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Файл:Basics of Latin in Pharmacia (for students in the English medium). Study aid
.pdf
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3. THE 1ST DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
There are 6 cases of nouns and adjectives in the Latin language.
Nom.
Nominativus
The Nominative case is the case of the Subject of the sentence.
Gen.
Genetivus
The Genetive may be generally translated by the English Possessive,
or by the Objective with the preposition of.
Dat.
Dativus
The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object. It may usually be translated by the Objective with the preposition to or for.
Acc.
Accusativus
The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object of the verb. It is used
also with many of the prepositions.
Abl.
Ablativus
The Ablative can usually be translated by the Objective with the
prepositions from, by, with, in or at. It is often used with prepositions.
Vocativus
The Vocative is the case of Direct Address. It is not used in medical
terminology.
The 1st declension combines nouns of the feminine gender. The words have the
ending -a in Nom.sing. and the ending -ae in Gen sing, e.g. olla, ae, f.
There are also adjectives of the 1st declension. They are of feminine gender as
well. The ending -a in the dictionary form of such adjective (purus, a, um) shows the
feminine gender and the 1st declension.
1st declension
Example
singularis
pluralis
singularis
pluralis
Nom.
a
ae
1f 1f
olla clausa
ollae clausae
Gen.
ae
arum
ollae clausae
ollarum clausarum
Dat.
ae
is
ollae clausae
ollis clausis
Acc.
am
as
ollam clausam
ollas clausas
Abl.
a
is
olla clausa
ollis clausis
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
familia, ae, f
farina, ae, f
vipera, ae, f
vita, ae, f
aquosus, a, um
— family (of plants)
— flour
— snake
— life
— aqueous, hydrous, water
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anhydricus, a, um
aromaticus, a, um
botanicus, a, um
externus, a, um
fluidus, a, um
haemostaticus, a, um
internus, a, um
liquidus, a, um
lucidus, a, um
oleosus, a, um
purus, a, um
siccus, a, um
somnifer, era, erum
spirituosus, a, um
spissus, a, um
supremus, a, um
toxicus, a, um
vitaminosus, a, um
vivus, a, um
Armeniaca, ae, f
arfara, ae, f
Herniaria, ae, f
Leuzea, ae, f
massa pilularum
Salvia, ae, f
Saponaria, ae, f
Tilia, ae, f
Tormentilla, ae, f
esse
est
sunt
— anhydrous
— aromatic
— botanic, botanical
— external
— fluid (extract)
— hemostatic
— internal
— liquid, liquified
— transparent
— oily
— pure, clean
— dry
— sleep-inducing, soporific
—alcoholic, spirituous
—thick, stiff, dense
— higher, maximal
— toxic, poisonous
— vitaminized, vitamin
— living, alive
— apricot tree
— coltsfoot, coughwort
— herniary, rupturewort
— maral root
— pillular mass
— sage, clary
— soapwort, bouncing Bet
— linden, basswood
— tormentil, bloodroot, cinquefoil
— to be (infinitive)
— is (3d person singular)
— are (3d person plural)
LATIN APHORISMS
Dum spiro, spero.
Qui scribit, bis legit.
Similia similibus curantur.
Contraria contrartis curantur.
— While I breathe, I hope.
— Who writes, reads twice.
— Like cures like.
— Treat opposites with opposites.
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ASSIGNMENTS
Task I. Decline the following word combinations in all cases:
Model:
Singularis
Pluralis
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
- capsula gelatinosa;
- ampulla pura;
- vipera viva.
Task II. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin (use the prepositions in
and sub).
Pay attention that in (in, on, into, onto) and sub (under) manage two cases:
Acc. — whereto? (direction) — to, into smth, onto smth, under
Abl. — whereon? wherein? (place, location) — in, on, under
1. into the water (direction)
2. in the water (location)
3. into white box (direction)
4. in white box (location)
5. into yellow jars (direction)
6. in yellow jars (location)
7. under the tongue (direction)
8. under the tongue (location)
9. in the peppermint tincture (location)
10. into the peppermint tincture (direction)
Task III. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin.
1. plant family
2. plant families (= families of plants)
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3. tincture of tormentil;
4. bitter tablet
5. soporific tablets
6. oily mass
7. in the clean ampoule (location
8. into the clean ampoule (direction);
9. dry sage herb;
10. dry linden buds
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task IV. Decline the following word combinations in all cases:
- tabuletta amara;
- charta paraffinata.
Task V. Translate the following word combinations from Latin into
English:
1. Farfara et Herniaria plantae sunt
2. herba Tormentillae
3. Guttae tincturae Farfarae
4. Lagoena tincturae Leuzeae
5. Salvia planta est.
6. Saponaria sicca
7. gemmae Armeniacae.
8. Tilia aromatica.
9. capsulae gelatinosae in scatula
10. sub chartam ceratam
11. in substantiam oleosam.
12. Eucomia et Kalanchoe plantae sunt.
13. Tinctura Hierochloes amara est.
14. Chamomilla alba est.
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4. LATIN VERBS
Latin verbs (and verbs in general) have the following five characteristics:
1. Person refers to the subject of the verb.
In Active Voice it refers to the subject which is performing the action.
In Passive Voice it refers to the subject who receives the action
1st person — I, we,
2nd person — you, you (plural),
3d person — he/she/it, they.
2. Number shows the number of subjects (singular or plural).
3. Tense refers to the time of the action denoted by the verb. There are six
tenses in the Latin language. Only Present tense is used in medical contexts.
4. Mood refers to the manner of indicating the action or state of the verb. Latin
has three moods:
the Indicative (governs facts),
the Imperative (which governs orders and request),
Subjunctive (deals with hypothesis/potentiality and subordination).
5. Voice refers to whether the subject receives the action or performs the ac-
tion. Latin verbs have two voices: Active and Passive.
6. Verb conjugation. There are 4 verb conjugations in Latin.
Infinitive
Verb conjugation
Endings
I
-āre (curāre)
II
-ēre (miscēre)
III
-ĕre (solvĕre)
IV
-īre (audīre)
To find the stem of the verb one has to remove the ending -re from the infinitive of the verbs of the I, II, and IV conjugations, and the ending -ĕre from the verbs
of the III conjugation. E.g. curāre, miscēre, solvĕre, audīre.
Imperative Mood of Latin Verbs
The imperative mood is used when a person asks or orders someone do something. In English there is only singular form of the imperative mood. In Latin the imperative mood is used both in singular and plural forms.
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The singular form of the verbs in the Imperative mood is derived by the removal of the ending -re from the infinitive of the verbs of all conjugations.
The plural form of the verbs in the Imperative mood is derived by the addition
of the ending -te to the stems of the verbs of the I, II, IV conjugations, and the ending
-ite to the stem of the verb of the III conjugation.
Verb conjugation
Singularis
Pluralis
I
-a (cura)
-ate (laborate)
II
-e (misce)
-ete (miscete)
III
-e (solve)
-ite (solvite)
IV
-i (audi)
-ite (audite)
In Latin the verb in the Imperative mood is followed by a noun in the Accusative case. E.g. Mix the substances — Misce substantias.
Listen to the patient. — Audi aegrotam.
And the Dative case is used when one names the person to whome he gives
something. E.g. Give the herb to the pharmacist. — Da herbam pharmaceutae.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
I conjugation
colare (percolare)
constare
curare
dare
destillare
exsiccare
filtrare
formare
laborare
macerare
praeparare
refrigirare
servare (conservare)
signare
sterilisare
II conjugation
adhibere
continere
miscere
— to percolate, to strain through, decant, infilter
— to consist of
— to cure, to treat (for), to care
— to give
— to distill
— to dry
— to filter
— to form
— to work
— to soak, to macerate
— to prepare
— to refrigerate, to cool
— to preserve, to keep
— to designate
— to sterilize
— to use
— to contain
— to mix
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III conjugation
addĕre
colligĕre
concidĕre
conspergĕre
coquĕre
diluĕre
dividĕre
extrahĕre
influndĕre
praescribĕre
recipĕre
repetĕre
terĕre
solvĕre
sumĕre
vivĕre
IV conjugation
audire
linire
— to add
— collect
— to cut
— to sprinkle, to dust
— to cook, to boil
— to dilute
— to divide
— to extract
— to pour
— to prescribe
— to repeat
— to take
— to rub, to grind
— to solve
— to take
— to live
— to listen
— to rub, to lubricate
LATIN APHORISMS
Noli nocēre!
Non scholae, sed vitae discimus.
— Do not make harm!
— We learn not for school but for life.
ASSIGNMENTS
Task I. Decide on the conjugation of the verbs and make the singular and
plural forms of the Imperative Mood. Translate them into English.
signare
influndĕre
extrahĕre
audire
adhibĕre
conspergĕre
miscere
linire
servare
coquĕre
dividĕre
adhibere
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Task II. Translate the following word combinations from Latin into
English.
1. Misce. Da. Signa.
2. Adhibēte caute.
3. Exacte conspergite.
4. Concide et tere.
5. Laborate bene.
6. Sume medicamentum per se.
7. Adde in mixturam.
8. Sterilisa!
9. Da in capsulis and tabulettas.
10. Da substantiam in olla.
Task III. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin (mind that the verb must
be either singular (sing.) or plural (plur.).
1. (plur.) Dissolve and filter
2. (sing.) Sterilize this water carefully.
3. (sing.) Prescribe valerian in tablets.
4. (plur.) Dry berries and buds of plants.
5. (sing.) Dissove the tablet in water.
6. (plur.) Prescribe the tablets of snowdon rose.
7. (plur.) Prepare the tincture of lily-of-the-valley.
8. (sing.) Take in capsules or tablets.
9. (plur.) Mix and solve substances.
10. (sing.) Give in ampules.
11. (sing.) Cut herb of ephedra.
12. (sing.) Add drops of marigold tincture.
CLINICAL TERMS
Clinical terms include a great variety of specialized words which doctors use
when they deal with the patients’ diseases, when they administer treatment and diagnostic procedures. Clinical terminology includes the names of` symptoms and signs,
diseases and disorders, disorders of physiological functions, structural changes in organs and tissues, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of diseases, as well as the
names of different medical fields and medical professionals.
Most of the clinical terms are one-word. However, each clinical term consists
of several parts. Each part is referred to as a term-element (prefixes, roots, suffixes).
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Term-elements are mostly of Greek origin. They describe parts of the body, a function, a condition, or some abstract notions. The basic term-elements occur over and
over again in various combinations. The knowledge of the meaning of the roots, prefixes, and suffixes enables the student to analyze medical terms into component parts.
This is of the greatest aid in understanding the vocabulary of medicine. Some names
of diseases given by the ancients are still used nowadays, e.g. hydrophobia — fear of
water (in case of rabies).
The classical term-elements form the international language of medicine, because they are easily understood by anyone familiar with the subject matter. By
knowing the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root words, you can easily figure
out the meaning of the greater part of medical terms. Being declined clinical terms
get the endings like other Latin words.
Pharmacists must understand this type of words because they are an important
part of medical specialists, they are involved in discussing medication related issues
with doctors, they can advise patients about their pharmacological treatment (that’s
why they must understand the meaning of the clinical words).
Task IV. Study and memorize the following term-elements.
aetia
alg(ia)
card(ia)
enter
gastr
hydr
log(ia)
log(us)
neur
— reason, cause
— pain/ache
— heart
— small intestine
— stomach
— water
— science
— specialist
— nerve
my(os)
onc
oste
pathia
pharmac
phyt
stom(at)
— muscle
— tumor
— bone
— pathological condition,
any disease or pathology
— suffering, feeling, state
— medicine
— plant
— mouth, oral cavity
Latin ending -ia is equivalent to English -y:
E.g. cardiologia (Lat.) → cardiology (Engl.). Mind that in some Englsih clini-
cal terms the ending -ia is preserved.
Latin -logus is equivalent to English -logist:
E.g. cardiologus → cardiologist.
Dictionary form of Latin words:
(i)a → ae, f (e.g. cardiologia, ae, f).
us → i, m (cardiologus, i, m)
Task V. Find the term-elements in the following Latin terms and explain
their meanings.
Model: ostalgia → oste (bone) + algia (pain) → pain in the bones
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aetiologia
oncologia
cardiologus
osteologia
gastralgia
neuropathologus
cardiopathia
gastroenterologia
myocardium
stomatologia
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task VI. Translate the following word combinations from English into
Latin; write down the dictionary form of the words.
1. in the blue box (location)
2. yellow substance
3. aloe tinctures
4. vitaminized water
5. a jar of peppermint tincture
6. (sing.) Form tablets!
7. (sing.) Add into the mixture!
8. (plur.) Take yellow tablets!
9. (plur.) Dry chamomile!
10. (plur.) Put under the white paper.
Task VII. Derive Latin and English terms with the following meanings,
write down the dictionary form of Latin words.
Model: a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system →
neur (nerve) + logia (science) → neurologia, ae, f (English: neurology)
1. a branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of the heart as well as
some parts of the circulatory system
2. a doctor who studies and treats tumours (or cancer specialist)
3. a branch of medicine which deals with medicines and their action
4. a disease of the stomach
5. pain in the heart
6. muscle pain/ache
7. a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle
8. a medical professional who specializes in the digestive system and its
diseases
9. a specialist who treats nervous system diseases
10. the study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, func-
tion and diseases of muscles
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