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Предмет:
Файл:Грамматика английского языка готовимся к централизованному тестированию
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2. Dinosaurs (believe) to have died out 65 million years ago.
3. The problem of the ageing population currently (discuss) by many
governments.
4. Modern technology (bring) about enormous improvements in communications.
5. Mick is a sales manager. He is in the office Monday to Friday and
can (contact) by phone or e-mail.
6. The final decision about the closure of the factory (make) within a
month.
7. There was a notice on the board saying that the lecture (cancel).
8. Her house is so brightly painted that it (look) out of place in the
suburban neighborhood around it.
9. City officials (criticize) so far for their plans to build a logistics
centre in an area of natural beauty.
10. A new security system (set) up in our office in the next few days.
11. Previously, Uber’s app let drivers set an end destination, but (not
allow) them to set an arrival time.
12. For a moment, Angie thought that she (follow) by a strangely-looking man.
13. Mr Leonel (report) to have resigned from his post as deputy finance
director.
14. By the time Jack was 18, he (take) to a police station several times
for a variety of illegal things.
15. They say that God (create) the world but everything else (make) in
China.
16. Rooms must (vacate) and made available to the hotel no later than
12.00 noon on the departure date.
17. When my smartphone (steal), I thought it gone forever, but Google
has a tool that (help) me get it back.
18. He (vanish) without a trace in 2019, and his disappearance still (re-
main) a mystery.
19. Jim Carrey (know) to have earned $20 million for the film Yes
Man.
20. The rain (stop) by the time we got home, but the ground was wet
and the air (smell) fresh.
21. You (make) to pay a huge fine if the police (catch) you smoking in
a public place.
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22. The earthquake (happen) just after 11 p.m. Fortunately, no one
(hurt).
I (not receive) the invitation because it (send) to the wrong address
23.
24. Jennifer Egan, who (write) the book A Visit From The Goon Squad,
(award) the Pulitzer Prize in 2011.
25. If you (leave) the car park within the first 15 minutes of arriving,
you (not charge) for parking.
26. The new sports arena (expect) to open next month but I doubt if it
(complete) by then!
27. I’m amazed that with all that (know) these days about the effects of
smoking, the number of smokers (not go) down.
28. All valuables and jewellery must (leave) in the lockers that (pro-
vide) in the changing rooms.
29. Pupil attendance (monitor) twice a day by class teachers. Parents
(ask) to inform the school if a child is going to be absent.
30. Global warming (be) in the news ever since 16-year-old Greta
Thunberg (start) an international youth movement against climate
change.
VII. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложен-
ных вариантов ответа:
The showman Mike Bonn (1) … as a ‘careful comic’. He (2) …
famous for his comments on everyday life for many years now. In his
childhood, Mike (3) … natural comic abilities, entertaining his family
and friends. By the time he (4) … on TV, Mike (5) … for a couple
of years as a radio talk-show host. Once he (6) … to stand in for a
television weatherman but he (7) … after only a month. Some years
later Mike (8) … anew by Mr Frederick, the producer of a late-night
TV show. Although Mike (9) … TV shows before, he (A10) … to
Mr. Frederick’s program The Tonight Show.
1. a. is often describing c. is often described
b. often was described d. often describes
2. a. is c. was
b. had been d. has been
3. a. showed c. has been shown
b. had shown d. was shown
.
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4. a. had appeared c. appears
b. appeared d. was appeared
5. a. had worked c. has been worked
b. was working d. worked
6. a. was asking c. was asked
b. had asked d. has been asked
7. a. was dismissed c. had dismissed
b. has been dismissed d. was dismissing
8. a. was discovering c. has discovered
b. was discovered d. was being discovered
9. a. was never doing c. had never done
b. was never done d. has never done
10. a. had invited c. has invited
b. was inviting d. was invited
VIII. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложен-
ных вариантов ответа:
One cold afternoon in December I (1) … accounts into a special
notebook. I worked in a bookshop in southern Leeds. The shop looked
rather shabby – the shelves were dusty and the ceiling (2) … since
I went there. I (3) … there for two years already and (4) … a rise in
the new year. As it (5) … hard, only a few buyers came in and out, so
after I (6) … with the bills, I continued reading. I (7) … my book in the
drawer so I could read without fear that I (8) … . The book (9) … “Jane
Eyre”. It was a dramatic story and I read it quickly because I wanted to
know if Mr. Rochester (10) … Jane.
1. a. was put down c. had been putting down
b. was putting down d. have put down
2. a. hadn’t painted c. hasn’t been painted
b. wasn’t painted d. hadn’t been painted
3. a. have stayed c. had been staying
b. had been stayed d. was staying
4. a. had been promised c. promised
b. was promising d. have been promised
5. a. has been snowing c. was snowed
b. was snowing d. had been snowed
6. a. have nished c. was nishing
b. was nished d. had nished
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7. a. have hidden c. have been hiding
b. was hiding d. was hidden
8. a. would catch c. would be caught
b. was caught d. will be caught
9. a. called c. was being called
b. was called d. had been called
10. a. would marry c. would be married
b. was married d. married
IX. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложен-
ных вариантов ответа:
Fear of Friday 13th is more common than you might think. The
research which recently (1) … in Britain shows that 41% of British
people (2) … uncomfortable about Friday 13th.
The roots of this superstition go back to the distant past. There is
an urban myth saying that British sailors (3) … to begin a voyage on a
Friday as it was certain to bring bad luck. The superstition (4) … such a
level that in 1791 the government (5) … to put an end to it. One Friday
the construction of a new ship (6) … to demonstrate the falseness of this
belief. The ship (7) … on a Friday and set sail on Friday 13th, under the
command of a Captain James Friday. They say that neither the ship nor
the crew (8) … of ever since.
However, it (9) … that number 13 is not really as unlucky as it may
seem. What it really (10) … is surprises, which can be good as well as
bad.
1. a. was carried out c. carried out
b. had carried out d. has been carried out
2. a. is feeling c. have been felt
b. feel d. are felt
3. a. have refused c. refused
b. are refusing d. were refused
4. a. was reached c. had reached
b. has reached d. reaches
5. a. decided c. has decided
b. had been decided d. was decided
6. a. had started c. had been started
b. was started d. has started
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7. a. was launched c. was launching
b. launched d. had been launched
8. a. have heard c. are heard
b. heard d. have been heard
9. a. claims c. is claimed
b. has claimed d. claimed
10. a. is brought c. had brought
b. brings d. has been brought
X. Дополните репортаж, употребив глагол в соответ-
ствующей форме действительного или страдательного
залога:
Millions of pounds’ worth of damage (1) (cause) by a storm which
(2) (sweep) across the north of England last night. The River Kibble
(3) (burst) its banks after heavy rain. Many people (4) (rescue) from
the floods by fire-fighters, who (5) (receive) hundreds of calls for help.
Wind speeds (6) (reach) ninety miles an hour in some places. Roads (7)
(block) by fallen trees, and electricity lines (8) (bring down), leaving
thousands of homes without electricity. “Everything possible (9) (do)
to get things back to normal,” a spokesman (10) (say).
XI. Дополните рассказ, употребив глагол в соответ-
ствующей форме действительного или страдательного
залога:
Packet sugar from the supermarket (1) (extract) from either sugar
cane or sugar beet. These products (2) (mix) with hot water, which (3)
(dissolve) their natural sugar. Sugar also (4) (find) in fruit, some of
which, such as dates and grapes, (5) (contain) very high amounts of
sugar.
To be a little more specific, sugar should (6) (call) sucrose. Sucrose
(7) (make up) of two substances: glucose, which (8) (use) for instant
energy, and fructose, which (9) (last) longer as a source of energy. The
sugar in fruit is mainly fructose. So when we (10) (eat) fruit, we also
(11) (eat) quite large amounts of natural sugar.
Some scientists (12) (believe) that too much sugar (13) (eat) in
sweets, cakes and biscuits. It (14) (say) to be generally bad for the
health, although nothing definitely (15) (prove) so far. However, it (16)
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(know) that sugar (17) (cause) tooth decay. As one expert (18) (say):
“If other foods damaged our body as much as sugar (19) (da mage) our
teeth, they would (20) (ban) immediately.”
XII. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
В каждой строке не более одного лишнего слова:
1. A music festival which has been held in our town every autumn since 2010.
2. It is being organised annually by the local authorities and everyone is given
3. an opportunity to have take part in the contest.
4. This year’s festival will be take place on 21 September and will be bigger
5. than ever as over $5000 was been raised for the prizes. Last year, 20 prizes
6. of $100 were awarded but this year there it will be at least 40 prizes. At last
7. autumn’s festival one of the participants he was chosen to go into a national
8. competition. At the end of the day, by young performers are expected to be
9. brought to the stage. The reworks, accompanied by a laser show, will
10. have be set o from the center of the town at 10 p.m., capping a day of live
11. entertainment and free activities. If you would like your name and to be
12. added to the list of participants, please get in touch with us via the website.
XIII. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропу-
сков только одним словом, подходящим по смыслу:
The mobile phone (1) … invented in 1973 by Dr Martin Cooper,
a Motorola employee, to allow people to make and receive calls as
they move around. Nowadays, mobile phone has become an important
communication tool that (2) … widely used (3) … millions of people all
over the world to keep in contact with each other at any time.
In recent years, mobile phones have become extremely popular
with young people. In most schools, pupils (4) … allowed to have cell
phones providing that they must (5) … turned off in classrooms because
they can be distracting.
Some parents (6) … concerned about the safety of cell phones. It
(7) … considered that children’s health may (8) … damaged if they use
mobile phones too often. Scientific research in this field is still (9) …
carried out. When the results have (10) … published, people can decide
for themselves.
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10. СОГлАСОвАНИЕ врЕмЕН.
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную необходимо соблю-
дать ряд правил:
1. say to → tell
– I say to him, “I am busy.” → I tell him (that) I am busy.
2. личные и притяжательные местоимения меняются соответ-
ственно смыслу:
– Bill says, “I don’t like your new car.” → Bill says (that) he
doesn’t like my new car.
3. Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в одной
из форм прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous,
Past Perfect), то в придаточном предложении действует правило
согласования времен, которое заключается в следующем:
Если сказуемое в главном предложении выражено глаголом
в форме прошедшего времени, то глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения не может употребляться в форме настоящего или будущего времени и должен стоять в одном из
прошедших времен. В этом случае выбор необходимой видовременной формы определяется с учетом того, является ли действие
глагола-сказуемого в придаточном предложении одновременным,
предшествующим или последующим по отношению к действию
глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении.
КОСвЕННАя рЕЧь
Одновременное действие
1. Если действие в придаточном предложении происходит од-
новременно с действием в главном предложении, то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в Past Indefinite или в Past
Continuous:
Nobody understood what he meant. – Никто не понял, что он
имеет в виду.
I thought that they were waiting for me in the entrance hall. – Я ду-
мал, что они ждут меня в вестибюле.
2. Если действие в придаточном предложении происходит од-
новременно с действием в главном предложении, но при этом ука-
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зан период времени, в течение которого совершается действие, то
глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в Past Perfect
Continuous или в Past Perfect (с глаголами, не имеющими форм
Continuous):
I was told that they had been living here since 2010. – Мне сказа-
ли, что они живут здесь с 2010 года.
He said that he had known her since childhood. – Он сказал, что
знает ее с детства.
Предшествующее действие
1. Если действие в придаточном предложении предшествует
действию в главном предложении, то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в Past Perfect:
She thought that she had already seen me somewhere. – Она по-
думала, что уже где-то меня видела.
2. Для выражения длительного действия, предшествующего
действию глагола-сказуемого главного предложения, в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect Continuous:
He said that it had been raining hard during the night. – Он ска-
зал, что ночью шел сильный дождь.
She said that she had been looking for a job for six months. – Она
сказала, что искала работу в течение 6 месяцев.
Последующее действие
1. Если действие в придаточном предложении является бу-
дущим по отношению к действию в главном предложении, то в
придаточном предложении вместо времен Future используется
Future-in-the-Past (вспомогательный глагол will заменяется вспо-
могательным глаголом would):
I was sure that I would find her at home. – Я был уверен, что за-
стану ее дома.
Не said that he would be working from 9 to 11 a.m. – Он сказал,
что будет работать с 9 до 11 часов утра.
2. В придаточных предложениях времени и условия вместо
форм настоящего времени (Present Indefinite, Present Perfect – см.
стр. 237) употребляются соответствующие формы прошедшего
времени:
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He hopes that he would enter the university after he finished
school. – Он надеялся, что он поступит в университет после того,
как закончит школу.
She warned me that it would be very late by the time she got home. –
Она предупредила меня, что будет очень поздно к тому времени,
как она вернется домой.
Прямая речь Косвенная речь Примеры
Present Indenite → Past Indenite I do → I did
Present Continuous → Past Continuous I am doing → I was doing
Present Perfect → Past Perfect I have done → I had done
Present Perfect Continuous →
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indenite → Past Perfect I did → I had done
Past Continuous →
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect → Past Perfect I had done → I had done
Future Indenite → Future-in-the-Past I will do → I would do
Модальные глаголы
I have been doing →
I had been doing
I was doing →
I had been doing
I can do → I could do
I may do → I might do
I have to do → I had to do
Случаи отклонения от правила согласования времен
Правило согласования времен не соблюдается в следующих
случаях:
1. Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в форме
настоящего времени:
He says that the weather is too hot today. – Он говорит, что сегодня очень жарко.
2. Если сказуемое придаточного предложения выражено модальными глаголами could, might, must, should, ought и инфинитивом:
He told us that he should leave immediately. – Он сказал нам, что
ему следует немедленно уйти.
3. Если сказуемое придаточного предложения выражает общеизвестный факт:
The teacher explained that the earth goes round the sun. – Учитель
объяснил, что земля вращается вокруг солнца.
279
We learnt that Minsk was first mentioned in the chronicles in
1067. – Мы узнали, что Минск впервые упоминался в летопи-
сях в 1067 году.
4. В придаточном предложении времени, если оно употреблено в одной из форм прошедшего времени (после союзов since,
when, while):
He said the car had broken down while he was driving to work. –
Он сказал, что машина сломалась, когда он ехал на работу.
5. В определительном придаточном предложении, а также в придаточных предложениях причины и сравнения:
The statement that our rivals went bankrupt proved to be true. –
Утверждение, что наши конкуренты обанкротились, оказалось
правдой.
He was not able to translate the article because he does not know
English well enough. – Он не смог перевести статью, так как он
не достаточно хорошо знает английский язык.
Jessica behaved as she always does. – Джессика вела себя так же,
как и всегда.
Обратите внимание!
Кроме изменения формы глагола в придаточном предложении,
при переходе прямой речи в косвенную происходит следующая замена указательных местоимений и наречий места и времени:
Прямая речь Косвенная речь
here there
this that, the
these those
now then, immediately
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before, the previous day
the day before yesterday two days before
two days ago two days before, two days earlier
a year ago a year before, the previous year
last night the night before, the previous night
tomorrow the next day, the following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
next week the next week, the following week
in a month a month later
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