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Файл:Английский язык без репетитора секреты успешной подготовки к тестированию
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5. Ищите в предлагаемых фрагментах либо похожие, либо
противоположные идеи.
6. Выберите подходящее по смыслу предложение.
7. Для заполнения следующих фрагментов повторите пунк -
ты 3-6.
8. После того, как заполните все пропуски, прочитайте текст
целиком, чтобы убедиться, что все вставленные фрагменты подходят по смыслу и у вас получилось связное повествование.
Секреты успеха!
Для просмотрового чтения достаточно понять около 70 %
текста. Так как этот вид чтения не предполагает полного понимания всего текста, не нужно стремиться переводить каждое слово. Главное – это умение определить и понять ключевые слова, либо догадаться об их значении из контекста. Научитесь обходить незнакомые слова и не прерывать чтение, если
их встречаете. Обращайте внимание на слова, которые указывают на связь текста с отрывком. Внимательно читайте предложения до и после пропуска.
I. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предложенных текстовых фрагментов.
The last century has seen a dramatic increase in people’s stature.
Young adult males are about 11 cm taller than their counterparts were
a century ago. Nevertheless, this does not mean mankind is producing a new super race. (1) _____ “We are only now beginning to fulfil our proper potential,” says paleontologist Professor Chris Stringer.
“We are becoming Cro-Magnons again – the people who lived on this
planet 40,000 years ago.”
(2) _____ The Dutchmen, who average 182.5cm, are top of the
tree for men while Latvian women, at 169.8cm, tower over all other
nationalities in the European Union. The average man in the US is
now 176 cm and in China 175 cm.
It is a welcome trend, though not without its own problems. (3)
_____ A standard bed-length has remained at 190 cm since 1860.
Even worse, leg-room in planes and trains seems to have shrunk rather
than grown, while clothes manufacturers are constantly having to revise their range of products.
The question is: where will it all end? We cannot grow forever. (4)
_____ But what is it? According to Robert Fogel, of Chicago Uni-
311
versity, it could be as much as 193 cm – and we are likely to reach it
some time this century.
However, scientists add one note of qualification. Individuals may
be growing taller because of improved nutrition. (5) _____ During
the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, members of the human race were
rounder and taller – an evolutionary response to the cold as large,
stocky bodies are best at retaining heat. (6) _____ And as the planet
continues to heat up, we may shrink even further. In other words, the
growth of human beings could be offset by global warming.
Заполните пропуски 1–3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (A–D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. Europe boasts the tallest men and women in the world, a new
study has concluded.
B. Heights may have risen but the world has not moved on, it
seems.
C. This poor diet has had a disastrous effect on human health and
physique.
D. In fact, we are returning to what we were like as cavemen.
Заполните пропуски 4–6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (E–H). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. This height-health link is still starkly visible today.
B. But as a species we are actually shrinking.
C. We must have some programmed upper limit.
D. Since the climate warmed, we appear to have got slightly
thinner and smaller in order to lose heat.
II. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предложенных текстовых фрагментов.
The modern blog, which is short for ‘weblog’, emerged from the
online diary, where people could share their thoughts, ideas, experiences… A blog is a kind of mini-website. The only real difference
between a blog and a website is that blogs are regularly updated with
new content, which is displayed in reverse chronological order (newer
posts first). (1) _____ No technical knowledge is required to blog.
You just type your text, known as a ‘post’, as if it were any article and
the software of the blog company does the rest.
To date, there are more than 500 million blogs out of 1.7 billion
websites in the world. Their authors account for over 2 million blog
posts daily. Every blog is different: some have only one author, some
are the work of two or more people, some are streams of nonsense
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about nothing in particular. (2) _____ These are often the ones that
attract most comments.
People blog for different reasons. Some blogs are platforms for the
writers’ own opinions, some bloggers write to promote themselves and
show off their skills, some even sell stuff on their blogs. Other bloggers
write to get in touch with people who have similar views, while some
blog to share their knowledge. (3) _____
The first step to starting a blog is deciding on your topic. Choose
a descriptive name for your blog so that potential readers can instantly
tell what your blog is about just from the name. Register your blog and
get hosting. (4) _____ Congratulations! You now have your own blog
and can publish content!
(5) _____ Blogs have evolved from personal diaries and online
pages to platforms that support freedom of speech and opinions on a
variety of topics. (6) _____ Delivering the right message nowadays often includes the help of co-writers, editors, and proofreaders. Sounds
suspiciously similar to a newsroom, right? The popularity of vlogs and
podcasts suggest that blogging is here to stay for the long haul. The
channels or methods might change, but people will always write on
topics they are passionate about and continue to share them with audiences.
Заполните пропуски 1–3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (A–D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. Many, though, are clever, informative and well written.
B. They don’t want a wasted visit, so stick to your own particular
subject.
C. Besides, blogs are interactive – readers can comment on what
you write.
D. You can monetize your ideas, gain influence or bring together
huge audiences from around the world.
Заполните пропуски 4-6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (E-H). Один фрагмент является лишним.
E. Blogging has changed considerably since its inception in the
1990s.
F. Blogs can be password-protected so that they can only by those
who are allowed to view them.
G. Next, choose a free blog design template and tweak it.
H. Personal blogging has transitioned into professional blogging.
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III. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предложенных текстовых фрагментов.
You know that feeling when you reach into your pocket for your
mobile – and get that immediate hot shock of panic when… it’s not
there. Your heart races. Your stomach lurches. Your brain goes into
overdrive. What to do? (1) _____
You’ve just experienced nomophobia – ‘no-mobile-phone phobia’ – the fear or being without your mobile phone. This includes not
just losing, forgetting, or breaking your phone, but also being outside
of mobile phone contact. And this modern malaise affects many of
us. No wonder, because our phone isn’t just our phone. (2) _____
Practically our entire lives are in those seductive little devices, so it’s
no wonder we go a little crazy when we’re apart from them. But some
of us take this separation anxiety too far.
A recent study suggests that nomophobia is indeed real – and that
(unsurprisingly) the more you use your device, the more you depend
on it. (3) _____ Another study found that 70 per cent of women worry
about losing their mobile compared to 61 per cent of men. 18- to
24-year-olds are the most nomophobic age group, with 77 per cent
feeling uncomfortable after being separated from their phones for just
minutes.
So what about you? You know you have nomophobia when: You
feel stressed out, cut off or incomplete without your mobile. You suffer from phantom vibration syndrome. (4) _____ You always carry a
charger. You keep your phone on 24/7 and even sleep with it. You
prefer to communicate via your phone than face to face. (5) _____
If you feel that you are spending too much time on your phone,
there are things that you can do to better manage your device use:
− Turn your phone off. Especially when you go to bed.
− Take it out of your pocket. Put it down. Back away.
− Distract yourself. Go for a walk (without your phone). Play with
your dog. Visit a friend. (Yes, in real life. People still do that.)
− Try going without your mobile for short periods. Then longer
ones.
(6) _____ Get a noPhone. With this mobile surrogate, not only
will you have something to hold on to at all times, but you’ll never
run out of credit – or battery. The noPhone is also shatterproof and
‘toilet-bowl resistant’, and will never need an upgrade. Just don’t expect it to make calls.
Заполните пропуски 1–3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (A–D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
314
A. Interestingly, women seem to feel mobile separation anxiety
more than men.
B. If you have symptoms of nomophobia, talking to a mental
health professional can help.
C. You can’t even post your ‘missing mobile’ status or tweet about
your loss.
D. It’s our digital security blanket – and it goes everywhere with us.
Заполните пропуски 4–6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (E–H). Один фрагмент является лишним.
E. Still can’t get a grip?
F. So, reckon you suffer from phone separation anxiety!
G. It is a growing concern in a world where always being connected seems more important than ever before.
H. You constantly check for missed calls, messages and battery life.
IV. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предложенных текстовых фрагментов.
I was in my mid-20s when a mutual friend introduced me to a girl
called Jenn. I had no idea she was a vlogger and fashion influencer
with millions of followers. On our first date we went for a picnic at
Alexandra Palace – that was the first time she asked me to take a
photo of her. I felt a bit of pressure; I wanted to get it right as I was
very focused on trying to make her fall in love with me.
(1) _____ I appeared in a Meet My Boyfriend video on her fashion YouTube channel, Clothes Encounters. We answered questions
from her fans, like what nicknames we call each other. At the time,
I pretty much had no idea what YouTube was but it felt great to know
she wanted to show me off.
She continued to ask me to take photos of her whenever we met.
We were dating, but she was also creating content for her channels.
I already knew how to take a good photo: I was mainly focused on
her being in frame, pressing the right button and making sure there
wasn’t a massive trash can next to her. (2) _____ I didn’t really think
much of it at the time, I just thought I was helping.
(3) _____ I slipped into becoming what they call ‘an Instagram
boyfriend’, a romantic partner of an influencer who ends up taking all
the photos and videos they post. It was difficult at times; I messed up
a lot while learning. It’s not uncommon for influencer couples to do
this: 95 % of the time, when a guy is dating an influencer, he will end
up being her videographer. It’s really appealing: you get to shoot for
your girl, be a plus one, go on incredible trips and learn a new craft.
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By the time I was 30, I wanted to try something new. (4) _____
Once I got there, I realised I had all this influencer experience. As
well as shooting videos for Jenn, I started working with other influencers and brands not connected to Jenn’s work.
I’m fine with her being my boss. Jenn has always been relatively
reserved; it’s not like we wake up with a camera in our faces like some
YouTubers. (5) _____ .
The Jenn Im Instagram account has 1.7 million followers, and her
YouTube has 275m overall views. I can see why the money that comes
with being an influencer tempts people but it’s not really for me.
I don’t go to events with Jenn anymore, because it’s the same thing
every time: people go to 10 parties in one night just to show they’ve
been there, rather than enjoying themselves.
This world is becoming more competitive. (6) _____ I hate the fact
that people think you’ve disappeared off the planet if you don’t post.
I find the opposite is true: real life starts when the camera switches off.
Заполните пропуски 1–3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (A–D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. The more trips I went on as a plus one, the more photos I was
taking.
B. The photo above is a self-portrait, taken when I was doing a
test shot for Jenn.
C. Then I started to focus on the angles, as I’d taken a few wonky
ones.
D. Not long after that, we started going out.
Заполните пропуски 4-6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (E-H). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. There’s a constant pressure to maintain your social media.
B. I wanted to have a permanent document of this memory, both
for our families and friends abroad.
C. I packed my bags and moved to LA.
D. She doesn’t like everyone knowing everything.
316
В задании на словообразование необходимо образовать от
приведенных в скобках слов однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Это задание направлено на проверку
основных способов словообразования и навыков их применения. Чаще всего слово нужно преобразовать из одной части
речи в другую при помощи суффикса либо подобрать его антоним, добавив отрицательную приставку или суффикс. Например, able превратить в enable, unable, disabled, ability, inability
или disability.
В спецификации теста по учебному предмету «Иностранный
язык (английский)» для проведения централизованного тестирования в 2021 году, в разделе «Языковой материал для продуктивного владения» (т.е. активного употребления, использования
в речи), пункт 1. Словообразование, можно найти следующую
информацию:
Суффиксы
− имен существительных:
-or, -er, -ion (-tion, -sion, -ssion), -ness, -ment, -ship, -ty, -ist;
− имен прилагательных:
-ful, -ous, -able (-ible), -y, -ian, -an, -less, -ic(al), -ive;
− имен числительных:
-teen, -th, -ty;
− наречий:
-ly;
− глаголов:
-ize (-ise), -en, -ate, -fy.
Префиксы (приставки)
− un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-;
− глаголов: re-, en-.
В разделе «Языковой материал для рецептивного владения
(т.е. узнавание и понимание в процессе чтения)» дополнительно
указаны:
Суффиксы
− имен существительных: -dom, -hood, -ism, -ese;
− имен прилагательных: -ent, -ant.
Префиксы (приставки) глаголов: dis-, mis-, over-.
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Особое внимание при подготовке следует уделить именно
вышеуказанным суффиксам и приставкам. В Программе вступительных испытаний по английскому языку и, соответственно, в спецификациях централизованного тестирования последних лет не было практически никаких изменений, поэтому
данная информация будет актуальна и для поступающих в следующем году.
Для успешного выполнения данного задания вам нужно знать
структуру и порядок слов в английском предложении, помнить
типичные суффиксы и приставки существительных, прилагательных, наречий и глаголов, и, безусловно, иметь неплохой
словарный запас, т. к. нет точного правила, какой суффикс или
приставку нужно добавить в каждом конкретном случае. Особое
внимание уделите отрицательному словообразованию. Можно
составить свою собственную таблицу производных слов из четырех колонок: существительное, глагол, прилагательное и наречие. А можно воспользоваться уже готовыми таблицами из
пособия Митрошкиной Т. В. «Все способы английского словообразования». Еще один вариант таблицы из 1500 производных
слов вы найдете в данном разделе.
Ваш успех напрямую зависит от количества выполненных
упражнений на словообразование, которые можно найти в интернете либо в пособиях, посвященных подготовке к тестированию. Обязательно выполняйте тестовые задания прошлых
лет. Главное, выполнять упражнения регулярно! И не забывайте учить производные слова с различными суффиксами и приставками – составить карточки вам поможет Quizlet. Также вы
можете установить на свой телефон специальные приложения,
посвященные словообразованию.
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ABLE
enable
unable
(in)ability
disability
disabled
ABSENT
absence
ACCEPT
(un)acceptable
ACCESS
(in)accessible
ACCIDENT
accidental(ly)
ACCOMMODATE
accommodation
ACCORD
according(ly)
accordance
ACCOUNT
accountant
ACCURATE
inaccurate(ly)
(in)accuracy
ACHIEVE
achievement
achievable
ACQUAINT
acquaintance
(un)acquainted
ACT
actor
actress
action
activity
activation
activist
(in)active(ly)
actual
activate
ADD
addition
additional(ly)
added
ADDICT
addiction
addicted
addictive
ADMIRE
admirer
admiration
admiring(ly)
ADMIT
admission
ADORE
adorable
ADVANTAGE
disadvantage
advantageous
ADVENTURE
adventurer
adventurous
ADVERTISE
advertiser
advertisement
advertising
ADVISE
advice
adviser/advisor
(in)advisable
AFFECT
affection
affectionate(ly)
AFFORD
(un)affordable
AGENT
agency
AGREE
disagree
(dis)agreement
AIM
aimless
ALARM
alarming
alarmed
ALTER
alternative
alternatively
AMAZE
amazement
amazing(ly)
amazed
AMBITION
ambitious
AMUSE
amusement
amusing
amused
ANALYZE
analyst
analysis
analytical(ly)
ANGRY
anger
angrily
ANNOUNCE
announcer
announcement
ANNOY
annoyance
annoying(ly)
annoyed
ANXIOUS
anxiously
anxiety
APOLOGISE
apology
apologetic
APPEAR
disappear
(dis)appearance
apparent(ly)
APPLY
application
applicant
APPOINT
appointment
appointed
APPROPRIATE
inappropriate(ly)
APPROVE
disapprove
(dis)approval
(dis)approving(ly)
ARGUE
argument
ARM
arms
armed
disarm
disarming(ly)
ARRANGE
arrangement
ARRIVE
arrival
ART
artist
artistic(ally)
artificial
ASSIST
assistant
assistance
ASTONISH
astonishment
astonishing
astonished
ATHLETE
athletic
athletics
ATTEND
attendance
unattended
attention
(in)attentive
ATTRACT
attraction
(un)attractive(ly)
AUTHOR
authorise
unauthorised
authority
AVAIL
(un)available
AVOID
(un)avoidable
(un)avoidably
319
AWARE
unaware
awareness
AWFUL
awfully
BASE
basis
basic(ally)
basement
BEAR
unbearable
birth
BEAUTY
beautiful(ly)
beautify
beautician
BEHAVE
misbehave
behaviour
BELIEF
disbelief
(dis)believe
(un)believable
unbelievably
BENEFIT
beneficial
BLOOD
bloody
bleed
bleeding
BORE
boredom
boring(ly)
bored
BOSS
bossy
BRAVE
bravery
BREAK
(un)breakable
broken
BREATH
breathe
breathless
BRIGHT
brightly
brightness
brighten
BROAD
broaden
breadth
BURGLE
burglar
burglary
CALCULATE
calculator
calculation
CAPABLE
incapable
capability
CARE
caring
careful(ly)
careless(ly)
carelessness
CARRY
carrier
CAUTION
cautious(ly)
precaution
CELEBRATE
celebration
celebrity
celebrated
CERTAIN
uncertain
(un)certainty
certainly
CHAMPION
championship
CHANGE
changeable
unchanged
(un)changing
exchange
CHARACTER
characterise
characteristic
CHARGE
charged
recharge
(re)chargeable
CHARITY
charitable
CHEMICAL
chemist
chemistry
CHILD
children
childhood
childish
childless
CHOOSE
choice
choosy
chosen
CLASS
classify
classified
classification
CLEAN
unclean
cleaner
cleanliness
CLEAR
unclear(ly)
clarify
clarity
CLOSE
closely
enclose
closure
COAST
coastal
COLLECT
collector
collection
collective
COLOUR
colourful(ly)
colourless
coloured
Продолжение
COMEDY
comedian
comic
COMFORT
discomfort
(un)comfortable
comfortably
COMMIT
commitment
COMMON
(un)common(ly)
community
COMMUNICATE
communication
communicator
communicative
COMPANY
companion
accompany
COMPARE
comparison
comparative(ly)
COMPETE
competition
competitor
competing
competitive
COMPETENCE
incompetence
(in)competent
COMPLAIN
complaint
COMPLETE
(in)complete(ly)
completion
COMPOSE
composer
composition
CONCLUDE
conclusion
CONFIDE
confidence
confident(ly)
confidential
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