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Файл:Грамматика английского языка готовимся к централизованному тестированию
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9. a. will want c. want
b. wanted d. would want
10. a. did not leave c. had not left
b. wouldn’t have left d. wouldn’t leave
11. a. will be c. would have been
b. were d. could be
12. a. hear c. heard
b. will hear d. would hear
VI. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
I am not a smoker and I would rather (1) … around non-smokers
than smokers. I hear smokers talk about smoking as though it (2) …
harmless but we all know the damage it can cause not only to smokers
themselves. I wish all smoking people (3) … about the existence of
second-hand smoke. If only they (4) … the negative effects of smoking,
they might not take up the habit at all.
To protect non-smokers, many countries have already prohibited
smoking in public places and it’s high time they (5) … smoking everywhere. In my opinion, if there (6) … total smoking bans – in the home
or public places, it (7) … smokers to cut back or give up completely.
The good news is that, if a smoker (8) … smoking, his body (9) … itself quite quickly. It’s never too late to give up smoking and there are
many benefits to be gained no matter what age the person is and when
he gave up.
Meanwhile, the rate of lung-cancer related deaths is increasing eve-
ry year. The governments had better (8) … action as soon as possible.
1. a. to be c. would be
b. were d. be
2. a. were c. is
b. will be d. would be
3. a. will know c. knew
b. know d. had known
4. a. consider c. will consider
b. considered d. would consider
5. a. had banned c. would ban
b. will ban d. banned
6. a. are c. will be
b. were d. would be
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7. a. would help c. helped
b. would have helped d. had helped
8. a. will quit c. quits
b. have quitted d. would quit
9. a. repaired c. would repair
b. repairs d. would have repaired
10. a. take c. to take
b. took d. taken
VII. Прочитайте предложения. В некоторых из них со-
держатся ошибки. Найдите и исправьте их:
1. If I’d drink coffee after six in the evening, I can never sleep during
the night.
2. If I were you, I would have acted in the same way.
3. You had not better not clean the coffee-machine until you unplug
it.
4. Even if we will leave right now, we still won’t catch the bus.
5. Unless you not know all the details, you can’t make a correct decision.
6. It’s high time you tidied up your room. It’s in a horrible mess.
7. Shall I open the window? ~ I’d rather you hadn’t.
8. Milk stays fresh if only you put it in the fridge.
9. If I won’t have breakfast, I feel terrible for the rest of the day.
10. I didn’t know anything about the job vacancy. I wish I had seen the
advertisement for it earlier!
11. You would better take a course in Chinese before moving to China.
12. If my husband hadn’t lost his job, he wouldn’t have been started his
own business.
13. Julia Roberts once said, “I’d rather to have 30 minutes of wonderful
than a lifetime of nothing special.”
14. Suppose he will win the election, do you believe that he’ll keep his
promises?
15. If you join a mailing list, you receive a copy of all messages sent to
that list.
16. Had if I seen the robbery, I would have called the police.
17. If only I wish could make everyone happy with just a click!
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18. Should you change your mind about selling the car, I’ll be happy to
buy it from you.
19. If Sam hadn’t criticised his wife’s cooking yesterday, she might
cooked supper for him today.
20. “If you don’t go after what you want, you’ll never have it. If you
don’t ask, the answer is always no. If you don’t step forward, you’re
always in the same place.” Nora Roberts
VIII. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
В каждой строке не более одного лишнего слова:
1. What would you do if one day you had woke up and discovered that you had
2.
completely lost your memory? Quite recently I was involved in a car accident.
3. When I awoke in hospital, I felt as if the top of my head were being going
4. to blow o. I looked around and said to myself, “It’s the time I got up
5. and go went to university!” I soon realised my mistake. A nurse came in and
6. asked to me what my name was. I thought about it for a moment and then
7. said, “I would wish I knew!” When I tried to get up, the nurse said, “I’d rather
8. prefer you didn’t do that. Don’t worry you’ll have your memory back soon.”
9. “I wish if you hadn’t said that. Now I am really worried!” I replied.
10. After the nurse left the ward, I found my wallet on the bedside table and read
11. the name on the driver’s licence. I realised that if I wouldn’t hadn’t looked
12. i
n my wallet, I wouldn’t have know my own name! Unfortunately my memory
13. soon came back, and I remembered I had a history exam the next day!
IX. Используя указанное в скобках слово, дополните
второе предложение таким образом, чтобы по смыслу оно
совпадало с первым предложением. Используйте от трех
до пяти слов, включая предложенное слово:
Например:
Why don’t you go to bed so that you can have a little rest?
(if) You will be tired ________________ to sleep. if you do not go
1. There is a traffic jam so I’m going to be late.
(would) I ______________________ if there weren’t a trac jam.
2. Take my advice and start studying for the exams right away.
(were) If _________________________ start studying for the
exams right away.
3. He was driving too fast so he got a speeding ticket.
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(been) If _________________________ too fast, he wouldn’t have
got a speeding ticket.
4. Unfortunately, I haven’t got enough money to go on holiday this
year.
(aord) I wish _________________________ on holiday this year.
5. We forgot to take our umbrellas and got caught in the rain.
(only) If _________________________ to take our umbrellas.
6. Julia regrets not having accepted the job she was offered.
(wishes) Julia _______________________ the job she was oered.
7. Have a look at how he lives – he thinks he’s a millionaire.
(if) He lives _________________________ a millionaire.
8. Morgan wants to be in the volleyball team but he is too young.
(older) Morgan _________________________ so that he could be
on the volleyball team.
9. Your mother is worried about you. You should phone her.
(better) You _________________________ your mother as she is
worried about you.
10. The snake will only bite if you startle it.
(unless) The snake will _________________________ threaten it.
11. I’ve got a lot to do this afternoon. Can we meet tomorrow morning
instead?
(rather) I _________________________ tomorrow morning than
this afternoon.
12. If you are going my way, I can give you a lift.
provided I can give you a lift ______________________ my way.
13. You can ask me a hundred times but I will never agree.
(even) I will never agree _________________ me a hundred times.
14. Zack never arrives on time when we arrange to go out.
(only) If __________________ on time when we arrange to go out.
15. Will you ever think about finding a flat of your own?
(time) It’s ___________________ about nding a at of your own.
16. You may want to buy something, so take your wallet with you.
(case) Take your wallet with you _____________ to buy something.
17. If you see Fred, can you ask him to contact me immediately?
(see) Should _________________________ ask him to contact me
immediately?
18. Wearing a life jacket will keep you safe during the sailing trip.
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(long) You will be safe during the sailing trip ________________
a life jacket.
19. If you had heard the politician speak, you’d think he had won the
elections.
(though) The politician spoke __________________ the elections.
20. It was thanks to my doctor that I made such a quick recovery.
(for) But _____________________ not have recovered so quickly.
X. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков
только одним словом, подходящим по смыслу:
Everyone knows that chewing gum tastes great and is a good way
to freshen your breath. The only thing that I really wish is that it (1) …
not so sticky! If you’ve ever got gum stuck on your clothes, you (2) …
understand what I mean. Once when I was in a cinema, there was chewing gum on my seat. If (3) … I’d looked before I sat down!
Now it’s (4) … we took a fresh look at chewing gum. Experts at
the University of Bristol have invented a non-stick chewing gum. I just
wish they (5) … invented it earlier!
Chewing gum is a simple act which many of us do every day, yet
we rarely think about its potential benefits. Some researchers claim that
chewing gum helps us to remember things. I wish I (6) … known that
the last time I prepared for a test! Nowadays, teachers (7) … rather their
students (8) … not chew gum in class but soon they might wish pupils
(9) … chew gum more often!
Have you heard about a new kind of gum that stops you from feel-
ing sleepy? So if you wish you (10) … stay awake, just chew a piece
of gum.
XI. Закончите следующие предложения, обращая внима-
ние на типы условных предложений и употребление глагольных форм для выражения нереальных действий:
1. If you have dreams, …
2. If I were in your shoes, …
3. I wish I could …
4. Should you see Nina, …
5. If I had more time, …
6. It would be great if …
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7. Will you lend me $200 if …
8. But for your help …
9. If I were more industrious, …
10. I wish my teachers …
11. If I cannot deal with the problem myself, …
12. He behaves as if …
13. If I win in the lottery, …
14. Had you followed my advice, …
15. It’s high time we …
16. If I had started learning English earlier in my life, …
17. I wish the world …
18. If I could buy myself a skill, …
19. Were I the President of Belarus, …
20. If I could have changed one thing in my life, …
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Неличные формы глагола не имеют лица, числа, времени и на-
клонения. К неличным формам глагола относятся: инфинитив,
причастия и герундий. Каждая неличная форма обладает, помимо
свойств глагола, свойствами какой-либо другой части речи. Например, инфинитив и герундий обладают свойствами глагола,
а также некоторыми свойствами имени существительного, а причастия I и II – некоторыми свойствами прилагательного и наречия.
Неличные формы глагола не употребляются в функции простого
глагольного сказуемого.
12. НЕлИЧНыЕ фОрмы ГлАГОлА
ИНфИНИТИв
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только на-
зывает действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа, ни реального времени осуществления называемого действия. Внешним признаком
инфинитива является частица to.
Инфинитив употребляется:
1. в структурах глагол + инфинитив, глагол + дополнение +
инфинитив: I decided to offer him a lift. Her desire was to stay alone.
I expect him to arrive tomorrow.
2. в структуре be + прилагательное + инфинитив: This car
isn’t safe to drive. It is boring to do the same thing every day. He was
glad to finish school.
3. в структуре It + be + прилагательное + of/ for + сущ./ ме-
стоим. + инфинитив: It was stupid of them to leave their bicycles
outside. It won’t be necessary for him to report to the police.
4. после too и enough:
– too + прилагательное / наречие + инфинитив: My assistant works
too slowly to be of much help to me.
– прилагательное / наречие + enough + инфинитив: She is old
enough to travel by herself.
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– enough + существительное + инфинитив: He doesn’t have enough
(money) to live on.
5. после относительных местоимений who, what, which,
where, when, how, whether (кроме why): I found out where to buy
fruit cheaper. He couldn’t remember whether to turn left or right. Но:
I don’t know why we should stay inside.
6. после местоимений somebody, anyone, nothing, a lot и т. п.:
I have something to tell you. There was no one to turn to.
7. если в предложении есть слово only (только), которое по-
могает выразить удивление либо неудовлетворение каким-либо
событием или результатом: We arrived at the airport only to find that
our flight had been cancelled.
8. после порядковых числительных (the first, the second и др.),
после прилагательных в превосходной степени (the best и др.),
а также после слов next, last, only: He is always the first to come and
the last to leave. I was the only one to notice it.
9. в некоторых устойчивых и идиоматических выражениях:
to be honest – честно говоря
to begin with – для начала
to cut a long story short – короче говоря
to put it another way – другими словами
to tell the truth – по правде сказать
to be able to – быть способным
to be about to – собираться
to be going to – намереваться
to be supposed to – быть обязанным
used to – бывало, раньше
Примечания:
Инфинитив может употребляться в сочетании с некоторыми
прилагательными (difficult, easy, hard, nice и др.) в особой конструкции, в которой подлежащее предложения на самом деле
является логическим дополнением инфинитива: He is hard to
please. The problem is impossible to solve.
В таких предложениях после инфинитива нельзя употреблять
местоимение в объектном падеже: She is nice to look at her
(подлежащее she является логическим дополнением инфинитива to look
at). Сравните: It is nice to look at her.
В конце предложения частица to иногда употребляется без инфинитива во избежание повторения одного и того же глагола в
одном предложении, а также если значение инфинитива понятно
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из контекста: He wanted to go but he wasn’t able to. “Would you like
to come with us?” “Yes, I’d love to.”
Частица to перед инфинитивом не употребляется в следующих
случаях:
1. после вспомогательных и модальных глаголов (кроме have
to, be to, ought to): He can _ speak English. All I could do was just
_ sit and wait. Но: She has to solve problems every day.
2. после глагола need (нужно), если он является модальным гла-
голом (отрицательную и вопросительную форму образует без
помощи вспомогательного глагола): You needn’t _worry. Need
I _go on?
Если отрицательная или вопросительная форма глагола need
образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов (do, does,
did), после need всегда стоит частица to. В утвердительных
предложениях глагол need также употребляется с частицей to:
I didn’t need to pay the bill. Why do you need to eat vegetables ev-
ery day? We need to have a serious talk.
3. после глаголов make заставлять, let позволять, have догова-
риваться: Let me _use your phone. Mother made him _clean up his
room. I’ll have someone _drive you home. Но: I was made to stay
overtime.
4. в обороте «сложное дополнение» после глаголов see, watch,
observe, notice, hear, feel: I saw him _leave his office at 6. Но: He
was seen to leave his office at 6.
5. после выражений had better лучше бы, would rather, would
sooner предпочитаю: You had better _do the job at once. I would
rather _go home.
6. в вопросительных предложениях, которые начинаются с Why
not Почему бы не: Why not _help him?
7. Если в предложении стоят рядом два инфинитива, соединенные
союзами and, or, but, except, than, rather than, то частица to
перед вторым из них обычно опускается: She asked me to go and
_buy some sugar. I could not but _smile. You have nothing to do
except _wait. We preferred to pay the taxi fare rather than _walk
home.
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Примечание:
Глагол help может употребляться как с частицей to, так и без
нее. В разговорной речи более распространен вариант без to: Will
you help me (to) find my glasses?
Формы инфинитива:
Инфинитив Действительный залог Страдательный залог
Indenite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
to write to be written
to be writing –
to have written to have been written
to have been writing –
Инфинитив в форме Indefinite обозначает действие, которое
происходит одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого, либо
относится к будущему: I was glad to study at this school. – Я была
рада учиться в этой школе. I don’t like to be asked questions. – Я не
люблю, когда мне задают вопросы. I hope to see you soon. – Я надеюсь, что скоро встречу тебя.
Инфинитив в форме Continuous обозначает длительное действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого: He must be
sleeping now. – Он, должно быть, сейчас спит.
Инфинитив в форме Perfect обозначает действие, предшеству-
ющее действию глагола-сказуемого: I am glad to have helped you. –
Я рада, что помогла вам. He is said to have been brought up by his
father. – Говорят, что его воспитывал отец.
Обратите внимание, что инфинитив в форме Perfect после глаголов expect, hope, intend, mean в Past Indefinite используется для
обозначения действия, которое не совершилось, вопреки намерению
или ожиданию: I meant to have told them everything. – Я собирался все
им рассказать (но не рассказал).
Инфинитив в форме Perfect Continuous обозначает длительное действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого: He
is known to have been working at this problem for many years. – Известно, что он работает над этой проблемой много лет.
Оборот «Инфинитив с предлогом for»
В состав данного инфинитивного оборота входит предлог for,
существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном
падеже и инфинитив.
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