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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
.pdf
aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has privatized a number
of these industries, selling them to private fi rms.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
9. Проанализируйте, какие временные формы используются в условных предложениях. Затем прочитайте диалог, найдите в нем условные предложения и объясните, почему в них следует употребить
именно эти временные формы.
Условные предложения
1-й тип
2-й тип
3-й тип
If he comes in time, we shall complete the test.
If he came in time, we would complete the test tomorrow.
If he had come in time, we would have completed the test yesterday.
Jenny: If Nick got more pocket money, he would waste it on stupid things.
Nick: It’s not true. If I had more money, I would spend it on a leather jacket.
Tom: If I won a lottery, I would buy a car.
Nick: I wouldn’t buy a car if I were you. They’re much too expensive.
Jenny: If I had more money, I would spend it on a trip to Australia.
Nick: If I had a lot of money, I would buy a motor bike.
Tom: I wouldn’t buy a motor bike if I were you. They are too dangerous.
Nick: If we didn’t get so much homework, I would deliver newspapers every
morning.
Tom: What has homework got to do with delivering newspapers?
Jenny: Well, you see, Nick does his homework between getting up and
eating breakfast.
10. Прочитайте и проанализируйте следующие условные предложения. Переведите их на русский язык.
A. 1. If you ask him, he will help you. 2. If you listen to me, you will
succeed. 3. If you want to achieve good results, you’ll have to work hard.
4. If a body is heated, it will usually expand. 5. In case the temperature is
raised, the reaction will proceed more rapidly.
B. 1. If he changed his opinion, he would be more successful. 2. If we
asked him to help, would he agree? 3. If I only knew the facts, I could make
171
a decision. 4. If we used this method, we should obtain better results. 5. He
would improve this device if he had time.
C. 1. We could have introduced the new technology if the machinery had
been delivered in time. 2. If he had worked hard, he would have achieved great
progress. 3. If they had known it before, they would have taken measures.
4. If they had completed the research, the results would have been discussed
at the conference. 5. We should have applied these sensitive instruments if
they had been manufactured by that time.
11. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужном времени. Пере-
ведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If we had time enough, we … (to repeat) our experiment. 2. Provided
we not … (to raise) the temperature, the pressure would not increase. 3. The
measurements were always correct, provided the necessary instruments …
(to be used). 4. If a substance … (to be heated), it will usually expand. 5. The
manned spaceships would not have been launched into the cosmos unless
scientists … (to study) the information received from the space satellites.
6. We shall test the device if we … (to get) it. 7. The accident … (not / occur)
if you had been more accurate. 8. Provided this method of work were applied,
we … (to obtain) better results. 9. Our engineer … (to take part) in the
discussions unless he were busy. 10. Had the engineer had this information,
he … (to act) diff erently.
12. Закончите предложения.
1. If we received the documents today, we ...
2. If they supplied us with all necessary equipment, we ...
3. If we changed some techniques of our work, we ...
4. If you knew the design of the motor, you ...
5. If they needed the device urgently, we ...
13. Прочитайте предложения с инверсией. Переведите их на рус-
ский язык.
1. Had you told him, he would have known about the meeting of the staff .
2. Had the equipment been provided in time, we could have introduced the
new technology. 3. Were I you, I should discuss this problem again. 4. Had
I had this information before, I should have acted diff erently. 5. Were the air
composed only of nitrogen, burning would be impossible. 6. Had the students
been more careful, they wouldn’t have broken the new apparatus. 7. Had he
known the subject better, he wouldn’t have failed in his exam. 8. Had you
172
listened to me, you would have succeeded. 9. Were she a specialist in this
fi eld, we would show her the new equipment. 10. We would test the device
could we get it.
14. Преобразуйте предложения согласно модели.
Model: If I had more time, I would read this book. – Had I more time,
I would read this book.
1. If you had asked him, he would have helped you. 2. If I were you,
I should consider this matter again. 3. If it were not so late, we should stay a
little longer. 4. If this method of work were applied, we would obtain better
results. 5. If you were allowed to visit the laboratory, you would see much
interesting. 6. I could have fi nished my work if it had not been so late. 7. If
the engineer had been informed of the results before, he would have allowed
you to repeat the test. 8. If we had used new methods, we would have saved
a lot of time.
READING PRACTICE
15. Прочитайте текст А и переведите его на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
TEXT A. ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING
Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory
feedback, and information processing.
There are many types of robotic systems, including robotic manipulators,
robotic hands, mobile robots, walking robots, aids for disabled persons,
telerobots, and microelectromechanical systems. Some robots are relatively
simple mechanical machines that perform a dedicated task such as welding or
spray painting. Other more complex, multitask systems use sensory systems
to gather information needed to control their work.
Robotics is a rapidly growing fi eld, as technological advances continue;
researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical
purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are
built to do jobs that are hazardous or uncomfortable to people such as spray
painting, spot welding, arc welding, certain machine loading and unloading
tasks, defusing bombs, fi nding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring
mines and shipwrecks.
173
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The application
of robots can be divided into three categories:
1) material handling,
2) processing operations,
3) assembly and inspection.
Material handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of
machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials
or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple:
robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other
transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement
that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations
utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped
with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed
specifi cally for the particular part geometry.
In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a
process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding,
continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile
bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot
positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join
them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding
rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-
painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations
in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle
serves as the robot’s tool.
The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection.
The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high
cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of
robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not
always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in
manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely diffi cult for a onearmed robot.
Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization
of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor
with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the
quality specifi cations. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot
provides a substitute for human labour.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1) spot welding – точечная сварка;
2) arc welding – электродуговая сварка;
3) spray painting – окраска распылением;
174
4) spray-painting gun – распылитель краски;
5) grinding – шлифование.
16. Найдите в тексте A ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. How are robots used in manufacturing?
2. What is “material handling”?
3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading
operations?
4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?
5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile
manufacturing?
6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?
7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?
8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?
9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable
for the human workers conditions?
17. Прочитайте текст В и постарайиесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT B. HISTORY OF ROBOTICS
The concept of robots dates back to ancient times when some myths told
of mechanical beings were brought to life. Such automata also appeared
in the clockwork fi gures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century
some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical fi gures that they
constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted,
mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of
living creatures. Some of the “robots” used in advertising and entertainment
are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.
The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word “robota”, meaning
“compulsory labour”. It was fi rst used by the Czech novelist and playwright
Karel Chapek to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human
but, lacking human sensibility, can perform only automatic, mechanical
operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or
other living forms. True robots did not become possible, however, until the
invention of the computer in the 1940s and the miniaturization of computer
parts. One of the fi rst true robots was an experimental model designed by
researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable
of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a
visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.
175
Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the
data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment.
Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations
to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial
use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and
they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most
advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to
expand their applications.
18. Прочитайте слова и соотнесите их с соответствующими им определениями в правой колонке.
1) labour
2) sensor
3) automaton
4) device
5) robot
a) a piece of equipment that is used for a particular
purpose
b) work, especially the type of work that needs a lot
of physical eff ort
c) a machine controlled by a computer, which can
move and do other things that people can do
d) a machine that operates on its own without the
need for human control
e) a piece of equipment that can fi nd heat, light, etc.
19. Найдите ключевые предложения в каждом абзаце текста B и
переведите их на русский язык.
20. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями.
1. The fi rst automata were invented by medieval clockmakers.
2. The Check novelist Karel Chapek invented the fi rst robot.
3. True robots became possible long before the invention of the computer.
4. The commercial use of robots is widely spread in many fi elds of industry.
5. China is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology.
21. Составьте резюме по содержанию текста B.
22. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его основное содержание и ответить на следующие вопросы.
1. In what ways can robots move?
2. What kinds of motor can robots have?
3. What kinds of power source can robots have?
4. What does the sensory system do?
5. What does the processor do?
176
TEXT C. ROBOTS – MOVING, POWERING, FEELING
AND THINKING
Robots have fi ve basic components: a movable structure, a motor, a power
source, a sensory system, and a processor. The entire robot may move, on legs
in the case of Honda’s Asimo, on wheels, or on caterpillar tracks in the case
of Urbie, or only one part may move, such as the arm of an industrial robot.
The motor provides the physical power to move the structure. It may be
electric, pneumatic, or some form of heat engine. All motors require a source
of power. In the case of mobile robots, the usual source is a battery. The
problem with batteries is that they are heavy and run down quite quickly.
In future there may be robots which use biological fuel which they collect
as they move. Compressed air, in tanks for mobile robots or directly from a
compressor for fi xed robots, is the power source for pneumatic systems.
In the same way that humans depend on sight, hearing, taste, smell, and
touch to make sense of the world, robots require a sensory system in order to
function. Sensors feed information to the processor. The information provided
depends on the function of the robot. Location is important for most robots.
Industrial robots must be capable of placing items or performing actions in
exactly the right place. With some robots, location is controlled by placing
electronic tracks for the robot to follow. Container handling in ports can be
done by robotic vehicles following such tracks.
Heat sensors may be important for robots working in extreme conditions.
Sensors which measure the pressure exerted by robot arms or pincers are
important for robots which pick up or handle delicate items. For robots
which walk or climb stairs, information on weight distribution and balance is
important. Robots which look for some types of explosive need sensors which
can detect chemical smells. Robots which have to navigate over unfamiliar
ground, such as the Mars Rover, have digital cameras to help them identify
obstacles and select navigable routes.
The brain of a robot is the processor. It controls the operation of the robot.
It is programmed to allow the robot to carry out a series of actions and to
respond to feedback from the sensory system. In the case of a simple robot,
such as a domestic vacuum cleaner, the program may instruct the robot to
turn 90 degrees when it collides with an obstacle.
23. Найдите в тексте C выражения со следующими словами.
Robot, power, system, structure, track, obstacle, sensor.
24. Найдите ключевые предложения в каждом абзаце текста C и
переведите их на русский язык.
177
25. Групповая работа. Представьте, что вы участвуете в конкурсе
на проектирование одного из предложенных роботов.
A. A robot helper for old people
B. A robot pet animal
C. A robot fruit picker
Обсудите в группе:
• the actions the robot should be able to perform;
• how it will move from place to place;
• the power source it will use;
• the sensors it will need;
• its approximate size and weight.
26. Напишите аннотацию к тексту С.
ORAL PRACTICE
27. Прочитайте диалог и ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What did Jacob study at college?
2. Why did the mobile phone company need to automate?
3. What is the diff erence between mechanization and automation?
4. What is his responsibility?
5. What is a biosensor?
6. What does a blood glucose monitor do?
7. Why must the process of manufacturing the monitors be automated?
Jacob Ikonen, Senior Manufacturing Systems Engineer, is giving an interview.
Interviewer: How did you get interested in technology?
Jacob: I started making radio-controlled model boats at the age of 13.
Interviewer: That’s how you got started?
Jacob: That’s how I got started, yeah. I loved playing around with the electronics.
Interviewer: Did you go on to college at the end of school?
Jacob: Yes, I went to college and did Mechanical engineering with one year
of Electrical and electronic engineering.
Interviewer: What was your fi rst job?
Jacob: Designing and building automated manufacturing systems for a
mobile phone company. They needed to automate because production
was going through the roof. Their old system simply could not produce
enough phones.
178
Interviewer: I’m not clear about the distinction between mechanization and
automation.
Jacob: Big diff erence. Mechanization is the old world of machines with
no brains, they could do only one thing – like Henry Ford’s assembly
lines. Automation means you are using a combination of software, of
mechanical engineering, electronics, electrical engineering – that’s the
mechatronics side of things. There’s intelligence built in. That’s why it’s
called automation.
Interviewer: You then moved to your current job?
Jacob: Yes. I’m Senior Manufacturing Systems Engineer for a large health
care company. That means I’m responsible for developing all new
processes and process automation for manufacturing our products.
Interviewer: What do you make?
Jacob: One of the main products is blood glucose monitors for diabetics. It
uses biosensors, which are coated in enzymes to measure the blood glucose
levels in a drop of blood. Basically how much sugar there is in the blood.
Interviewer: Where does automation come in?
Jacob: You can’t make these machines by hand. There can’t be any
contamination, they have to be perfectly clean, and there can’t be any
defects in the production. Peoples’ lives are involved so you cannot aff ord
to be wrong. Also the volume is huge so only machines can achieve this.
Interviewer: Is it done by robots?
Jacob: We use incredibly fast, vision-driven robots. They don’t simply pick
up and place components blindly. They can see what they’re doing, they
can teach themselves, and they check every move they make to ensure
there are no errors.
Interviewer: What qualities do you need to be successful in your fi eld?
Jacob: You must be innovative. You must be able to work across functions
and be able to communicate with non-technical people.
Interviewer: Can you give me any examples of communicating with non-
technical people?
Jacob: I work in R&D and we have to constantly communicate with
Marketing – they know what the customers want. We just have the ideas.
TEST
1. Выберите из трех предложенных вариантов один правильный.
1. If we ... all the requirements, the effi ciency of the apparatus will be
increased.
a) meet b) met c) will meet
179
2. If your friend ... suffi cient experience, we would take him on as lab
assistant.
a) has b) had c) will have
3. If we had applied this method, we ... the results desired.
a) would have b) would have had c) had
4. The new operator wouldn’t have broken this device, if you ... him how to
operate it.
a) instructed b) hadn’t instructed c) had instructed
5. Unless he ... more, he won’t get much commission.
a) sells b) sold c) doesn’t sell
6. He could complete the test tomorrow in case he ... time.
a) has b) had c) would have
7. If you ... ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
a) arrive b) arrived c) had arrived
8. Our engineer would take part in the discussion unless he ... busy.
a) was b) were not c) were
9. Even if one of the engines fails, the plane ... to continue the fl ight safely.
a) will be able b) was able c) had been able
10. He would willingly accept the post of lecturer if he ... it.
a) was b) were c) had been
2. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
What is a Robot?
What is a robot? A lot of people think of robots as machines that both
do the work of humans and look like them. Strictly speaking, these devices
should be termed androids, from the Greek “andros” meaning “of man” and
“aidos” meaning “form”. A number of androids have indeed been created;
but they have been mostly for amusement value.
So how should we defi ne a robot? A robot is a gadget which wholly or in
part imitates man – sometimes in appearance and sometimes in action. Thus
a machine which simulates, say, the action of a person’s limb can be called
a robot. Likewise a machine that walks up and down and gives a passable
impression of smoking a cigarette can also be bracketed in this category.
There are few microelectronic applications more likely to raise fears
regarding future employment opportunities than robots for the very obvious
180
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