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Файл:Basics of Latin in Pharmacia (for students in the English medium). Study aid
.pdf
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Thus to define the place of stress correctly it’s important to know which sylla-
ble (or vowel) is long and which is short. Long syllables are always stressed. Short
syllables are unstressed.
The syllable (or vowel) is considered long if it:
1. contains a diphthong (ae, oe, au, eu), e.g. Althaea;
2. is two or more consonants, e.g. maxilla;
3. is before double consonants X or Z, e.g. Oryza.
The syllable (or vowel) is considered short if it:
1. is before another vowel or the letter h, e.g. tibia;
2. is before the consonants b, p, d, t, c, g followed by the letters l or r, e.g.
Ephĕdra;
3. is before the Greek digraphs (ph, ch, rh, th), e.g. stomachus.
Special signs can be placed above the vowel of the second syllable. They show
if the vowel is long ( ‾ ) or short ( ), e.g. vesῑca, lamĭna.
In the Latin Language there are long and short suffixes.
Long suffixes are stressed.
iv e.g. gingīva
in e.g. canīnus
ur e.g. mixtūra
at e.g. destillātus
alis, aris e.g. vertebrālis, maxillāris
os e.g. petrōsus
Long suffixes in the names of medicines are:
in e.g. Analgīnum
ol e.g. Dermatōlum
id e.g. Adonisīdum
Short suffixes are unstressed.
ul e.g. tubercŭlum
ol e.g. alveŏlus
both are diminutive suffixes
id e.g. bromĭdum
is used in the names of anions
ic e.g. aethylĭcus
is the suffix of adjectives
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DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS
In dictionaries all Latin words are presented in a dictionary form. The dictionary form of a noun contains the root form given in Nominative case singular, the ending of Genitive case singular and the letter indicating gender. For example, gutta, ae, f.
Most terms are combinations of two nouns or a noun and an adjective (or several nouns and several adjectives). The nucleus of any term (consisiting of two or
more nouns) is expressed by the noun in Nominative case and the attribute to it is expressed by the noun in Genitive case.
Let’s translate the word combination a drop of water. The main word in this
combination is drop or gutta, ae, f in Latin. It is used in Nominative form which has
the ending -a. The second word water (Latin aqua, ae, f), which stands after the
preposition of, is an attribute, that is why we must use the Genetive case, which ends
in -ae. Then both words are combined to form the term gutta aquae.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
aqua, ae, f
ampulla, ae, f
bacca, ae, f
capsula, ae, f
charta, ae, f
gemma, ae, f
gutta, ae, f
herba, ae, f
lagoena, ae, f
lingua, ae, f
massa, ae, f
mixtura
olla, ae, f
pasta, ae, f
pharmaceuta, ae, f, m
pilula, ae, f
planta, ae, f
scatula, ae, f
substantia, ae, f
tabuletta, ae, f
tinctura, ae, f
— water
— ampoule
— berry
— capsule
— paper
— bud
— drop
— herb
— bottle
— tongue
— weight, mass
— mixture
— jar
— paste
— pharmacist
— pill
— plant
— box
— substance
— tablet
— tincture
Althaea, ae, f
Amygdala, ae, f
— marshmallow, sweat-weed
— almond
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Belladonna, ae, f
Betula, ae, f
Frangula, ae, f
Calendula, ae, f
Camphora, ae, f
Chamomilla, ae, f
Convallaria, ae, f
Ephedra, ae, f
Mentha, ae, f
Mentha piperita
Oliva, ae, f
Rosa, ae, f
Sanguisorba, ae, f
Schizandra, ae, f
Senna, ae, f
Urtica, ae, f
Valeriana, ae, f
— belladonna
— birch, birch tree
— buckthorn
— marigold, calendula
— camphor
— chamomille
— lilly-of-the-valley
— ephedra
— mint
— peppermint
— an olive, olive tree
— canker, sweet-brier
— burnet
— magnolia-vine
— senna, cassia, Aleksandrine senna
— nettle
— valerian
LATIN APHORISMS
Non est medicina sine lingua Latina
Scientia potentia est
Per aspera ad astra
NB = Nota bene
— There is no medicine without the Latin language.
— Knowledge is power.
— Through hardships to the stars. Through thick and
thin.
— Take special note of (used to direct attention to
something of importance)
ASSIGNMENTS
Task I. Review the main phonetic rules of Latin and read the following
words:
gemma, medicamentum, plantae, praeparatum, Aëvitum, fauces, officīna,
Streptocidum, coeruleus, Frangŭla, stylus, Glycerinum, Zea mays, butyrum, iodidum,
Kaolinum, quies, suppositorium, mensura, sapo, emulsum, lysis, spiritus, extractum,
Xeroformium, exitus, masculinum, fructus, Zincum, aqua, majalis, scatula, haemoglobulinum, aequalis, vaccinum, frequens, radix, Plasmodium, inhalatio, adaptatio,
sanguineus, lingualis, pharmacognosia, Ephedra, amorphus, Phenolum, Chininum,
Arachis, Althaea, hydrotherapia, Eleutherococcus, Naphthalanum, diphtheria,
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Phthivazidum, rheumatismus, Rhododendron, Rhodiola, Althaea, Echinacea, Glycyrrhiza, spasmophilia, Thea, Eleutherococcus, Aurum, Anaesthesinum, Foeniculum,
Aerva, praecordium, Glucosum, neurosis, femininum, Kalánchoë, aërosolum, tertius,
activatus, stipendium, ostium, combustion, mixtio, bestia, tinctura, palatinum,
Quercus, aquosus, quid, unguis, singularis, pluralis, neutrum
Task II. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin.
1. ampoul of water
2. tincture of lilly-of-the-valley
3. birch bud (or a bud of birch)
4. a bud of the plant
5. canker berry (or a berry of canker)
6. a jar of water
7. a bud of olive-tree
8. a bottle of the tincture
9. peppermint water
10. a bottle of peppermint water
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task III. Review the main phonetic rules of Latin and read the following
words:
aether, decoctum, sigmoideus, maxilla, maxillaris, facies, fissura, diaeta, palpebra, gingiva, fossa, articulatio, choledochus, nucleus, lagoena, sulcus, morbus, aneurysma, praesens, orgănon, homo, instrumentum, cartilāgo, globulus, Hydrogenium,
auctor, neutrum, flaco, Strychnos, citissime, Thea, aspirare, medicamentum, Glycerīnum, bromĭdum, liquor, butӯrum, rheumatismus, Phenōlum, Chamomilla, inhalatio,
phosphos, Arachis, species, Argentum, Betula, suppositorium, Calcium, injectio, Artemisia, vertebra, reflexus, linea, Vitis idaea, folium, contraho, Methylenum coeruleum, Natrii bromidum, antipyretica, butyrum Cacao, liquor Ammonii anisatus, radix
Liquiritiae, Frangula, fovea, profundus, Vanilla, elementum, gargarisma, farīna, diarrhoea, neutrum, masculīnum, feminīnum
Task IV. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin.
1. a drop of water
2. birch bud tincture
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3. berry of belladonna
4. berry of magnolia-vine
5. mint tincture (or a tincture of mint)
6. the herb of burnet
7. a bud of buckthorn
8. nettle herb (or herb of nettle)
9. a drop of lilly-of-the-valley tincture
10. a bottle of mint tincture
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2. NOUNS OF THE 1ST DECLENSION.
ADJECTIVES OF THE 1ST DECLENSION
Three genders are distinguished in Latin nouns:
masculine (masculinum) — m,
feminine (femininum) — f,
neuter (neutrum) — n.
The gender of the Latin nouns is either natural or grammatical. Grammatical
gender is a formal distinction. It is shown in the dictionary form of the noun (costa,
ae, f). The gender in Latin is defined (with some exceptions) by the ending of a noun
in Nominative Case. So the ending — a of the word costa is the sign of the feminine
gender.
Nouns are declined in two numbers: singular (singularis) — sing,
plural (pluralis) — plur.
THE ADJECTIVE
An attribute, expressed by the adjective, always agrees in gender, number and
case with the corresponding noun. As a rule, it is translated into English with the adjective.
Mind: In Latin the word-order in terms with attributes expressed by adjectives
is the reverse as compared to English; that is, in Latin terms the adjective follows the
noun: e.g.: English: aetheric tincture
Latin: tinctura aetherea.
There are two groups of adjectives in Latin:
1) the adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions
2) the adjectives of the 3rd declension (will be studied later).
Like nouns, adjectives have such grammatical categories as number and case,
i.e. they are declined. Latin adjectives are declined according to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
declensions and have generic endings for the masculine, feminine and neuter genders.
The dictionary form of an adjective is its Nominative singular form of the masculine gender, then the endings of the Nominative singular for the feminine and neuter genders: e.g. longus (m), longa (f), longum (n).
The feminine gender of the adjective of the 1-st group declines like the nouns
of the 1st declension (the masculine and neutral as the nouns of the 2nd declension of
the masculine and neuter genders).
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Most adjectives ending in -er retain the letter «e» only in Nom. sing. of the
masculine gender. In all other cases and genders this letter is omitted, i.e. it does not
belong to the stem of the word. That is why the dictionary form shows the ending of
the stem of adjectives of this type, e.g. sinister, tra, trum.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
1) Decide the gender of the Latin noun using the dictionary form or generic
ending.
2) Choose the generic form of the adjective. The gender of the adjectives
always depends upon the gender of the noun, e.g. latus, a, um:
us — m (2 declension)
a — f (1 declension)
um — n (2 declension).
3) Make the term in the Nominative case singular keeping in mind the word
order. In Latin the first place is always occupied by a noun and an adjective occupies
the second place.
English: adjective + noun → Latin: noun + adjective.
4) Decide on the case and number of the whole term and each part of it and
choose the appropriate ending.
5) If there is a preposition of in the English word combination, it means that the
words after it are used in Genetive case and it’s necessary to decide on the declension
of the noun and adjectives in order to choose the proper ending of the Genitive case.
6) Combine all the words and get the term in the required form.
When you translate English terminological word combinations consisting of a
noun and an adjective it’s necessary to remember that both the noun and the corre-
sponding adjective have similar gender, but their declensions can be different and the
endings can be different.
e.g. English: a white tablet
Latin: tabuletta, ae, f; albus, a, um → tabuletta alba
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
aethereus, a, um
aethylicus, a, um
albus, a, um
amarus, a, um
amylaceus, a, um
— etheric
— ethylic
— white
— bitter
— starch, starchy
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calidus, a, um
ceratus, a, um
chartaceus, a, um
cinereus, a, um
coeruleus, a, um
flavus, a, um
frigidus, a, um
gelatinosus, a, um
luteus, a, um
medicatus, a, um
niger, gra, grum
paraffinatus, a, um
piperitus, a, um
pharmaceutucus, a, um
purpureus, a, um
ruber, bra, brum
tritus, a, um
et
creta, ae, f
Echinacea purpurea
Eucommia, ae, f
Glycyrrhiza, ae, f = Liquiritia, ae, f
Rhodiola rosea
Thea, ae, f
Aloe, es, f
chole, es, f
Hippophae, es, f
Hierochloe, es, f
Kalanchoe, es, f
— warm
— waxed
— paper, papery
— grey
— blue
— yellow
— cold
— gelatinous
— luteal, yellow (in the generic names of plants)
— medicinal
— black
— paraffined
— peppery
— pharmaceutucal
— bright red
— red
— grated
— and
— chalk
— purple coneflower, purple echinacea
— eucommia
— licorice, liquorice
— snowdon rose, golden root
— tea
— aloe
— bile
— sea buckthorn
— holy grass, sweet grass
— kalanchoe
LATIN APHORISMS AND SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS
per se
pro et contra
ex animo
ex officio
et cetera (etc.)
Repetitio est mater studiorum.
— in itself
— for and against
— (do something) from the heart, sincerely
— (do something) in the line of duty
— and so on
— Repeat actions make perfection.
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ASSIGNMENTS
Task I. Translate the following word combinations from Latin into
English:
1. lagoena coerulea
2. pillula flava
3. amygdala amara
4. capsula amylacea
5. aqua calida et frigida
6. tinctura Mentae piperitae
7. tinctura Valerianae aethereal
8. tinctura Convallariae frigida
9. pilula, tabuletta et ampulla
10. bacca Schizandrae et bacca Huppophaes
Task II. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin.
1. yellow tablet
2. waxed paper
3. red berry
4. yellow jar
5. etheric tincture
6. black and white paper
7. bottle of cold water
8. white box and black bottle
9. white bottle of warm water
10. gelatin capsule and starchy capsule
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task III. Translate Write down the dictionary form of the words and
translate the following word combinations from English into Latin.
1. a blue bottle
2. white chalk
3. black tea
4. medicinal plant
5. grated camphor
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6. white and yellow tablet
7. berry of sea buckthorn
8. yellow berry of sea buckthorn
9. cold tincture
10. tincure of red licorice
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