Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
.pdf
B.
1. Он, вероятно, ...
2. Он наверняка ...
3. Они, несомненно, ...
4. Вряд ли он ...
5. Маловероятно, что они ...
6. Он, по-видимому, знает ...
7. Она, кажется, знает ...
8. Он оказался способным ...
9. Он, по-видимому, написал ...
10. Он, кажется, забыл ...
a) Не is unlikely to ...
b) She seems to know ...
c) He is likely to ...
d) He proved to be capable ...
e) He appears to have written ...
f) He is sure to ...
g) He appears to know ...
h) He seems to have forgotten ...
i) They are unlikely to ...
j) They are certain to ...
19. Прочитайте предложения на русском языке и найдите к ним
соответствующие английские эквиваленты.
1. По-видимому, эти данные
были уже давно исследованы.
2. Чтобы исследовать эти данные, надо применить новые
методы.
3. Мы хотим исследовать эти
данные.
4. Сообщают, что эти данные будут исследованы в кратчайшее
время.
5. Исследование этих данных
несложно.
6. Эти данные вряд ли будут исследованы скоро.
7. Мы должны исследовать эти
данные.
8. Эти данные, несомненно, будут исследованы в кратчайшее время.
9. Эти данные оказались надежными.
10. Мы ожидаем, что эти новые
данные будут исследованы
очень скоро.
a) To investigate these data is
not diffi cult.
b) То investigate these data one
has to apply new techniques.
c) We expect these new data to
be investigated very soon.
d) We want to investigate these
data.
e) We have to investigate these
data.
f) These data are reported to be
investigated in the shortest
time possible.
g) These data are unlikely to be
investigated soon.
h) These data proved to be
reliable.
i) These data appear to have
been investigated long ago.
j) These data are certain to be
investigated in the shortest
time possible.
131
READING PRACTICE
20. Прочитайте текст А и переведите его на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
TEXT A. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies the principles of engineering, physics, and materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery. It is
one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines.
The engineering fi eld requires an understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural
analysis, and electricity. Mechanical engineers use these core principles
along with tools like computer-aided design, and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and
machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others.
The beginnings of mechanical engineering go back to the craftsmen and
inventors of the fi rst tools and basic machineries powered by human or animal labour, water or wind energy, or their combination. Mechanical engineering as a fi eld of engineering study, however, did not start until the advent
of the Industrial Revolution with the demand for the steam engine. The fi rst
professional society for mechanical engineers, the Institute of Mechanical
Engineers, was formed in the United Kingdom in 1847. Since then, advancements in the fi eld of mechanical engineering have led to such breakthroughs
as the internal combustion engine, which made heavier-than-air powered
fl ight possible and would also lead to the development of the automobile, air
conditioning, robotics, and more.
Mechanical engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing
engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also
work in the fi eld of biomedical engineering, specifi cally with biomechanics,
transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology, and modelling
of biological systems.
Mechanical engineering plays a dominant role in enhancing safety, economic vitality, enjoyment and overall quality of life throughout the world.
Mechanical engineers are concerned with the principles of force, energy and
motion. The men and women who work as mechanical engineers are professionals with expert knowledge of the design and manufacture of mechanical
systems and thermal devices and processes. Some examples of products and
132
processes developed by mechanical engineers include engines and control
systems for automobiles and aircraft, electric power generation plants, lifesaving medical devices and consumer products ranging from air conditioners
to personal computers and athletic equipment. They also design the machines
that mass-produce these products. Virtually every aspect of life is touched by
mechanical engineering. If something moves or uses energy, a mechanical
engineer was probably involved in its design or production.
21. Найдите в тексте A ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. What is mechanical engineering?
2. What core principles do mechanical engineers use in their work?
3. What were the fi rst tools and basic machinery powered by?
4. When did mechanical engineering as a fi eld of engineering study start?
5. When and where was the Institute of Mechanical Engineers formed?
6. What invention is the Industrial Revolution associated with?
7. What things became possible due to the invention of the internal
combustion engine?
8. What fi elds does mechanical engineering overlap with?
9. What fi elds may mechanical engineers also work in?
10. What are the examples of products and processes developed by
mechanical engineers?
22. Прочитайте текст В и ответьте на следующие вопросы по содержанию прочитанного.
1. When does the history of mechanical engineering begin?
2. What were the earliest types of machines?
3. What are the four stages of the development of world industry and what
are they characterized by?
4. What period of industrial revolutions occurs at present?
TEXT B. FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time when the
man fi rst tried to make machines. We can call the earlier rollers, levers and
pulleys, for example, the work of mechanical engineering.
Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from the fi rst
Industrial Revolution.
People have labeled as “revolutions” three episodes in the industrial
history of the world, and now we are entering the fourth.
The fi rst Industrial Revolution took place in England between 1760 and
1840. Metal became the main material of the engineer instead of wood, and
133
steam gave man great reserves of power. This power could drive not only
railway engines and ships but also the machines which built them.
In the second revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the technical
driving force. It provided power for factories that was easier and cheaper to control
than steam. It was also marked by the growing importance of science-based
industries such as chemical and electrical goods, and the use of scientifi callydesigned production methods such as semi-automatic assembly lines.
The third Industrial Revolution coincided with the advent of automation –
in its infl exible form. In this revolution the main features were advances in
the control of manufacturing processes so that things could be made more
cheaply, with greater precision and (often) with fewer people. And this change
which occurred around the middle of the 20th century also featured a new
machine that was to greatly infl uence the world – the electronic computer.
The fourth Industrial Revolution will be characterized by automated machines
that are versatile and programmable and can make diff erent things according
to diff erent sets of computer instructions. It will be characterized by fl exible
automated machinery, the most interesting examples of which are robots.
23. Прочитайте слова и соотнесите их с соответствующими им определениями в правой колонке.
1) to label
2) to provide
3) steam
4) assembly line
5) to manufacture
6) fl exible
a) the arrangement of workers, machines and
equipment
b) to make a product
c) to name
d) capable of being bent
e) water in the form of vapor
f) to supply with what is needed
24. Обобщите информацию по содержанию текста B и заполните
таблицу.
№ Period Main features
1 1760–1840 1) metal – the main material for the engineer;
2) steam – the driving technical force
21)
2)
3)
3 1)
2)
4
134
25. Парная работа. Обсудите с партнером следующие вопросы.
1. Does an industrial revolution make always good for people?
2. What do you think will be expected results of using robots?
26. Составьте резюме по содержанию текста B.
27. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его основное содержание и ответить на следующие вопросы.
1. How does higher education help to improve manufacture and develop
industry?
2. What must a qualifi ed engineer know to meet the needs of industry?
3. How do scientist and engineers contribute to engineering education?
4. What can help to solve the processing problems?
TEXT C. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN MANUFACTURE
Future improvements in productivity are largely dependent on the
application of science to manufacturing. This depends in turn on the
availability of large numbers of scientifi cally trained engineers. The higher
schools can serve the needs of industry in two ways: by performing basic
research and by training well-qualifi ed engineers in the manufacturing fi eld.
There is a growing need for engineers who are familiar with the
fundamental problems in metal processing and manufacturing. In the near
future many of the engineers will be recent university graduates. A few
will come through courses of study in industry. Others, having a basic
engineering knowledge will continue additional studies at colleges to prepare
themselves for work in industry. Therefore, an engineer does not fi nish his
education when he receives his diploma, particularly in the fi elds of interest
to implement engineers who are to study new developments, constantly.
There are numerous ways in which industry and education can cooperate
on problems of common interest. Scientists and research engineers are
engaged in work that is intended to provide a scientifi c approach to many
purely industrial problems. These scientists and engineers can make a real
contribution to engineering education or academic research. They can,
for example, propose advanced engineering courses and they can actively
participate in basic and applied research.
Similarly, large and complicated projects of new technologies could well
be handled by institute researchers working on practical applications. This
would often provide the most effi cient approach to the solution of processing
problems.
135
28. Прочитайте слова и соотнесите их с соответствующими определениями в правой колонке.
1) availability
2) to serve
3) research
4) graduate
5) be engaged
6) contribution
7) be handled
29. Расположите предложения в хронологическом порядке в соответствии с содержанием текста С.
1. Both scientists and engineers can make a contribution to engineering
education and academic research.
2. An engineer does not fi nish his education when he receives his diploma.
3. There is a close cooperation between industry and education.
4. The higher school can serve the needs of industry.
30. Парная работа. Обсудите с партнером следующие вопросы.
1. Why is it important for scientists to cooperate with industry?
2. Why does an engineer have to continue his education after receiving a
diploma?
3. What is the role of science in manufacture?
a) to act in a certain capacity
b) giving something to someone
c) be held
d) be employed
e) the state of being ready for use
f) a scientifi c investigation
g) a person who holds an academic degree
31. Напишите аннотацию к тексту С.
ORAL PRACTICE
32. Прочитайте диалог и заполните пропуски в таблице.
Paula, a design engineer for a GPS manufacturer, is discussing product
development with Joseph, a senior manager new to the company.
Paula: Obviously, navigation is the primary application of most GPS devices.
Joseph: Sure.
Paula: Then you’ve got associated applications, uses that are related to
navigating, such as tracking systems you can use for monitoring delivery
vehicles and fi nding stolen cars, that kind of thing.
Joseph: Mm.
136
Paula: And then there are more creative features. A good example would be
on a boat GPS, you get drift alarms. So if the anchor starts to drag and the
boat starts moving, there’s a setting on the GPS that allows it to detect the
movement, and an alarm sounds to warn you, and prevents the boat from
drifting unnoticed.
Joseph: I see.
Paula: Or another example on boat systems is man overboard buttons. So
if you’re sailing along and someone falls into the sea, you hit a button,
which logs the position and ensures that you don’t lose track of where you
were, which then enables you to turn round and come back to the same
point and fi nd the person.
Joseph: Right.
Paula: So, these are the kinds of applications we want to develop, more
specialised, and more creative.
Joseph: So, eff ectively, you’re not talking about technical innovations.
What you’re really looking for is innovative ways of actually using the
technology.
Paula: Precisely. Because these days, from the end-user’s point of view,
accuracy is no longer the main selling point. Most devices are accurate
enough. The key is to make them more useful.
the primary application of GPS (1) _____________________
associated applications (2) Tracking systems for _________________
(3) Tracking systems for _________________
more creative features (4)_______________ alarms
(5)_______________buttons
not technical innovations (6)_______________the technology
TEST
1. Выберите из трех предложенных вариантов один правильный.
1. We suppose his treatise ... in many countries.
a) to publish b) to have been published c) to have published
2. I heard him ... my name.
a) to mention b) mention c) to be mentioning
3. The man is still waiting ... a defi nite answer.
a) to give b) give c) to be given
137
4. They seem ... ever since we came here.
a) to have worked b) to work c) to have been working
5. We are waiting for the results of his scientifi c experiment ... .
a) to be published b) to be publishing c) to publish
6. I’m glad ... to this report with you tomorrow.
a) to be listened b) to listen c) to be listening
7. The design of this motor appears ... in the latest issue of the magazine.
a) to publish b) to have been published c) to be published
8. He is supposed ... his experiment for two hours already.
a) to have been carrying out b) to carry out
c) to be carrying out
9. The new bridge ... here will be the longest in the country.
a) to construct b) to be constructing с) to be constructed
10. Scientists should ... into consideration the behavior of metals under
various conditions.
a) take b) to take d) to have taken
2. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
Mechanics
Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their eff ect
upon matter. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict
the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under
known forces (also called loads) or stresses. Subdisciplines of mechanics
include:
• statics, the study of non-moving bodies under known loads, how forces
aff ect static bodies;
• dynamics (or kinetics), the study of how forces aff ect moving bodies;
• mechanics of materials, the study of how diff erent materials deform
under various types of stress;
• fl uid mechanics, the study of how fl uids react to forces;
• kinematics, the study of the motion of bodies (objects) and systems
(groups of objects), while ignoring the forces that cause the motion.
Kinematics is often used in the design and analysis of mechanisms;
• continuum mechanics, a method of applying mechanics that assumes
that objects are continuous (rather than discrete).
Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis
phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle,
138
statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to
evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when
designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the
engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate
materials for the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a
ventilation system for the vehicle, or to design the intake system for the engine.
UNIT VIII. Engineering
Materials
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. ability [əˈbɪlətɪ] способность
Glass has the ability to be broken under pressure.
2. to aff ect [əˈfekt] влиять, затрагивать, воздействовать
To use engineering metals in practice one must know their properties
because they aff ect manufacture and application of materials.
3. alloy [ˈælɔɪ] сплав
Alloys consist of a simple metal combined with some other elements.
4. brass [brɑːs] латунь
The door handles were made of brass.
5. conductor [kənˈdʌktə] проводник
Wood is a poor conductor of heat.
6. copper [ˈkɒpə] медь, медный
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
7. to cope with [kəʊp] [wɪð] справиться
All engineering materials have defi nite characteristics which determine
their abilities to cope with external loads.
8. to damage [ˈdæmɪdʒ] повреждать, портить
The explosion damaged the bridge, but the substructure remained intact.
9. to defi ne [dɪˈfaɪn] определять, устанавливать
By testing a metal under a load one can defi ne what mechanical properties
it has.
10. to determine [dɪˈtɜːmɪn] определять, устанавливать
GPS allows you to determine your location using satellites.
139
11. ferrous [ˈferəs] железистый
Metals consisting of iron with some other elements are known as ferrous
metals.
12. to incur [ɪnˈkɜː] навлекать на себя (что-л.); подвергаться (чему-л.)
The hire of a car and other equipment will of course incur a supplementary
charge.
13. lead [led] свинец
The screen was made of lead to prevent X-rays from passing through.
14. liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd] жидкость, жидкий
Earth is the only inner planet in our solar system that has liquid water
on its surface.
15. load [ləʊd] нагрузка
It increased the load on the wheels.
16. penetration [ˌpenɪˈtreɪʃ(ə)n] проникновение
Cover the entire device to avoid water penetration.
17. permeability [ˌpɜːmɪəˈbɪlətɪ] проницаемость
All non-ferrous metals have very low permeability.
18. property [ˈprɒpətɪ] свойство, качество
To determine the properties of a metal is of great importance.
19. to possess [pəˈzes] владеть, обладать
Aluminium possesses high corrosion-resistant qualities.
20. to preserve [prɪˈzɜːv] сохранять
Plastic materials are able to change their form without breaking under the
infl uence of load and preserve this changed form after removal of the load.
21. resistance [rɪˈzɪst(ə)n(t)s] сопротивление
Superconductivity occurs when a metal loses all resistance to the fl ow of
an electric current.
22. shape [ʃeɪp] форма, очертание
Strong metals don’t change their shape when subjected to the infl uence of
external forces.
23. specimen [ˈspesəmɪn] образец, экземпляр
To determine metal properties in the laboratory scientists use a specimen
from the metal to be tested.
24. solid [ˈsɒlɪd] твердый
Water in a solid state is called ice.
25. to subject [səbˈdʒekt] подвергать (воздействию, влиянию и т.п.)
The metal is subjected to tests on special devices and machines.
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
140
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]