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In the late 1520s or early 1530s, he visited Moscow. He wished to
distribute his books in Moscow but his attempt got unsuccessful.
Unfortunately, the 1530 fi re in Vilnius destroyed three-quarters of the
city, including Skoryna’s publishing house.
The last information about Skoryna is mentioned only in the archives of
1534, when he moved from Vilnius to Prague. Presumably, he died in 1551
or 1552. It is also known that Francis Skoryna was married and had a son.
In 1552, his son Simeon Rus Skoryna got a royal certifi cate according
to which he, as the sole heir, was given all the property of his father. The
property included manuscripts, letters and books.
Francis Skoryna devoted his life to the publication of the biblical texts.
He sought to make the Bible more available to the common people and wrote
it in an easy language. Skoryna also composed prefaces to his editions, in
which he emphasized that the purpose of his publishing activities was to
help ordinary people “become acquainted with wisdom and science”. He
contributed to the development of the Belarusian literary language. This
Bible became the second printed Bible in the Slavic world, following the
publication of a Czech edition. All Skoryna’s editions are very rare.
24. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями в соответствии с содержанием текста С.
1. Skoryna came from a poor family of a village blacksmith.
2. He started getting his primary education in Minsk.
3. In Krakow he graduated with a Master of Arts degree.
4. When Skoryna moved to Prague he founded a printing house there.
5. He printed twenty-fi ve books of the Old Testament under the common
name “Biblia Belaruska”.
6. Texts in his Bible were printed in the Church Slavic language with lots
of Belarusian words.
7. Skoryna’s Bible was a breakthrough in the way it was presented in
those days.
8. It contained coloured images of the publisher himself.
9. Skoryna also became the fi rst to open the printing house in Polatsk.
10. Skoryna devoted his life to the development of printing business in
Belarus.
25. Найдите в тексте С, что означают следующие цифры, и прочитайте вслух предложения с ними.
1506
1512
1517
1520
1522
1525
1530
1552
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26. Парная работа. Составьте 5–6 вопросов по тексту C и обсудите
их со своим партнером.
27. Напишите аннотацию к тексту C, используя данные конструкции.
• The title of the text is _______________________________________.
• The text is about __________________________________________.
• The writer states that _______________________________________.
• He also points out that ______________________________________.
• In addition, ______________________________________________.
• In conclusion, the text says that _______________________________.
• I fi nd this text very ________________________________________.
ORAL PRACTICE
28. Почитайте и перескажите диалог между двумя подругами.
Mila: Hi, Laura! Good to see you. How are you doing?
Laura: Oh, Mila, nice to see you too. I am great, thank you, but too busy
with my studies.
Mila: I can imagine. The fi rst year at university seems the hardest time for
everyone. I’ve got an assignment to make a project on one of the famous
people of our country. And to tell the truth I just have no idea what to do
with that.
Laura: Why don’t you write about Francis Skoryna?
Mila: Really? But what is he famous for?
Laura: Don’t you know that Skoryna laid the foundations of the Belarusian
literary language? And you can fi nd his name almost everywhere in our
country. Streets as well as Gomel State University are named after him.
There are many monuments to Francis Skoryna in Belarusian towns and
cities.
Mila: Yes, I think it is a good point. I have just remembered reading an
article about Francis Skoryna Belarusian Library and Museum in London.
Have you known that it is the only library outside Belarus which collects
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exclusively in the fi eld of Belarusian studies and its collection is the most
complete one in this fi eld in Western Europe?
Laura: How amazing! So, go ahead and make a nice project with interesting
facts about this great man!
29. Заполните пропуски в диалоге, используя данные слова и словосочетания.
exactly can see right really think so
Alex: What would you like to be famous for?
Alice: Oh, I don’t know. It would be great to be famous as a singer.
Alex: Do you (1) ________? That just means that you’ve got a good voice.
I’d rather be well-known for a great scientifi c discovery.
Alice: I (2) ________ your point. That way, everyone would know how
intelligent you are. But being a pop star is so glamorous!
Alex: I suppose you’re (3)________ in a way. Pop stars drive big cars and
have luxurious houses. But they can’t do ordinary things, like going to
the supermarket.
Alice: (4) ________! Who wants to do ordinary things? I want to do amazing
things, like winning an Oscar!
Alex: It would be nice to win an Oscar. I don’t think it’ll happen, though.
Alice: Well, I’m glad we agree on one thing, at least.
30. Соотнесите начало и продолжение предложений и получите информацию о некоторых ученых нашего времени.
1. Timothy John “Tim” BernersLee, who invented the World Wide
Web, is considered to be the fi rst ...
2. Jane Goodall, who studied the
social life of chimpanzees, has
given us focus in understanding ...
3. Stephen Hawking, whose work
on the nature of space and time
remains revolutionary and whose
story of personal triumph ...
4. Donald Knuth, whose work on
the theory of the algorithm ...
5. Charles Townes invented the
laser, which ...
а) ... our closest relatives in the
animal kingdom.
b) ... despite suff ering a neuromuscular dystrophy has inspired
millions.
c) ... has transformed the fi eld of
computer science.
d) ... is now universal in technology,
medicine and ordinary life.
e) ... to successfully apply the
transfer protocols on which the
Web depends.
63
TEST
1. Выберите из трех предложенных вариантов один правильный.
1. By the time the teacher arrived, the classroom was empty: the students ... .
a) had left b) has left c) left
2. Scientists still ... a cure for cancer.
a) are fi nding b) haven’t found c) have found
3. I ... to fi x this pipe but I don’t know, it’s still leaking.
a) am trying b) tried c) have tried
4. The city council promised that some old buildings ... by 2020.
a) will restore b) would have been restored c) were restored
5. By 2027 electrical vehicles ... worldwide, I think.
a) will have been driven b) will be driven c) will be driving
6. Recently a domestic robot ... more popular than it used to be a decade ago.
a) had become b) becomes c) has become
7. The window ... by the glazier by now.
a) will be replaced b) will have replaced
c) will have been replaced
8. The explosion in their neighbourhood ... by a gas leak.
a) had been caused b) had be caused c) had caused
9. The instruction manual of this device ... into Russian.
a) have just translated b) translated c) has just been translated
10. They claimed that they ... new standards on air fi lters by the end of the year.
a) would be set b) would have set c) will set
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по прочитанному тексту на
английском языке.
John Logic Baird
An important thing can have a small beginning. The fi rst television picture
that was ever seen was not exciting. It was only a picture of a face, and the
picture only travelled a few meters. But to the inventor, John Logic Baird, it
was wonderful.
Baird had always been interested in science, but not all of his experiments
had been successful. In 1900, when he was twelve years old, he and some
64
friends built a private telephone system. It worked well, but one night a storm
pulled down the wires that the boys had stretched across the street. A man who
was standing in the street was hurt by the falling wires, and the boys’ telephone
system had to be closed down. A few years later, Baird and a classmate built
a plane, which they launched (with John in it) from a roof. Luckily, when the
plane crashed, it fell on some grass, so John wasn’t badly hurt.
On October 2, 1925, Baird transmitted a picture of a human face – the face
of a fi fteen-year-old boy from the next-door offi ce. In January 1926, members
of the Royal Institution came to see his invention. Baird’s demonstration
was a success. By 1929, the public had become interested in television. In
September of that year, the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), which
controlled all broadcasting in England, started experimental transmission
with Baird’s equipment. In 1937, when the BBC examined all of the existing
television systems, Baird’s was not chosen. John Baird was not discouraged,
however, and continued to work on other inventions.
UNIT IV. Inventions and
Discoveries Changing the World
LANGUAGE MATERIAL
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. advance [ədˈvɑːn(t)s] продвижение, успех
Advances in science don’t always benefi t humanity.
2. to aff ect [əˈfekt] воздействовать, влиять
It would be nice if I could make the decisions that aff ect my future for
once.
3. to alter [ˈɔːltə] изменить
I’m tired of altering my plans every time you change your mind.
4. to analyse [ˈæn(ə)laɪz] анализировать
His work was critically analysed.
5. aspect [ˈæspekt] аспект, сторона, перспективы (мн.ч.)
Imagination aff ects every aspect of our lives.
6. benefi t [ˈbenɪfɪt] 1) польза; 2) приносить пользу; извлекать пользу
1) Rainforests provide the earth with many benefi ts.
2) We can all benefi t from his experience.
65
7. enough [ɪˈnʌf] достаточный; достаточно
This neighbourhood seems safe enough.
8. essential [ɪˈsen(t)ʃ(ə)l] важнейший, необходимый
Good thinking skills are essential for a researcher.
9. to estimate [ˈestɪmeɪt] оценить
Steel production is estimated to reach 100 million tons this year.
10. goods [ɡudz] товары
They attract customers by off ering high-quality goods.
11. to increase [ɪnˈkriːs] увеличивать
We made a resolution to increase production.
12. peace [piːs] мир, спокойствие
1) All the world desires peace.
2) In 1979, Mother Teresa won the Nobel Peace Prize.
13. to predict [prɪˈdɪkt] предвидеть, прогнозировать
Tyler failed the test, just like Sonia had predicted.
14. to provide [prəˈvaɪd] обеспечивать
We provided the fl ood victims with food and clothing.
15. to refer (to) [rɪˈfɜː] ссылаться (на кого-л., что-л.)
I often refer to the dictionary.
16. relevant [ˈreləvənt] важный, уместный, характерный
Contrary to any previous indication, students can submit their poster
abstracts on any relevant topic.
17. resource [rɪˈzɔːs] запас, ресурс
Let’s conserve our limited water resources.
18. reward [rɪˈwɔːd] вознаграждение, награда, премия
A reward has been off ered for any further information.
19. to satisfy [ˈsætɪsfaɪ] удовлетворять
They all made every possible eff ort to satisfy her needs.
20. to share [ʃeə] разделять, распределять
We shared a large number of ideas with our committee.
21. solution [səˈluːʃ(ə)n] решение; раствор
Can you suggest another solution?
22. to supply [səˈplaɪ] снабжать, поставлять
This dam supplies us with water and electricity.
23. technique [tekˈniːk] метод, способ, технические приемы
They have achieved remarkable results using their new technique.
24. tool [tuːl] инструмент, станок
The plumber used many diff erent tools to fi x our sink.
25. world [wɜːld] мир, вселенная, общество
The world doesn’t revolve around you.
66
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их
произношение, и определите их значение без словаря.
biology [baɪˈɒlədʒɪ]
geology [dʒɪˈɒlədʒɪ]
archeology [ˌɑːkɪˈɒlədʒi]
geography [dʒɪˈɒɡrəfɪ]
contact [ˈkɒntækt]
company [ˈkʌmpənɪ]
chemistry [ˈkemɪstrɪ]
idealist [aɪˈdɪəlɪst]
realist [ˈrɪəlɪst]
linguist [ˈlɪŋɡwɪst]
organization [ˌɔːɡ(ə)naɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n]
progressive [prəˈɡresɪv]
aggressive [əˈɡresɪv]
internet [ˈɪntənet]
liberal [ˈlɪb(ə)r(ə)l]
democrat [ˈdeməkræt]
radioactivity [ˌreɪdɪəuækˈtɪvətɪ]
patriotic [ˌpætrɪˈɒtɪk]
constant [ˈkɒn(t)stənt]
telephone [ˈtelɪfəun]
3. Подберите пары синонимичных или близких по значению слов.
1) important
2) people
3) understanding
4) to provide
5) advance
6) to study
7) aspect
8) basic
9) modern
10) tool
a) to give
b) to research
c) primitive
d) human beings
e) comprehension
f) instrument
g) progress
h) contemporary
i) form
j) essential
4. Подберите пары антонимов.
1) drastically
2) problem
3) to benefi t
4) need
5) discovery
6) to make
7) to increase
8) system
9) reward
10) team
a) disorganization
b) to decrease
c) to destroy
d) solution
e) individual
f) incompletely
g) punishment
h) secret
i) to hurt
j) wealth
5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
to keep the peace
to improve life
to alter the environment
throughout human history
67
to share the resources
a result of advances in technology
to predict earthquakes
to study various aspects
the origin of the human race
to drastically change in one’s life
an instrument for investigation
to satisfy needs and desires
to make one’s life easier
industrial technology
mass production of goods
according to one estimate
increased scientifi c activity
the scientifi c revolution
modern technological research
a highly qualifi ed team of experts
WORD-BUILDING
6. Проанализируйте модели образования слов, прочитайте и переведите слова, образованные на их основе.
Модель 1
основа существительного + -al → прилагательное
accident – несчастный случай
Bible – библия
critic – критика
culture – культура
music – музыка
nation – нация
profession – профессия
race – раса, род
основа существительного + -ous → прилагательное
courage – храбрость
danger – опасность
fame – слава
glory – известность
industry – старание, усердие
humour – юмор
nerve – нерв
space – пространство
68
accidental – случайный
biblical –
critical –
cultural –
musical –
national –
professional –
racial –
Модель 2
courageous – храбрый
dangerous –
famous –
glorious –
industrious –
humourous –
nervous –
spacious –
GRAMMAR REVIEW
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
7. Проанализируйте формы модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов, приведенных в таблице, затем прочитайте и переведите текст.
Модальный глагол Значение
must
should / ought to
have to / be to
don’t have to
don’t need to
needn’t
be to
can
be able to
cannot / can’t
not be able to
Обязательство / настойчивый совет
Отсутствие необходимости
Обязательство по
договоренности
Умственная / физическая способность, возможность
Отсутствие способности, возможности
Примеры
Настоящее время Прошедшее время
You must study
harder.
You should do a
thorough investigation.
I have to return my
workbook now.
We don’t have to
wear a tie.
We don’t need to
book in advance.
We needn’t carry
out that test.
They are to begin
the experiment at
noon.
I can do sums very
quickly.
She’s able to draw
graphs in pencil.
She can’t come today.
We aren’t able to
answer you now.
I had to do some
work.
You shouldn’t have
smoked.
I had to return my
workbook at once.
We didn’t have to
wear a tie.
We didn’t need to
book in advance.
We needn’t have
carried out that test.
They were to begin the experiment
at noon, but they
didn’t.
I could do sums
very quickly in the
past.
At school she was
able to draw graphs
in pencil.
She couldn’t come
yesterday.
We weren’t able to
answer you then.
69
Модальный глагол Значение
can
may
be allowed to
cannot / can’t
may not
not be allowed to
Разрешение You can test this
Запрет You can’t charge
Настоящее время Прошедшее время
vehicle.
Visitors may use
the car park.
We are allowed to
wear jeans for work.
your mobile phone
here.
Visitors may not
use their mobile
phones.
We are not allowed
to wear jeans for
work.
Примеры
We could test that
vehicle.
Visitors could use
the car park.
We were allowed to
wear jeans for work.
We couldn’t charge
our mobile phones
there.
Visitors could not
use their mobile
phones.
We were not allowed to wear jeans
for work.
It’s true what they say. We do live in the Technological Age. We mustn’t
forget, though, that mankind has been searching for technological solutions
to problems ever since primitive man picked up a piece of rock and used
it to dig or cut. Later, we invented the wheel. We could get around more
easily. And we didn’t stop. Human creativity and inventiveness were able to
encourage us to make lots of useful things. And now it seems we don’t invent
because we need to. We invent because we can.
8. Выберите правильный модальный глагол в следующих предложениях.
1. When we were at school, we ... (had to / ought to) wear a uniform.
2. You ... (don’t have to / mustn’t) attend your classes being on sick leave.
3. You ... (can / must) tell her that you are sorry. 4. You ... (need / should)
be a member of the library before you can borrow books. 5. I ... (don’t
need to / shouldn’t) wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.
6. We ... (weren’t allowed to / may not) talk to our partner because it was an
examination. 7. We ... (needn’t have / shouldn’t have) bought a new computer
as our old one worked very well. 8. She ... (didn’t need to / needn’t have
to) pay for her coursebooks as she borrowed them from the college library.
9. When I fi rst came to Belarus I ... (could / couldn’t) speak only a few words
of Belarusian. 10. ... (Did you have to / Must you) have your laptop fi xed as
fast as possible?
70
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