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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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reason that such machines directly replace human labour. The emotive nature
of the subject inevitably gives rise to misapprehensions.
It is necessary fi rst to defi ne an industrial robot. Alternative defi nitions
and classifi cations abound but basically a robot is a machine which moves,
manipulates, joins or processes components in the same way as human hand
or arm. It consists basically of three elements: the mechanical structure
(including the artifi cial wrist and gripper), the power unit (hydraulic,
pneumatic or, increasingly, electrical) and the control system (increasingly
minicomputers and microprocessors). However, the essential characteristic
of a robot is that it can be programmed. Thus many devices (often called
robots) would be better termed “numerically-controlled arms”, since they
are mechanical arms controlled by simple (non-computer) software and as
such are not radically diff erent to much existing automation equipment.
There are reported about 20,000 of the latter in use in Japan, and perhaps
several thousand in the United Kingdom. A robot, however, is here defi ned as
a hybrid of a mechanical, electrical and computing engineering.
UNIT XI. Metalcutting Machines
and Parts
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. angle [ˈæŋɡl] угол
You didn’t measure the angle accurately.
2. axis [ˈæksɪs] ось, осевая линия
The Earth makes one revolution on its axis in about 24 hours.
3. beam [biːm] луч
The machine directs an X-ray beam at the patient’s body.
4. circumference [səˈkʌmf(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] окружность, длина окружности
What is the circumference of the Earth at the equator?
5. to clamp [klæmp] скреплять, зажимать
Clamp the two parts together until the glue dries.
6. edge [edʒ] грань, ребро
The steel grinds to a sharp edge.
7. to enable [ɪˈneɪbl] давать возможность
The system enables students to access class materials online.
181
8. to enlarge [ɪnˈlɑːdʒ] увеличивать(ся), расширять(ся)
Boring is a process that enlarges holes previously drilled.
9. to execute [ˈeksɪkjuːt] выполнять, исполнять
It is also possible to mount several tools at one time in any or all tool
holders of a planer to execute multiple simultaneous cuts.
10. to expose [ɪkˈspəʊz] подвергать(ся) воздействию
The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of
radiation.
11. fl at [fl æt] плоский, ровный
Coins are usually round and fl at.
12. fl exible [ˈfl eksəbl] гибкий; эластичный
Rubber is a fl exible substance.
13. fl uid [ˈfl uːɪd] жидкость
Fluid leaked from the car’s engine.
14. fragile [ˈfrædʒaɪl] ломкий, хрупкий
Be careful with that material – it’s very fragile.
15. hole [həʊl] отверстие, углубление
To drill a hole usually holemaking machine-tools are used.
16. idle [ˈaɪdl] нерабочий, холостой (режим)
The machinery stood idle for a month.
17. longitudinal [ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪn(ə)l] продольный
The insect’s body is black with yellow longitudinal stripes.
18. to mount [maʊnt] закреплять, устанавливать
They’ve mounted a camera on the wall by the door.
19. to reciprocate [rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt] двигаться взад и вперед, двигаться
возвратно-поступательно
The planer is the largest of the reciprocating machine tools.
20. to shape [ʃeɪp] моделировать, придавать форму
Machine tools are used to shape metals and other materials.
21. sharp [ʃɑːp] острый
Make sure you use a good sharp knife.
22. to slide [slaɪd] скользить
The tool slides against the stationary workpiece.
23. stationary [ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] неподвижный, стационарный
How did you manage to drive into a stationary vehicle?
24. versatile [ˈvɜːsətaɪl] разносторонний, многофункциональный
A pocketknife is a versatile tool.
25. wheel [wi:l] колесо, колесико
The car’s rear wheels started to spin on the icy road.
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
182
electrical [ɪˈlektrɪk(ə)l]
cylindrical [səˈlɪndrɪk(ə)l]
vertical [ˈvɜːtɪk(ə)l]
horizontal [ˌhɒrɪˈzɒnt(ə)l]
diagonal [daɪˈæɡ(ə)n(ə)l]
radial [ˈreɪdɪəl]
abrasive [əˈbreɪsɪv]
miniature [ˈmɪnətʃə]
function [ˈfʌŋkʃ(ə)n]
discipline [ˈdɪsəplɪn]
term [tɜːm]
matrix [ˈmeɪtrɪks]
operation [ˌɒp(ə)ˈreɪʃ(ə)n]
hydraulic [haɪˈdrɔːlɪk]
diameter [daɪˈæmɪtə]
ingredient [ɪnˈɡriːdɪənt]
3. Подберите пары синонимичных или близких по значению слов.
1) to execute
2) fragile
3) to allow
4) fl uid
5) speed
6) modern
7) hollow
a) empty
b) contemporary
c) velocity
d) to let
e) to implement
f) liquid
g) delicate
4. Подберите пары антонимов.
1) lately
2) fl exible
3) sharp
4) slight
5) idle
6) fragile
7) accurate
8) possible
9) smooth
a) impossible
b) inaccurate
c) strong
d) long ago
e) rough
f) infl exible
g) busy
h) blunt
i) big
5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
to shape metals
the movement of the cutting tool
work materials mechanically
fl exible manufacturing systems
to allow continuous rotation
to use various shapes of cutters
to produce diff erent fl at surfaces
to turn the workpiece on its axis
a circular device
to produce vertical or diagonal
cuts
to be electrically driven
small grains of abrasive
the development of mass produc-
tion processes
the movement of the cutting tool
to use cooling fl uids
chemical machining
numerical control of machine tools
at a variety of speeds
a series of cutting edges
to be machined with excellence
and accuracy
183
WORD-BUILDING
6. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, от которого образовано первое слово ряда.
1. interchangeable: a) able; b) interior; c) change; d) manage.
2. circular: a) surface; b) circle; c) circus; d) cycle.
3. various: a) very; b) vary; c) versus; d) virus.
4. stationary: a) state; b) status; c) static; d) station.
5. depth: a) dry; b) dark; c) deep; d) date.
6. specifi cate: a) specifi c; b) special; c) space; d) spice.
7. displacement: a) palace; b) pale; c) place; d) play.
8. regulation: a) regular; b) regulate; c) regain; d) region.
9. rotation: a) rotate; b) rotten; c) rote; d) rotor.
10. cylindrical: a) cycle; b) circle; c) cyber; d) cylinder.
7. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень со словами перед текстом; определите, к какой
части речи они относятся и каковы их значения.
experiment – эксперимент gentle – спокойный
quick – быстрый to cover – покрывать
delicate – точный, чувствительный to vibrate – вибрировать
digit – цифра safe – безопасный
to detect – обнаруживать robot – робот
Landmines kill 800 people every month and prevent people returning to
their homes after a confl ict is over. Comet III is an experimental mine-clearing
robot developed at Chiba University in Japan. It is fi tted with caterpillar
tracks, letting it move quickly over rough ground. For minehunting it has six
legs, allowing it to walk delicately through mine fi elds. It takes 20 seconds
to calculate each step. Slow processing speeds prevents Comet III from
moving more quickly, but faster processing chips should cause Comet III to
reach human walking speeds in future. Comet III has stereo vision provided
by two digital cameras. This lets it navigate by itself without the help of
remote control. Comet III has metal detectors and ground-penetrating radar,
enabling it to detect diff erent types of mine. A refl ected signal from a mine
allows Comet III to probe gently to uncover the mine. Vibration or pressure
can make a mine explode, so the work must be done with care. Sometimes
the ground is very hard, which stops the probe uncovering mines.
Newer models fi tted with drills and an air hose will let the robot do this
safely. A robotic hand will enable the robot to pick up rocks.
184
GRAMMAR REVIEW
МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ ГЛАГОЛОВ SHALL, SHOULD,
WILL, WOULD
8. Ознакомьтесь с различными случаями употребления многозначных глаголов shall, should, will, would и изучите примеры.
shall
will
should
would
1. Будущее время (с 1-м л. ед. и мн. ч.):
We shall have a meeting tomorrow.
2. Предложение услуг, идей:
Shall I fi x the apparatus?
1. Будущее время:
All the students will take part at the scientifi c conference.
2. Просьбы и приказания:
Will you be quiet, please!
Yo u will start work at six o’clock sharp.
3. Угрозы и обещания:
I promise I will come in time.
Yo u will regret this.
4. Описание свойств и характеристик материала:
Steam will not condense until cooled.
5. Упорное нежелание (в настоящем):
The device won’t start.
1. Совет:
Yo u should test this device once more.
2. Future-in-the-Past:
He thought I should come at 5.
3. Сослагательное наклонение:
If the problem were solved, we should fi nish the tests.
1. Повторность действия в прошлом:
The inventor would spend a lot of time in the laboratory.
2. Сослагательное наклонение:
I would be glad to get acquainted with the results of your research.
3. Future-in-the-Past:
He said he would be here in time.
4. Просьба, приглашение (вежливое):
Would you like to come to the conference?
5. Упорное нежелание (в прошлом):
The key wouldn’t turn in the keyhole until I oiled it.
185
9. Прочитайте предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность глаголов shall, should, will, would.
1. We answered that we should fi nish this work in time. 2. He would
repeat the test several times. 3. All the preparation should be completed in
a week. 4. There are problems which should be solved in cooperation with
other countries. 5. We were said that we should carry out this experiment
under the supervision of our teacher. 6. This student would answer much
better. I don’t know what had happened to him today. 7. It would be desirable
to fi nish this work as quick as possible. 8. When heated the metal will
expand. 9. Would you open the window, please? 10. The car wouldn’t start
again this morning. 11. The building of this project would be impossible
without modern technique. 12. You will have to try the method described in
the article. 13. What time shall we come and see you? 14. Will you get me a
newspaper when you’re out? 15. You will never fi nish that project.
ФУНКЦИИ ГЛАГОЛОВ TO BE, TO HAVE
10. Прочитайте и проанализируйте функции глаголов to be, to have.
to be
to have
1. Смысловой глагол:
We are at the lecture.
There is a letter for you on the table.
2. Глагол-связка:
She is a student.
Our task is to learn to speak English.
3. Эквивалент модального глагола:
They are to come soon.
They were to fi nish this work yesterday.
4. Вспомогательный глагол:
He is reading a report.
The article was written yesterday.
1. Смысловой глагол:
I have a modern computer.
2. Эквивалент модального глагола:
We had to use this device in our work.
3. Вспомогательный глагол:
He had translated the article by fi ve o’clock.
11. Прочитайте предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глаголов to be, to have.
1. My friend is a fi rst year student. 2. It is necessary to study foreign
languages. 3. The University has many good laboratories. 4. The students
186
were always present at the lectures. 5. We have English books at home.
6. I was to send him the results of my experiments, but I forgot. 7. I shall be
glade to help you. 8. The professor had three lectures yesterday. 9. Students
have all the facilities for studies. 10. There are two terms in the academic year.
11. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute? 12. The professor
was invited to take part at the conference. 13. Do you often have to travel on
business? 14. There is a map of the British Isles on the wall of the classroom.
15. The teacher will have to explain this diffi culty again.
ЦЕПОЧКА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЙ
12. Проанализируйте способы выражения определения в таблице и
переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
Артикль Существительные в роли определения Определяемое существительное
the
the
the
feedback
feedback control
feedback control system
control
system
improvement
the pump installation
the pump installation instruction
the petroleum products
the petroleum products quality
the space research
the space research fi eld
the steam engine
the steam engine invention
the drilling rig fl oor
the drilling rig fl oor simulator
the entrance door
the entrance door key
the travel agency
the research institute
the space exploration
the space exploration expedition
the wheel carriage
the power generation
the expert’s conclusion
the oil transportation
13. Проанализируйте, чем выражено определение в следующих словосочетаниях, и переведите их на русский язык.
an interesting article
the destroyed bridge
a fast-running taxi
railway tracks
the refrigeration circuit diagram
the most up-to-date machinery
the method adopted
the only material available
the material under examination
an important letter
illustrated magazines
two thousand tons
the city library
the student’s mistakes
a desire to travel
the book for beginners
high-speed computers
the problem to be discussed
187
14. Прочитайте следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
определение, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Proper translation of passive constructions is of great importance for
correct understanding of technical texts. 2. The explosive mixture is sucked
into the engine cylinder. 3. Newspaper correspondents arrived at the plant
when the new equipment was being tested. 4. In two- and four-stroke internal
combustion engines the petrol-air mixture is ignited within the engine’s
cylinders. 5. For your experiment you may use the materials available in our
laboratory. 6. All the drivers were interested in the speed developed by the
new engine. 7. Students may get any books they need at the Institute library.
8. Newton’s well-known law of motion was written in Latin, as Latin was the
only written language used in science at that time.
READING PRACTICE
15. Прочитайте текст А и переведите его на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
TEXT A. MACHINE TOOLS
Machine tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material
to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine tools are now electrically
driven. Machine tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than
hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass
production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large
numbers so as to be interchangeable.
All machine tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool,
and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the
workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and use
cooling fl uids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and lubrication.
Machine tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining
methods have been developed lately. They include chemical machining,
spark erosion to machine very hard materials to any shape by means of
a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between an electrode and a
workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using ultrasound, and
cutting by means of a laser beam. Numerical control of machine tools and
fl exible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of
machine tools to be used fl exibly for the manufacture of a range of products.
Lathe. Lathe is still the most important machine tool. It produces parts
of circular cross section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting
its surface with a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be moved sideways to
188
produce a cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control the depth
of cut. Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That allows
continuous rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. The modern lathe
is driven by means of a headstock supporting a hollow spindle on accurate
bearings and carrying either a chuck or a faceplate, to which the workpiece is
clamped. The movement of the tool, both along the lathe bed and at right angle
to it, can be accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close
tolerances. Modern lathes are often under numerical control.
Milling Machine. In a milling machine the cutter is a circular device with
a series of cutting edges on its circumference. The workpiece is held on a table
that controls the feed against the cutter. The table has three possible movements:
longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical; in some cases it can also rotate. Milling
machines are the most versatile of all machine tools. Flat or contoured surfaces
may be machined with excellent fi nish and accuracy. Angles, slots, gear teeth
and cuts can be made by using various shapes of cutters.
Drilling and Boring Machines. To drill a hole usually hole-making
machine tools are used. They can drill a hole according to some specifi cation,
they can enlarge it, or they can cut threads for a screw or create an accurate
size or a smooth fi nish of a hole.
Drilling machines are diff erent in size and function, from portable drills to
radial drilling machines, multispindle units, automatic production machines,
and deep-hole-drilling machines.
Boring is a process that enlarges holes previously drilled, usually with a
rotating single-point cutter held on a boring bar and fed against a stationary
workpiece.
Shapers and Planers. The shaper is used mainly to produce diff erent fl at
surfaces. The tool slides against the stationary workpiece and cuts on one
stroke, returns to its starting position, and then cuts on the next stroke after
a slight lateral displacement. In general, the shaper can make any surface
having straight-line elements. It uses only one cutting tool and is relatively
slow, because the return stroke is idle. That is why the shaper is seldom
found on a mass production line. It is, however, valuable for tool production
and for workshops where fl exibility is important and relative slowness is
unimportant.
The planer is the largest of the reciprocating machine tools. It diff ers from
the shaper, which moves a tool past a fi xed workpiece because the planer
moves the workpiece to expose a new section to the tool. Like the shaper,
the planer is intended to produce vertical, horizontal, or diagonal cuts. It is
also possible to mount several tools at one time in any or all tool holders of a
planer to execute multiple simultaneous cuts.
Grinders. Grinders remove metal by a rotating abrasive wheel. The
wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive, bonded together, with
189
each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process gives very smooth
and accurate fi nishes. Only a small amount of material is removed at each
pass of the wheel, so grinding machines require fi ne wheel regulation. The
pressure of the wheel against the workpiece is usually very light, so that
grinding can be carried out on fragile materials that cannot be machined by
other conventional devices.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1) spark erosion – электроискровая обработка;
2) lathe – токарный станок;
3) circular cross section – круглое поперечное сечение;
4) headstock – передняя бабка;
5) spindle – шпиндель;
6) chuck – зажим, патрон;
7) faceplate – планшайба;
8) lathe bed – станина станка;
9) tolerance – допуск;
10) milling machine – фрезерный станок;
11) cutter – фреза;
12) slot – прорезь, паз;
13) gear teeth – зубья шестерни;
14) drilling machine – сверлильный станок;
15) boring machine – расточный станок;
16) shaper – поперечно-строгальный станок;
17) planer – продольно-строгальный станок;
18) stroke – ход;
19) lateral – боковой;
20) grinder – шлифовальный станок.
16. Найдите в тексте A ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. What are machine tools used for?
2. How are most machine tools driven nowadays?
3. What facilities do all machine tools have?
4. How are the cutting tool and the workpiece cooled during machining?
5. What other machining methods have been developed lately?
6. What parts can be made with lathes?
7. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe?
8. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine?
9. What possible movements has the table of a milling machine?
10. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling machine?
190
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