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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров-машиностроителей = English for Machinebuilding Engineering. Учебное пособие
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15. Найдите в тексте A ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. What are the external forces causing the elastic deformation of
materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.
2. What are the results of external forces?
3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and
compression?
4. What is the result of tension?
5. What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?
6. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur?
7. What are the results of fatigue?
8. What do we call creep?
9. When does this type of permanent deformation take place?
10. What are the results of creep?
16. Прочитайте текст В и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT B. GREEN BRAKES
As motor racing goes green, Formula 1 is aiming to lead automotive
research in fi nding hi-tech effi ciency gains. One of the keys to this ecological
drive is regenerative braking (also known as kinetic energy recovery), which
recovers energy generated during deceleration, and stores it as a source of
power for subsequent acceleration.
Regenerative brakes limit the energy loss inherent in traditional braking
systems. In most vehicles, conventional brakes comprise pads previously
made from asbestos-based composites, but now consisting of compound
of exotic, nonhazardous materials, and discs made of ferrous metal. The
resulting friction generates heat, which is wasted. In performance cars, this
phenomenon is taken to extremes, and due to the high temperatures generated,
brake discs are often made out of ceramics.
The carbon discs and pads used on Formula 1 cars generate so much heat
that they glow red hot. High temperatures are, in fact, necessary for the eff ective
operation of carbon brakes. But there’s still plenty of potential for recovering
the kinetic energy, rather than merely dissipating it in the form of heat.
The potential for recovering energy also extends to the heat generated by
engines and exhaust systems. This area has also been discussed as a possible
area for future exploitation in motor racing. Heat recovery might off er the
added benefi t of reducing heat soak (thermal absorption by the chassis) as
delicate alloy parts and sensitive non metallic materials, such as polymers, are
susceptible to heat damage.
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17. Обсудите следующие вопросы в парах.
1. Why do most braking systems waste energy?
2. What are regenerative braking systems, and how do they save energy?
3. What characteristics are required of materials used for the brakes on
racing cars?
4. What is meant by “heat soak”, and why is it a problem in racing cars?
18. Прочитайте и соотнесите названия материалов с соответствующими им определениями в правой колонке.
1) compounds
2) exotic
3) ferrous
4) ceramics
5) alloy
6) nonmetallic
7) polymers
19. Парная работа. Опишите состав любого вещества (керамика, металл, полимеры и др.), используя слова из упр. 18 и фразы в рамке.
Попросите партнера догадаться, о чем идет речь.
comprise consist of made from made of made out of
20. Составьте резюме по содержанию текста B.
a) materials that are not metal
b) iron and steel
c) combinations of materials
d) mixture of metals
e) plastic materials
f) minerals transformed by heat
g) rare or complex
21. Прочитайте текст С и постарайтесь понять его основное содержание.
TEXT C. RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
Steel. Scrap can be sorted easily using magnetism. If the metal is
galvanised (coated with zinc), the zinc is fully recyclable. If it is stainless
steel, other metals mixed with the iron, such as chromium and nickel, can
also be recovered and recycled.
Glass. Sorting is critical, as there are key diff erences between the clear
and coloured material used in bottles and jars, and the high-grade material
used in engineering applications, which contains traces of metals.
Copper. Scarcity makes recycling especially desirable and justifi es the
cost of removing insulation from electric wires, which are a major source of
scrap. Pure metal can also be recovered from alloys derived from it, notably
brass (which also contains quantities of zinc, and often lead) and bronze
(which contains tin).
162
Aluminium. The cost of melting down existing metal is signifi cantly
cheaper than the energy-intensive process of electrolysis, which is required
to extract new metal from ore.
Timber. Hardwood and softwood can be reused. However, the frequent
need to remove ironmongery and saw or plane off damaged edges, can make
the process costly.
Rubber. Tyres are the primary source of recyclable material. These can
be reused whole in certain applications. They can also be ground into crumbs
which have varied uses.
Plastic. An obstacle to recycling is the need to sort waste carefully. While
some types can be melted down for reuse, many cannot, or result in lowgrade material.
22. Прочитайте слова и соотнесите их с соответствующими определениями в правой колонке.
1) stainless steel
2) zinc
3) iron
4) bronze
5) lead
6) hardwood
7) ore
8) softwood
a) a metal used to make brass, and in galvanised
coatings on steel
b) the predominant metal in steel
c) a type of steel not needing a protective coating,
as it doesn’t rust
d) a dense, poisonous metal
e) rocks from which metals can be extracted
f) an alloy made from copper and tin
g) timber from pine trees
h) timber from deciduous trees
23. Заполните пропуски предлогами from, with, of.
1. Bronze contains signifi cant amounts ... copper.
2. Galvanised steel is steel coated ... zinc.
3. Steel is an alloy derived ... iron.
4. Pure metals can usually be recovered ... alloys.
5. To produce stainless steel, iron is mixed ... other metals.
6. Stainless steel contains quantities ... chromium and nickel.
7. Glass tableware contains traces ... metals, such as lead.
8. When new metal is extracted ... ore, the costs can be high.
24. Парная работа. Составьте мини-диалоги о различных материалах, используя данные ниже фразы.
• Can ... be recycled?
• What is ... made from?
• Where does ... come from?
163
25. Напишите аннотацию к тексту C.
ORAL PRACTICE
26. Прочитайте диалог и заполните пропуски.
1. __________ resistance
2. __________ resistance
3. __________ resistance
4. __________ resistance
Louisa, a marketing executive for a watch manufacturer is discussing
material selection with Tom, one of her engineering colleagues.
Tom: Speaking as an engineer, Louisa, my view is that all the materials we
use should be genuinely suitable for making watches, and not just chosen
as marketing gimmicks. We’re often guilty, in my view, of using exoticsounding materials that are not particularly suitable from a technical
standpoint.
Louisa: Yeah, I know what you mean.
Tom: A good example was that debate we had on whether to use submarine-
grade steel in some models, to give the impression that they’re exceptionally
resistant to water. OK, submarine steel’s good at withstanding the
pressure of being a mile beneath the sea. But it’s heavy. If it’s not coated,
its corrosion resistance is not that good, at least compared with other
metals like titanium. It’s also fairly poor in terms of looks, in my view.
Water resistance isn’t a question of metal quality, it’s about the quality of
the joints and seals you use. So, as a watch material, for me, it’s not at all
suitable. Tremendously marketable, I’m sure, but...
Louisa: Hm. No, I take your point. But I think it’s fair to say that we’ve never
chosen a material for marketing reasons that’s insuffi ciently durable or
not adequately built in any way.
Tom: Oh, no. No, if anything, it’s been the reverse. We’ve used materials that
are over the top, so they can be described with superlatives in advertising.
Louisa: Hm. Ideally, we should be using stuff that’s good for watches and
good for marketing as well.
Tom: Sure. But that’s easier said than done. I mean, a lot of the materials
that are ideal for the job, in terms of scratch resistance, shock resistance
and all the rest of it, are either pretty ordinary, or their compositions are
relatively complex, and they’ve got complicated names which means
they’re not all that good for marketing. That’s the problem.
164
Louisa: Sure. But the other problem is, consumers are not technical experts,
and they make choices based on their impressions, rather than based on
facts. That’s a hard commercial fact, as hard as submarine steel.
Tom: No, I accept that.
Louisa: So what should our approach be? It’s obviously not an easy question
...
27. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями в соответствии со взглядами, выраженными в диалоге. Используйте следующие вступительные фразы.
• I quite agree ... / You’re right ... / That’s right ... / Indeed ... / exactly ...
• You are not quite right ... / You are mistaken ... / That’s wrong ...
1. Often, exotic-sounding materials are not that suitable, technically.
2. People think that a submarine steel watch must be tremendously water-
resistant.
3. The corrosion resistance of submarine steel is exceptionally good.
4. Submarine-grade steel looks fairly good.
5. Tom thinks submarine steel is particularly suitable for watches.
6. The fi rm has often used materials that are not adequately durable.
7. Often, the compositions of good watch materials are relatively complex.
8. Materials with complicated names are pretty good for marketing.
TEST
1. Выберите из трех предложенных вариантов один правильный.
1. He displayed great skill in ... this building.
a) designing b) having designed c) being designed
2. We insisted on the experiment ... .
a) repeating b) being repeated с) having been repeated
3. He apologized to the teacher for not ... his lessons.
a) doing b) having done c) being done
4. We heard of the experiment ... last week.
a) starting b) having started c) having been started
5. The teacher was surprised at your ... so many mistakes.
a) making b) being made c) having made
6. The device needs ... .
a) repairing b) being repaired c) having been repaired
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7. I thanked him for ... such an interesting book.
a) buying b) having bought c) being bought
8. I can’t go there without ... .
a) being invited b) having invited c) inviting
9. I remember ... by him.
a) meeting b) having met c) having been met
10. Before ... the experiment we could not write the report.
a) having fi nished b) fi nishing c) being fi nished
2. Переведите текст на русский язык, пользуясь словарем.
The Nature of Plastics
Plastics are the wonder engineering materials of the modern age, provided
that they are properly employed. They are known to possess a great variety
of valuable properties and can be used in a wide range of things. Plastics
have performance possibilities matched by nothing else but to obtain them
may require a special thought of an engineer how to utilize plastics taking
advantage of their desirable properties.
To solve this problem successfully it is necessary to know the nature
and behaviour of plastics, while for selection a suitable plastic for the
design of plastic parts it is important to know their general advantages and
disadvantages. Plastics, obtained from various kinds of primaries are to an
ever increasing extent winning themselves a place of high prominence in
trade and industry.
The advantages of the plastic material include:
a) The ease of fabrication and adaptability to mass production methods at
low unit cost.
b) Resistance to corrosion as most plastic parts are inert to rust, rot and
corrosion.
c) Plastics are good thermal and electric insulators, all having dielectric
strength. Plastics are poor heat conductors and if they were exposed to a high
temperature for a short period, the interior temperature of the plastics would
remain lower than would be the case with metals.
d) Plastics easily combine with other materials like wood, fi bres, paper
and combine light weight with good strength as well. The highest strength is
obtained with glass fi bre and this reinforcement is now used to a considerable
extent.
Having made a rather modest appearance in the turn of the century as
substitutes for some costly materials, plastics have now invaded all branches
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of industry, agriculture, household needs, medicine and even art. In the
building industry plastics fi nd application as structural material and in fi ttings.
They are also extensively used for fi nishing the interior of buildings. Plastic
materials, with and without glass fi bre reinforcement, are being increasingly
applied to aircraft production.
UNIT X. Robotics
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. aid [eɪd] помощь; вспомогательное средство
Aids for disabled persons is one of the examples of robotic systems.
2. application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] применение, использование
This technology has many practical applications.
3. arrangement [əˈreɪndʒmənt] размещение, расположение
They changed the arrangement of furniture in the room.
4. assembly [əˈsemblɪ] сборка
The cars are assembled on an assembly line.
5. to coat [kəʊt] наносить покрытие, покрывать
A layer of snow coated the trees.
6. dedicated [ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd] специально предназначенный
We have a dedicated phone line for our computer.
7. to explore [ɪkˈsplɔː] исследовать, изучать
An expedition was sent to explore Mars.
8. to fasten [ˈfɑːs(ə)n] прикреплять, привязывать
He fastened the rope to a tree.
9. frame [freɪm] рама
They removed the picture from its wooden frame.
10. to grasp [ɡrɑːsp] хватать
He grasped the handle and pulled it.
11. handling [ˈhændlɪŋ] обращение (с чем-л.)
The equipment should be able to withstand a certain amount of rough
handling.
12. hazardous [ˈhæzədəs] опасный, рискованный
The chemicals in paint can be hazardous to people’s health.
167
13. inspection [ɪnˈspekʃ(ə)n] контроль, проверка, осмотр
Close inspection of the plane’s engines revealed several small defects.
14. labour [ˈleɪbə] труд
In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute
for human labour.
15. manual [ˈmænjuəl] ручной
My car has a manual transmission.
16. purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] цель
The purpose of this meeting is to elect a new chairman.
17. to rotate [rəʊˈteɪt] вращать(ся)
The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
18. satisfactory [ˌsætɪsˈfækt(ə)rɪ] удовлетворительный
None of the solutions was entirely satisfactory.
19. to serve [sɜːv] служить
Researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical
purposes.
20. shipwreck [ˈʃɪprek] кораблекрушение; обломки судна
Divers discovered the shipwreck of an old German warship.
21. to substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt] заменять
Such construction materials as plastics, steel and concrete can be
substituted for wood.
22. surface [ˈsɜːfɪs] поверхность
The road surfaces tend to be worse in the towns than in the country.
23. survivor [səˈvaɪvə] оставшийся в живых, уцелевший
Rescuers have given up hope of fi nding any more survivors.
24. transfer [ˈtræn(t)sfɜː] передача, перенос
There is a one-way transfer of energy from our environment into our
homes and cities.
25. to utilize [ˈjuːtɪlaɪz] использовать, употреблять
We must consider how best to utilize the resources we have.
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
robot [ˈrəʊbɒt]
conveyor [kənˈveɪə]
practical [ˈpræktɪk(ə)l]
manipulator [məˈnɪpjʊleɪtə]
ruin [ˈruːɪn]
compressor [kəmˈpresə]
panel [ˈpæn(ə)l]
information [ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n]
168
specifi cation [ˌspesəfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n]
sensor [ˈsen(t)sə]
computer [kəmˈpjuːtə]
operation [ˌɒp(ə)ˈreɪʃ(ə)n]
spray [spreɪ]
spindle [ˈspɪndl]
method [ˈmeθəd]
aspect [ˈæspekt]
3. Подберите пары синонимичных или близких по значению слов.
1) task
2) data
3) to perform
4) hazardous
5) complex
6) to position
7) labour
8) to gather
9) to utilize
4. Подберите пары антонимов.
1) simple
2) comfortable
3) loading
4) rapidly
5) stable
6) to fi nd
7) common
8) ancient
9) to construct
10) satisfactory
5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
to perform a dedicated task
a rapidly growing fi eld
to serve various purposes
to be equipped with a gripper
to serve as the robot’s tool
a substitute for human labour
simple mechanical machines
industrial robotic applications
a) to carry out
b) diffi cult
c) job
d) work
e) information
f) to pick up
g) dangerous
h) to use
i) to place
a) unsatisfactory
b) to ruin
c) modern
d) rare
e) complex
f) uncomfortable
g) slowly
h) to lose
i) unstable
j) unloading
to answer the quality specifi cations
the high cost of manual labour
the application area of industrial robots
to be used in manufacturing operations
the branch of mechanical engineering
to deal with the design
to grasp parts
an important aspect of robotic assembly
WORD-BUILDING
6. Определите соответствующий перевод слов.
1. исследователь: a) research; b) researcher; c) researching; d) researched.
2. изобретательный: a) inventor; b) invention; c) inventive; d) invent.
3. сжатый: a) compression; b) compressor; c) compressing; d) com-
pressed.
169
4. распределение: a) distributor; b) distribution; c) distributed; d) distrib-
utes.
5. взрыв: a) explosive; b) exploded; c) explosion; d) explode.
6. недоступный: a) available; b) unavailable; c) disabled; d) unable.
7. легко: a) easy; b) uneasy; c) easily; d) easiness.
8. важность: a) important; b) importance; c) import; d) imported.
9. окружающий: a) surround; b) surrounds; c) surrounded; d) surrounding.
10. быстро: a) quick; b) quickly; c) quicker; d) quickest.
7. Проанализируйте модель образования слов, прочитайте и пере-
ведите слова, созданные на ее основе.
Модель
основа существительного / прилагательного + -ize → глагол
memory – память
economy – экономия
summary – резюме, краткое изложение
energy – энергия
general – общий
normal – нормальный
real – реальный, действительный
character – характер
memorize – запоминать
economize –
summarize –
energize –
generalize –
normalize –
realize –
characterize –
8. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Найдите в тексте слова, имею-
щие общий корень со словами перед текстом, определите, к какой
части речи они относятся и каковы их значения.
to govern – править to develop – развивать
equal – равный busy – занятый
national – национальный trouble – беспокойство
to build – строить electric – электрический
private – частный to manufacture – производить
Like many modern developed countries, the United Kingdom has a mixed
economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the
government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II,
Britain has worked to equalize the mix of private and public enterprises in
order to maximize the country’s economy and ensure the economic well-being
of its citizens. After World War II the government nationalized, or took over,
a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity,
transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and
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