your
fi ndings statistically to check they’re signifi cant. Then make any necessary
changes to your hypothesis and conduct more experiments. Carefully record
everything you do so other scientists can duplicate your work and check your
conclusions.
A hypothesis with lots of experimental evidence becomes a theory. A
theory which has been confi rmed many times is a scientifi c law. The great
thing about hypotheses, theories and laws is that you can use them to make
58
predictions. The law of gravity predicts that astronauts should fl oat in space.
And they do.
Chemists and physicists, geologists and biologists, researchers in every
laboratory in every fi eld of research use the scientifi c method. They don’t
accept untested observations. So they don’t believe that mud produces frogs.
19. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа.
1. The Egyptians ...
a) made incorrect observations of frogs.
b) could not think of a hypothesis.
c) did not test their hypothesis experimentally.
d) believed frogs were sacred.
2. The heavier of the two balls dropped by Galileo ...
a) looked just the same as the other one.
b) fell faster than the other one.
c) fell more slowly than the other one.
d) fell at the same speed.
3. It is important to repeat an experiment ...
a) to see if the results are the same.
b) to check if the results are statistically signifi cant.
c) so that others can check it.
d) to record what you’ve done.
4. It is important to record the procedure of an experiment ...
a) so that others don’t copy it.
b) to check if you get the same results.
c) so that others can repeat it.
d) so you can check your conclusions.
5. The main point of the last paragraph is that ...
a) there are many branches of science.
b) the scientifi c method is universally used.
c) mud doesn’t produce frogs.
d) laboratories are essential to science.
20. Расположите в правильной последовательности алгоритм действий ученого в процессе исследования.
1) Analyse the fi ndings
2) Observe the world
3) Carry out an experiment
4) Formulate a hypothesis
59
21. Парная работа. Обсудите с партнером три основных вопроса,
которые, по вашему мнению, являются частью работы ученого.
Начните обсуждение, используя вводные ключевые выражения.
• If you ask me, I personally think ...
• I also believe that...
• I’m sure that...
22. Составьте резюме по содержанию текста B.
23. Прочитайте текст С и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT C. SKORYNA’S FAMOUS CONTRIBUTION TO THE
BELARUSIAN CULTURE
Francis Skoryna was a Belarusian humanist, physician, translator and one
of the fi rst book printers in Eastern Europe, laying the groundwork for the
development of the Belarusian language.
Skoryna was born in a family of a wealthy merchant in Polatsk, which
was a major trade and manufacturing center of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
in those days. His older brother, Ivan, was also a merchant. The family had
a property in Polatsk. He is believed to have received his primary education
in Polatsk and partly in Vilnius. But, at the age of 14, Skoryna came to
study in Krakow. It was in 1504. In 1506, he graduated with a Bachelor of
Arts degree. In 1512, after passing all required tests, he received a doctorate
in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy.
By 1517, Skoryna arrived in Prague. There he established a printing
house and started his publishing career. He printed his Psalter, and then
twenty-two books of the Old Testament under the common name “Biblia
Ruska”. His books were not very characteristic for the West European
printed Bibles of that time. The texts in the Bible were printed in the Church
Slavonic language with a large amount of Belarusian words. Skoryna’s Bible
broke the existing rules of that time. It contained texts from the publisher, his
comments, forewords and afterwords. In addition, it contained prints with his
image. It was the fi rst case and the last one in the history of the publication
of Bibles in Eastern Europe.
In 1520, Skoryna became involved in combating an epidemic of a deadly
disease in Prague. So, he decided to leave the country and move to Vilnius,
the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1522, Skoryna opened the fi rst printing house in Vilnius. Initially he
published “The Little Travel Book”. Then in 1525 “Apostol” was published.
“Apostol” was released in the same order as it is used in Orthodox worship now.
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