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Файл:Basics of Latin in Pharmacia (for students in the English medium). Study aid
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31
5. MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION
Medical prescription is a doctor’s written instruction for making up (by a
pharmacist) and taking the medicine (by a patient).
The form of a medical prescription is divided into 9 parts.
I. Inscriptio — the name and code of medical institution (stamp).
II. Datum — the date of prescribing the medicine.
III. Nomen aegroti — patient’s name.
IV. Aetas aegroti — patient's age.
V. Nomen medici — doctor’s name.
Vl. Designatio materiarum (Praescriptio) — designation of medicines and
their quantity (in the Latin language).
VII. Subscriptio — directions to a pharmacist (in the Latin language).
VIII. Signatura — way of the medicine administration (in the native
language).
IX. Sigillum medici — doctor’s signature and personal seal.
Some more information about medical prescription you will get during your
further study at the University.
Structure of the medical prescription
Inscriptio — the name and code
of medical institution (stamp)
Datum — the date of prescribing the medicine.
Nomen aegroti — patient’s name. Aetas aegroti — patient's age.
Nomen medici — doctor’s name.
Recipe:
Designatio materiarum — designation of medicines quantity
and their quantity (in the Latin language)
Subscriptio — directions to a pharmacist (in the Latin language)
Signatura — way of the medicine administration
(in the native language)
Sigillum medici — doctor’s signature and personal seal
Part VI and Part VII are of particular interest because they are compiled in the
Latin language.
32
Part VI. Parts VI-VIII look like a table consisting of three columns.
Designation of medicines and their quantity begins with the word
Recipe: (or Rp.:) = Take:. It is written in the first column.
The names of the drugs are written in the second column. The quantity is written in the third column.
There are some rules which should be observed when you compile a medical
prescription.
The name of each new component of the prescription is written on a new line
and with a capital letter. The names of medicinal substances and plants, the names of
chemical elements are always capitalized. Adjectives and anions are written with
small letters.
Recipe (Rp.:): Tincturae (Tinct.) Valerianae 10 ml
Take: Tincture of valerian 10 ml
Recipe (Rp.:): Zinci oxydi 10.0
Take: Zinc oxide 10.0
The Grammar model of a prescription line is the following:
Recipe:
Drug name in the Genitive case
(what?)
Dose (Accusative case)
(how much?)
Each drug name is used in the form of Genetive case as it depends grammatically on the dose designation. The dose designation is in the Accusative Case (corresponding to the English Objective case) as it is a direct object to the verb «Recipe» —
Take.
The brand names of tablets and suppositories are written in the second column,
their names are used in the Accusative Case plural. Their dosage is standard and is
not designated. The number of prescribed tablets or suppositories is given after the
word Numero.
Recipe: Tabulettas Ancophеnum Numero 20
Take: Ancophenum tablets number 20
Recipe: Suppositoria «Bethiolum» Numero 10
Take: Bethiol suppositories number 10
33
Tablets and suppositories having one ingredient and dose designation are prescribed in the similar way:
Recipe: Tabulettas Barbamyli 0.1 Numero 10
Take: Barbamyl tablets 0.1 number 10
Adjectives always follow the nouns and they never occupy the first place. The
first letter in adjectives and in the names of the anions is always small.
Recipe: Solutionis Natrii chloridi isotonicae
Take: Isotonic sodium chlorine solution
Drug dose is designated in grams or parts of grams. The parts of grams are separated from the whole number by a dot, if parts of grams are absent, a zero is put instead (e.g.: 130.0 = 130 gram,
0.3 = 0 point 3 gram,
0.003 = 3 milligram).
Liquid medicines are designated in milliliter (1 ml; 100 ml) or drops.
Recipe: Foliorum Menthae piperitae 100.0
Aquae destillatae 50 ml
If the quantity of a medicine is less than 1 ml, it is dosed in drops. One drop of
an aqueous solution equals to 0.05 ml. The number of drops is designated through
Roman figures after the word «drops» in the Accusative Case (one drop — guttam I,
ten drops — guttas X).
Recipe: Olei Menthae guttas XV
Take: Mint oil 15 drops
If two or more medicines are prescribed in equal doses, the quantity is designated once after the last drug name with the Greek word ana which means «in equal
measures». It goes before the amount.
Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
34
Part VII. This part instructs the pharmacist what to do with the components
listed in the medical prescription above (mix, sterilize, etc.), what drug form to obtain
(pills, powder, ointment etc.), how many doses to prepare (number of pills, ampoules)
and how to pack the medicine (in paper, in a bottle, etc.). this information is given in
the second column, after the names of the components.
The directions to the pharmacists are standard phrases which use verbs in the
Imperative mood. A physician may use either the forms of the Imperative or the
forms of the Conjunctive Mood as they are considered interchangeable.
The following words are used: Misce. — Mix. Da. — Give.
If a doctor wants to give the limited number of tablets or ampoules etc., we can
write Da tales doses Numero 10 which means - Give such doses number 10.
It can also be Da tales doses Numero 10 in tabulettis (in ampoules)
Give such doses number 10 in tablets (or in ampoules)
A doctor can write Da in vitro nigro (Give in a black vial)
Da in charta cerata (Give in waxed paper).
In a medical prescription the verbs fiat (+ noun in Nominative singular) or
fiant (+ noun in Nominative plural) designate which drug form should be obtained. It
usually deals with powders, oinments, pastes, liniments, emulsions and suppositories.
After the verb fiat Nominative case singular is used. After the verb fiant Nominative
case plural is used.
E.g. Misce, fiat, unguentum
Misce, fiant tabulettae
Part VII. This part designates the way the patients must take the drug, in
which dose and how often. This part is introduced by the Latin word Signa (Desig-
nate in English). The instruction to the patient is written in the native language of the
patient.
Example of the medical prescription:
Recipe:
Tincturae Aloës
Olei Menthae piperitae
Olei Hippophaës
Foliorum Althaeae
Gemmarum Betulae
Paracetamoli
Misce. Da.
Signa.
5 ml
guttam I
guttas X
10.0
ana 3.0
35
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
aceticus, a, um
acetylsalicylicus, a, um
ascorbinicus, a, um
clausus, a, um
compositus, a, um
concisus, a, um
concentratus, a, um
destilatus, a, um
depuratus, a, um
dilutus, a, um
exciccatus, a, um
externus, a, um
internus, a, um
lactosus, a, um
medicatus, a, um
multus, a, um
obductus, a, um
paratus, a, um
pulveratus, a, um
purificatus, a, um
rectificatus, a, um
sterilisatus, a, um
venenatus, a, um
Artemisia cina (ae, f)
Recipe
Da tales doses Numero 10
ad
ana
Misce.
Da.
Signa.
cito
citissime
statim
asceptice
quantum satis
caute
— acetic
— acetylsalicylic
— ascorbic
— closed, clogged
— composite, compound, compounded
— fragmented, cut very small
— concentrated
— distilled
— depurated, clear (about fat)
— diluted
— dried
— external
— internal
— lactic
— medicinal
— a lot of, many
—film-coated (tablet)
— prepared
— pulverized, in powder, powdered, reduced
— to powder
— purified (about vaccine, serum, antitoxin)
— refined (through distillation)
— sterilized
— poisonous, toxic
— Levant wormwood, santonica wormwood
— Take
— Give such doses number10
— up to
— in equal measures/amount
— Mix.
— Give.
— Designate.
— urgently
— as soon as possible
— immediately
— aseptically
— a sufficient quantity
— carefully, cautiously, with security
36
LATIN APHORISMS
Verba volant, scripta manent.
Circulus vitiosus.
— Words fly away, written remains.
— Vicious circle. Up a gum-tree.
ASSIGNMENTS
Task I. Decline the following word combinations in all cases:
scatula clausa
tinctura parata
Task II. Translate the following word combinations from Latin into
English.
1. in aqua destillata
2. tabulattae obductae
3. Camphora trita
4. herba pulverata
5. in ampullis sterilisatis
6. herba Artemisia cinae concisa
7. tincturae paratae
8. plantae exciccatae
9. in plantis venenatis
10. lagoena clausa
Task III. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin. Turn them into the
Genetive case.
1. grated camphor
2. peppermint
3. distilled water
4. etheric tincture
5. bitter tablet
6. bitter tablets
7. substantia amara
8. tincture of magnolia vine
9. leaves of magnolia vine
10. buds of birch
11. herb of althaea
12. leaves of aloe
37
Task IV. Translate the following medical prescriptions from Latin into
English.
1
Recipe:
Tincturae Menthae piperitae
Da. Signa.
15 ml
2
Recipe:
Tincturae Valerianae aethereae
Gemmarum Betulae
Misce. Da. Signa
10 ml
30.0
3
Recipe:
Tincturae Convallariae
Tincturae Valerianae aethereae
Tincturae Belladonnae
Misce. Da. Signa.
5 ml
ana 10 ml
4
Recipe:
Tincturae amarae
Da in vitro nigro. Signa.
20.0
5
Recipe:
Tincturae Armeniacae
Herbae Tormentillae
Tincturae Echinaceae purpureae
Da. Signa.
guttas V
30.0
30 ml
Task V. Translate the following medical prescriptions from English into
Latin.
6
Take:
Tincture of eucommia
Give. Designate.
25 ml
7
Take:
Tincture of purple coneflower
Give. Designate.
30 ml
8
Take:
Burnet
Distilled water
Give. Designate.
25.0
100 ml
9
Take:
Nettle
Mint
Distilled water
Give. Designate
15.0
30.0
100 ml
10
Take:
Pillular mass in a sufficient quantity
Give. Designate.
38
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task VI. Decline the following word combinations in all cases:
- Chamomilla alba;
- olla flava.
Task VII. Translate the following sentences from Latin into English. Pay
attention to the usage of verbs in the Imperative mood.
1. Ausculta collegam.
2. Verte!
3. Miscete, filtrate, date.
4. Bene audi.
5. Bene stude.
6. Divide massam pilularum.
7. Da tabulettas et capsulas.
8. Praepara guttas tincturae Convallariae.
9. Da Bromcamphoram in tabulettis.
10. Recipe guttas tincturae Valerianae.
Task VIII. Find the term-elements in the following Latin terms and explain their meanings.
gastroenteropathia
pahrmacologia
osteologus
stomatopathia
phytologia
cardiomyopathia
aetiologia
neuralgia
neurooncologia
oncopharmacologus
39
6. THE 2ND DECLENSION
OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
The 2nd declension combines the words of the masculine and neuter gender.
Nouns of the masculine gender have the endings -us or -er in Nom. sing. and
the ending -i in Gen. sing., e.g. musculus, i, m, cancer, i, m.
2nd declension
Example (masculinum)
Singularis
Pluralis
Singularis
Pluralis
Nom.
-us (er)
-i
sirupus amarus
sirupi amari
Gen.
-i
-orum
sirupi amari
siruporum amarorum
Dat.
-o
-is
sirupo amaro
sirupis amaris
Acc.
-um
-os
sirupum amarum
sirupos amaros
Abl.
-o
-is
sirupo amaro
sirupis amaris
Nouns of the neuter gender have the endings -um or -on in Nom. sing. and the
ending -i in Gen. sing., e.g. cranium, i, n, sceleton, i, n.
Mind: the form of the words in the neuter gender in Nominativus singularis and
Accusativus singularis are similar; in Noninativus pluralis and Genetivus pluralis the
forms are also similar but they have the ending -a.
2nd declension
Example (neutrum)
Singularis
Pluralis
Singularis
Pluralis
Nom.
-um (on)
-a
oleum purum
olea pura
Gen.
-i
-orum
olei puri
oleorum purorum
Dat.
-o
-is
oleo puro
oleis puris
Acc.
-um (on)
-a
oleum purum
olea pura
Abl.
-o
-is
oleo puro
oleis puris
There are some exceptions: bolus, i, f — clay, bolus (a large pill), periodus, i,
f — period, virus, i, n - virus. These words are declined according to the 2nd declen-
sion of masculine gender. But the adjective with these nouns are declined as feminine
gender or neuter gender (1st, 2nd, or 3d declensions).
The names of trees and bushes are always of feminine gender, e.g. Pinus, i, f —
pine.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
bolus alba
boli albae
Gen.
boli albae
bolorum albarum
40
Sing.
Plur.
Dat.
bolo albae
bolis albis
Acc.
bolum albam
bolos albas
Abl.
bolo alba
bolis albis
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
decoctum, i, n
emulsum, i, n
emplastrum, i, n
extractum, i, n
folium, i, n
glycosidum, i, n
globulus, i, m
infusum, i, n
linimentum, i, n
medicamentum, i, n
medicus, i, m
morbus, i, m
oculus, i, m
oculoguttae
oleum, i, n
remedium, i, n
sirupus, i, m
succus, i, m
suppositorium, i, n
unguentum, i, n
vitrum, i, n
periodus, i, f
virus, i, n
Anisum, i, n
Cacao (isn’t declined)
Butyrum Cacao
Helianthus, i, m
Helichrysum, i, n
Ichtyolum, i, n
Leonurus, i, m
Linum, i, n
Millefolium, i, n
Achillea millefolium
oleum Ricini
Oxycoccus, i, m
— decoction
— emulsion
— patch, adhesive patch
— extract
— leaf
— glycoside
— globule (a small spherical pill)
— infusion, herbal tea
— liniment, liquid cream
— medicine, drug
— doctor
— disease, illness
— eye
— eye drops
— oil
— remedy
— syrup
— juice, sap
— suppository
— ointment, cream
— vial, flask
— period
— virus
— nise
— cocoa, cacao
— cacao butter
— sunflower
— immortelle, strawflower
— ichtyol
— motherwort
— flax, linen
— milfoil, yarrow
— castor oil
— cranberry
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