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Файл:Грамматика английского языка готовимся к централизованному тестированию
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Страдательный (пассивный) залог употребляется, когда в
центре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, а не лицо или предмет, который
совершает действие. То есть глагол в форме страдательного залога показывает, что подлежащее не выполняет действие, выраженное глаголом-сказуемым. Лицо или предмет, который выполняет действие, может быть либо выражен дополнением с
предлогом by, либо может подразумеваться из контекста и вовсе
не указываться. Таким образом, страдательный залог используется, если субъект действия неизвестен, неважен или очевиден.
Сравните:
– I received the letter yesterday. – Я получил письмо вчера (подле-
жащее выполняет действие – действительный залог).
The letter was received yesterday. – Письмо было получено
–
вчера (действие направлено на подлежащее – страдательный
залог).
– The letter was received by the secretary. – Письмо было получено
секретарем (подлежащее не выполняло действие, исполнитель
действия – секретарь).
В английском языке в форме страдательного залога могут
употребляться только переходные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, которые могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение (отвечает на вопрос
«кого?», «что?»).
Непереходные глаголы не могут употребляться в форме стра-
дательного залога. К таким глаголам относятся: appear, arrive, die,
go, happen, rise, run, sleep и др.
Некоторые переходные глаголы, обозначающие постоянное
состояние или отношение (be, become, belong, consist, cost, differ,
doubt, exist, fit, get, have, hold, lack, let, matter, possess, resemble,
seem, suit и др.) также не образуют пассивную конструкцию и упо-
требляются только в действительном залоге.
9. СТрАДАТЕльНыЙ зАлОГ
261
to be + V3
Видовремен-
ная форма
Present
I
N
D
E
F
I
N
I
Future
T
E
Present
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
O
U
S
Future
Present
P
E
R
F
E
C
T
Future
Past
Past
Past
Действитель-
ный залог
ask(s)
asked
will ask
am
is asking
are
was asking
were
will be asking
have asked
has
had asked
will have asked
Страдатель-
ный залог
am
is asked
are
was asked
were
will be asked
am
is being asked
are
was being asked
were
—
have been asked
has
had been asked
will have been
asked
Примеры
Football is played all
over the world. – В фут-
бол играют во всем
мире.
This church was built in
th
century. – Эта
the 18
церковь была построена в 18 веке.
Your package will be
delivered in a week. –
Ваша посылка будет
доставлена через неделю.
The website is being upgraded now. – Вебсайт
сейчас обновляется.
I was sure that I was being followed. – Я был
уверен, что за мной
следили.
He has been oered a
new job. – Ему предло-
жили новую работу.
I missed the meeting as
I had not been told
about it. – Я пропустил
собрание, т.к. мне о
нем не сказали.
The problem will have
been sold by the evening. – Проблема будет
решена к вечеру.
262
Видовремен-
ная форма
M
O
D
A
L
S
Примечания:
Действитель-
ный залог
can/could
may/might
must ask
should
have to
need to
be going to
Страдатель-
ный залог
can/could
may/might
must be asked
should
have to
need to
be going to
Примеры
The documents must be
kept in the safe. – До-
кументы должны храниться в сейфе.
При образовании страдательного залога необходимо учиты-
вать наличие в предложении дополнения – прямого (отвечает на
вопрос «кого?», «что?») и/или косвенного (отвечает на вопрос
«кому», «чему?»): I invited all my friends to the party. – Я при-
гласил всех своих друзей на вечеринку. I was not invited to the
party. – Я не был приглашен на вечеринку. I gave him a chance
but he missed it. – Я дал ему шанс, но он упустил его. I was given
a chance but I missed it. – Мне дали шанс, но я упустил его.
Ряд английских глаголов может иметь два дополнения – пря-
мое и косвенное: allow, ask, award, deny, find, give, leave, lend,
offer, pay, promise, send, show, teach, tell и др. Такие глаголы об-
разуют двойные конструкции в страдательном залоге: I was of-
fered a very good job. = A very good job was offered to me. – Мне
предложили очень хорошую работу.
С глаголами announce, explain, describe, dictate, mention, pres-
ent, point out, propose, read, repeat, suggest в качестве подлежащего пассивной конструкции употребляется только прямое
дополнение (неодушевленное существительное): This rule was
explained to them twice. – Это правило было объяснено им дважды. = Им объяснили это правило дважды.
Большое число глаголов в английском языке употребляется
с дополнением, имеющим предлог. В таких случаях предлог
сохраняет свое место после глагола в страдательном залоге:
The doctor has already been sent for. – За доктором уже послали.
Why is he always laughed at? – Почему над ним всегда смеются?
Лицо, выполняющее действие (субъект действия), может быть
выражено дополнением с предлогом by. Субъектом действия
263
может выступать и неодушевленное существительное, в этом
случае выполнение действия происходит без участия человека: I was taught to swim by my father. – Меня научил плавать мой
отец. Our clothes have been dried by the sun. – Наша одежда высохла на солнце.
Указание на предмет, используемый субъектом для выполнения действия, осуществляется с помощью предлога with: The
bread was cut with the knife. – Хлеб был порезан ножом. With
также употребляется, когда речь идет о веществе или составных частях. The room was filled with smoke. – Комната была на-
полнена дымом.
В разговорной речи вместо вспомогательного глагола be воз-
можно употребление глагола get, часто для обозначения неожиданного или неприятного действия: The vase got broken
when I pushed the table. – Ваза разбилась, когда я толкнул стол.
Кроме того, конструкция с глаголом get может иметь возврат-
ное значение и использоваться в некоторых идиоматических
выражениях: get dressed – одеться, get engaged – обручиться,
get married – жениться, get divorced – развестись, get lost – потеряться, get tired – утомиться, get accustomed – привыкнуть
и др.: There was not enough time to get washed and changed. –
Было недостаточно времени, чтобы умыться и переодеться.
Глаголы clean, peel, read, sell, show, wash, wear употребляются
в форме действительного залога, хотя имеют пассивное значение: This dress wears and washes well. – Это платье хорошо
носится и стирается.
Вместо выражений типа People say …, They know … обыч-
но употребляют безличные обороты с глаголом-сказуемым
в страдательном залоге It is said …, It is known … и т. п.:
It is said that Mr Brown is a good doctor. – Говорят, что мистер
Браун хороший врач.
It is known that she will arrive tomorrow. – Известно, что она
приедет завтра.
В разговорной речи такие сложноподчиненные предложения
часто заменяют простыми. При этом местоимение it опускается, и подлежащим простого предложения становится подлежащее придаточного предложения (Mr Brown, she); сказуемое главного предложения (is said, is known) становится сказу-
264
емым простого предложения, а сказуемое придаточного предложения (is, will arrive) ставится в форме инфинитива (to be, to
arrive) и следует за глаголом-сказуемым:
Mr Brown is said to be a good doctor. – Говорят, что мистер Бра-
ун хороший врач.
She is known to arrive tomorrow. – Известно, что она приедет
завтра.
Обратите внимание на особенности перевода этой конструкции на русский язык. Перевод предложения начинается со сказуемого, которое в качестве главного предложения переводится безличным или неопределенно-личным оборотом (говорят,
известно). Далее следует придаточное дополнительное предложение, которое вводится союзом «что». Подлежащим этого
дополнительного предложения становится подлежащее всего
предложения, а сказуемым – инфинитив.
Подобные конструкции могут использоваться со следующими
глаголами:
to announce – is announced – объявляют,
to believe – is believed – думают, считают,
to consider – is considered – считается,
to expect – is expected – ожидается,
to know – is known – известно,
to report – is reported – сообщается,
to say – is said – говорят,
to state – is stated – заявляют,
to suppose – is supposed – предполагается,
to think – is thought – думают.
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. The telephone (was invented / has been invented) in 1876.
2. Why (has he given / has he been given) a promotion?
3. Another date for the meeting (will be set / will being set) next
week.
4. She (was elected / elected) head of the department two months
ago.
5. At present our company (is being reorganized / is reorganizing).
6. What can (be done / is done) to stop the violence?
265
7. A popular saying is “Nothing (is ever losing / is ever lost) on the
Internet”.
8. The number of police officers on road traffic duties (has been
halved / has halved) over the last decade.
9. Google says that my account (is using / is being used) by someone
else.
10. A new hospital (is building / is being built) in our town at the moment. ⁓ Yes, I know. It (will be opened / will open) by the mayor
when it’s finished.
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. The new model of 5G smartphone … at the end of the year.
a. will release c. will have been released
b. will be released d. will be releasing
2. Breakfast … at the hotel between 8 and 10 a.m.
a. serves c. is serving
b. is being served d. is served
3. Chewing gum … by a dentist as a way of exercising the jaws.
a. has invented c. was inventing
b. was invented d. has been invented
4. These pills should … four times a day.
a. be taking c. be taken
b. take d. taken
5. A bridge across the river … and should open next year.
a. is being built c. is built
b. is building d. has built
6. Enormous progress … IT sphere in recent years.
a. has made c. has been made
b. was made d. was being made
7. A free ticket to attend the concert … to the 100th customer.
a. had oered c. was been oered
b. is being oering d. was oered
8. The Chinese language … by more people than English.
a. speak c. is being spoken
b. is spoken d. is speaking
266
9. Researchers estimate that by age 23 nearly one in three Americans
… .
a. will arrested c. will be arresting
b. will being arrested d. will have been arrested
10. Do you know who is going … to the wedding ceremony?
a. to be invited c. to have been invited
b. to be inviting d. to invited
11. A satisfactory solution to this problem … yet.
a. was not proposed c. has not been proposed
b. had not been proposing d. has not proposed
12. At this very moment Mark … for a new job.
a. is interviewed c. is interviewing
b. is being interviewed d. is being interviewing
13. By six o’clock, all the preparations for the party … .
a. will have completed c. will completed
b. will be completed d. will have been completed
14. It’s a large company. Over three thousand people … here.
a. are employed c. had been employed
b. are being employed d. are employing
15. Mr Nessen complained that he … unfairly in his workplace because
of his age.
a. had been treated c. has been treated
b. is treated d. was been treated
16. The monetary prize of $3,000 … to the winning team.
a. will being awarded c. will be awarded
b. will have awarded d. will awarded
17. We might … if we park here.
a. ned c. be ning
b. be ned d. have been ned
18. The seminalists of the competition … last night.
a. announced c. had been announced
b. had announced d. were announced
19. We had no idea that our luggage … on another plane already.
a. had been put c. was being put
b. was put d. has been put
267
20. The ability to check if a text message … to the recipient is a feature
found on most smartphones.
a. has delivered c. was delivered
b. is being delivered d. will being delivered
III. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в форме стра-
дательного залога:
1. They say that questions (guarantee) in life, answers aren’t.
2. Your complaint (report) to the product manager already.
3. Most of the flights (cancel) because of yesterday’s snowstorm.
4. The news (broadcast) daily from 6 a.m. to midnight.
5. Do you believe that a cure for cancer (find) within the next 25 years?
6. When I arrived at the scene of the crime, witnesses (question) by
the police.
7. Why people (not allow) to smoke in public places anymore?
8. The traffic lights are not working today, so the traffic (control) by a
police officer.
9. Jacob and Melinda were going to get married in August but the
wedding (postpone).
10. Mosquitoes (attract) to the blue colour twice as much as to any
other colour.
11. The road (repair) up to now? ~ No, it is still closed to transport.
12. The documents (send) to you by courier first thing tomorrow.
13. The estate agent told us that the house (not sell) yet and was still
available.
14. An international exhibition of contemporary art (hold) in Berlin at
the moment.
15. Traffic on Mac-Arthur Bridge (delay) for three hours yesterday.
16. The slices of meat are very thin because they (cut) with a very sharp
knife.
17. If you aren’t fired with enthusiasm, you (fire) with enthusiasm.
Vince Lombardi
18. The fish we ate last night (serve) with steamed rice.
19. My father went to work by bus yesterday because his car (ser-
vice).
20. Zack doesn’t like when he (disturb) while he is studying.
268
IV. Заполните пропуски предлогами by или with:
1. A recent survey shows that Google is used … over 60 % of Internet
users.
2. The bottle was filled … water and then put on ice to cool.
3. The cartoon character Mickey Mouse was created … Walt Disney.
4.
An 11-year-old boy was hit … a car while riding his bike to
school.
5. Doctors can disclose patient information without consent if it’s required … law.
6. After your hair is washed, the excess water should be wiped off …
a towel.
7. In Japan marriages of young people are usually arranged … their
parents.
8. According to the police reports, the majority of car accidents are
caused … alcohol and speeding.
9. The Jurassic Park films were directed … Steven Spielberg.
10. Several large circles were drawn in the sand … a stick.
11. The traffic lights at all intersections are controlled … computers.
12. Lauren was brought to hospital … ambulance, given the very best
of care and attention.
13. All of a sudden, she was frightened … a loud noise and flashing
colorful lights.
14. The Christmas tree was decorated … candles, homemade ornaments and garlands.
15. It is often believed that America was not discovered … Christopher
Columbus.
16. Britain’s Laura Robson was beaten … Kaia Kanepi in the fourth
round at Wimbledon.
17. Photos taken … a smartphone often need to be modified before
posting them on Instagram.
18. The display screen of your tablet computer can be cleaned … a special wipe.
19. Two people were killed and more than 40 were injured … a tornado
in South Africa.
20. The fire burned down almost half of the building. ~ I wonder who it
was started … .
269
V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на сказуемое:
1. This school is known to be the best one in the city.
2. The performance was said to be a success.
3. It is supposed that she knows English and French perfectly.
4. Mr Vicke is not considered to be a good employee.
5. The foreign delegation is expected to arrive on Monday.
6. The first bicycle is said to have been invented by Leonardo da
Vinci.
7. She was often heard singing in her bathroom.
8. These devices are considered to be very effective.
9. I
t is believed that the weather will improve by the end of the
week.
10. Bill Gates is thought to be one of the richest people in the world.
11. The two scientists are reported to be working on the same problem.
12. It is reported that the members of the committee came to an agreement.
13. The results of the experiment are stated to be very interesting.
14. He is known to have graduated from the university two years ago.
15. The new fuel is assumed to be both cheap and efficient.
16. The research is expected to be of great importance to the country’s
economy.
17. It is said that drinking a glass of red wine every day is good for a
person’s health.
18. A man in a police jacket was seen carrying a baby out of the burning
building.
19. The 21
20. Thousands of people are reported to have been injured in the earthquake which struck China.
st
century is considered to be the century of space travels.
VI. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в соответ-
ствующей форме действительного или страдательного
залога:
1. In most western countries, people (encourage) to have three and
more children.
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