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Файл:Basics of Latin in Pharmacia (for students in the English medium). Study aid
.pdf
SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
“Samara State Medical University”
Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Department of Foreign and Latin Languages
T.V. Rozhkova, E.V. Bekisheva, E.V. Aleksandrova
BASICS OF LATIN IN PHARMACIA
(for students in the English medium)
STUDY AID
Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим отделом СПО издательства
в качестве учебного пособия для использования в учебном процессе
образовательными учреждениями среднего профессионального образования
по специальности «Фармация»
Moscow
IPR Media
2026
UDC 811.124:615(075.8)
BBK 81.461:55.82
R87
Authors:
Rozhkova T.V. — Candidate of Philological Sciences,
Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Languages and Latin;
Bekisheva E.V. — Doctor of Philological Sciences,
Professor, Department of Foreign Languages and Latin;
Aleksandrova E.V. — Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences,
Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages and Latin
Reviewers:
Shevchenko V.D. — Doctor of Philological Sciences,
Associate Professor, Head of the Department of English Philology,
Samara National Research University;
Kurkina A.V. — Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies
with the Course of Biotechnologies,
Samara State Medical University
Rozhkova, Tamara Valentinovna.
R87 Basics of Latin in Pharmacia (for students in the English medium) :
study aid / T.V. Rozhkova, E.V. Bekisheva, E.V. Aleksandrova : Samara State
Medical University. — Moscow : IPR Media, 2026. — 186 p. — Text : electronic.
ISBN 978-5-4497-4976-5
The study aid reviews those grammar sections of the Latin language and
vocabulary that meet the requirements of Pharmacy and the related medical
disciplines. A brief history of Latin medical terminology is presented. The basics of general pharmaceutical terminology, the structure of medical prescriptions, and clinical terms are discussed. Special attention is given to the pharmacological classes of drugs.
The study aid is intended for English-speaking students of secondary vocational education institutions of the specialty “Pharmacy” studying the discipline “Basics of the Latin Language”.
Educational electronic publication
ISBN 978-5-4497-4976-5 © Rozhkova T.V., Bekisheva E.V.,
Aleksandrova E.V., 2026
© Samara State Medical University, 2026
© LLC Company “IPR Media”, 2026
Educational publication
Rozhkova Tamara Valentinovna
Bekisheva Elena Vladimirovna
Aleksandrova Ekaterina Valentinovna
Editor A.D. Talmaeva
Technical editor, computer layout Е.A. Shugar
Cover by Ya.A. Kirsanov, S.S. Siziumova, photobank Freepik
Signed for use 30.10.2025. Data volume 8 Mb.
LLC Company “IPR Media”
8 800 555 22 35 (toll-free within Russia)
E-mail: sales@iprmedia.ru
4
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 6
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ....................................................... 7
SECTION I ............................................................................................................... 9
1. Alphabet. Pronunciation of vowels and consonants. Stress.
Dictionary form of nouns ........................................................................................... 9
2. Nouns of the 1st declension. Adjectives of the 1st declension ................................ 16
3. The 1st Declension of nouns and adjectives .......................................................... 21
4. Latin Verbs .......................................................................................................... 25
5. Medical prescription ............................................................................................. 31
6. The 2nd Declension of nouns and adjectives ......................................................... 39
7. Verbs in Praesens Indicativi Activi et Passivi.
Verbs in Praesens Conjunctivi Activi et Passivi ....................................................... 45
8. Adjectives designating the groups of drugs according
to their pharmacological action ................................................................................ 51
9. Chemical elements in Latin. Names of acids and oxides ...................................... 57
Revision. Grammar .................................................................................................. 62
Revision. Medical Prescriptions ............................................................................... 65
10. Nouns of the 3rd declension (masculine gender) ................................................. 68
11. Nouns of the 3rd declension (feminine gender).
Word-building: suffixes -itis, -osis, -iasis, -io,
Suffixes of anions - as, -is, -id(um) .......................................................................... 75
12. Nouns of the 3rd declension (neuter gender).
Word-building: suffixes -oma, -ema ......................................................................... 81
Revision. Grammar .................................................................................................. 87
Revision. Medical Prescriptions ............................................................................... 90
Revision. Section I (part 1) ...................................................................................... 94
Revision. Section I (part 2) ...................................................................................... 97
SECTION II ........................................................................................................... 99
13. Nouns of the 3rd declension: vowel and mixed types .......................................... 99
14. Nouns of the 3rd declension: specific aspects.
Antibiotic medicines .............................................................................................. 105
5
Revision. Antiviral and antifungal medicines ........................................................ 113
Revision. Anaesthetic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicines ....................... 117
15. The names of sera, vaccines, toxoids.
Hormone and hypoglycemic medicines .................................................................. 120
16. Adjectives of the 3rd declension.
Medicines acting on the nervous system ................................................................ 125
17. The present participle. Antineoplastic medicines .............................................. 132
18. The Nouns of the 4th declension ....................................................................... 137
19. Nouns of the 5th declension. Medicines for diagnostics .................................... 143
20. Degrees of comparison of adjectives.
Medicines for blood diseases and blood vessel diseases ................................ ......... 148
21. Irregular and incomplete forms of the degrees of comparison.
Diuretic and antihistamine medicines ..................................................................... 153
22. Word-building prefixes. Medicines for lung conditions .................................... 159
Revision. Medicines for conditions of the various body parts ................................ 164
Revision of medical prescriptions. Figures and chemical compounds
in the names of medicines ................................................................ ...................... 169
Revision. Medical prescriptions ............................................................................. 173
Revision. Section II (part 1) ................................................................................... 177
Revision. Section II (part 2) ................................................................................... 181
EXAMPLE OF THE EXAMINATION CARD .................................................. 184
TABLE OF DECLENSIONS .............................................................................. 185
LITERATURE ................................ ..................................................................... 186
6
INTRODUCTION
«Basics of Latin in Pharmacia» is a professionally oriented course. Medical
terminology based on the Greek and Latin languages is particularly significant for
medical students training. The course of Latin helps medical students of junior years
to comprehend and to explain terms of various medical disciplines. The aim of this
book is to explain the structure of pharmaceutical, clinical terms, and the structure of
medical prescriptions, and to develop the skills of professional communication. The
book considers those grammar sections of the Latin language and vocabulary that
meet the requirements of Pharmacy and the related medical disciplines.
The book begins with the introductory part, which presents a brief history of
Latin medical terminology. Then comes the main part which is divided into two sections. Section I deals with general pharmaceutical terminology, structure of the medical prescriptions, and clinical terms. These topics are continued and supplemented
with pharmacological classes of medicines in Section II.
Each section is structured as a succession of units. Each unit contains grammar
reference on the main issues of Latin grammar relevant to the pharmaceutical context,
list of active vocabulary, some Latin aphorisms and set expressions, clinical terms as
well as the exercises contributing to the practical skills developing. English-Latin and
back translation as well as explaining the meaning of pharmaceutical terms. The Eng-
lish section provides several variants of translation if it’s important for the under-
standing of the terms.
Good luck with your work on Medical Latin.
7
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology is a system of words that is used to describe specific med-
ical notions and diseases. It is based on standard root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
Medical terminology has evolved to a greater extent from the Latin and Greek languages.
Some names for conditions came from the works of Galen (130–200 AD), a
Greek physician who wrote texts on herbal medicine and human health. These works
were influential with medical practitioners for almost 1,500 years. The names of
many pharmaceutical preparations, diseases and conditions introduced by Galen are
preserved nowadays. This accounts for the fact that the second most common source
of medical words is the Greek language. Other older roots have their origin in Arabic.
This is due to the fact that Arabic scholars were important teachers of medicine
through the Middle Ages.
During the Renaissance, the science of Anatomy appeared. Many early anato-
mists were faculty members in Italian medical schools. These early anatomists coined
Latin names to structures that they discovered. This tradition has been continued by
the following generations of scholars. For this reason, Latin accounts for the majority
of root words in the English language.
From 1650 till 1850 the system of medical terminology was being developed.
By that time Latin had become the language of educated people. That is why so many
Latin linguistic elements (prefixes, roots, and suffixes) are used in modern vocabulary.
Some words in modern medical terminology have been borrowed from Biolo-
gy. Many of these are the names of genus and species of pathogens. The use of Latin
for these names dates back to Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) who founded the modern
system of taxonomy.
However, in the second half of the XX century the language of medicine bor-
rowed a lot of special words from the English language. This reflects the preeminence of the English language in medicine and biomedical sciences. Some prefixes and suffixes of Latin origin have been modified in modern languages. Some Greek
words became the wordbuilding elements for compound medical terms. In medical
descriptions and terminology, they are attached to root words rather than being used
separately. Prefixes are frequently used to indicate locations on the body or directions
relative to planes or structures in the body. Both early anatomists and modern surgeons demand accurate description of scientific objects. The system of current medical terminology provides appropriate term elements to satisfy this need.
8
In many respects, medical terms are a kind of language that demands memoriz-
ing and mastering. Having a working knowledge of medical terminology is absolutely necessary to be a success in medical science and practice. It is highly useful for individuals who interact with medical professionals. Although knowledge of classical
Latin or Greek is no longer the prerequisite for medical training as it was 50 years
ago, knowledge of Latin eases the burden of learning much modern medical terminology.
9
SECTION I
1. ALPHABET. PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
AND CONSONANTS. STRESS.
DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS
ALPHABET
Letter
Alphabet
reading
Pronunciation and Reading rules
Example
A a
а
[a]
Argentum
B b
bӕ
[b]
Berberis
C c
tsӕ
[ts] before e, i, y, ae, oe
[k] in other cases
cito, acidum
Cuprum, flaco
D d
dӕ
[d]
dorsum
E e
ӕ
[e]
cerebrum
F f
ӕf
[f]
forma
G g
gӕ
[g]
genu
H h
gha
intermediate between the English [h] and [g]
homo
I i j
i
(iota)
[i]
[j] at the beginning of a word or a syllable before a
vowel or between two vowels.
In these combinations the letter Jj is used instead of
the letter Ii.
[i] in words of Greek origin the letter Ii is written
before vowels
internus
major
Iodum
K k
ka
[k] Greek letter
Kalium
L l
ӕl’
[l’] very softly
lac
M m
ӕm
[m]
musculus
N n
ӕn
[n]
vena
O o
о
[o]
os
P p
pӕ
[p]
pulvis
Q q
ku
[kw]
aqua
R r
ӕr
[r]
fractura
S s
ӕs
[s] in most cases (i.e. at the beginning and at the end
of the word, before consonants and vowels
[z] between two vowels, between a vowel and the
letters m or n
scapula
basis
mensa
T t
tӕ
[t]
caput
U u
u
[u]
ulna
V v
vӕ
[v]
verbum
10
Letter
Alphabet
reading
Pronunciation and Reading rules
Example
X x
iks
[ks] a double Greek consonant
[gz] between vowels
[ks] some exceptions
Panax
exemplar
maxilla
Y y
ypsilon
[i] Greek letter
symptoma
Z z
zӕta
[z] double Greek consonant
[ts] in some words
Oryza
Zinсum
influenza
COMBINATIONS OF LETTERS
Letters
Pronunciation and Reading rules
Example
I. A diphthongs is a combination of two vowels which form one syllable
ae
oe
[ӕ]
[ӕ]
diaeta
lagoena
Special demarcation mark ( ∙∙ ) is used to show that these letters belong to
different syllables and must be read separately
aёr
Aloё
au
['au]
auris
eu
['eu]
pneumonia
II. Digraphs are Greek combinations of consonants
ph
[f]
phosphas
ch
[h]
nucha
th
[t]
Methylenum
rh
[r]
Rheum, rhizoma
Sch
[s h]
ischium
III. Mixed combinations consist of a consonant and a vowel
qu
[kv]
quinque
ngu
[ngv]
lingua,
unguentum
ti + vowel
[tsi]
solutio,
curatio
SYLLABLES AND ACCENT
Accentuation, or stress, is dynamic in Latin. The syllable under stress is pro-
nounced with greater force.
In Latin syllables are differentiated from the end of the word. The first syllable
from the end is usually the ending, it is never stressed. The second or the third syllable from the end of the word are usually stressed. The accent depends on whether the
second syllable from the end of the word is short or long. If it is long, the stress is put
on it, if it is short, the stress is shifted to the previous syllable, which is the third.
e.g. substantia → sub (4) stán (3) ti (2) a (1)
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