Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык без репетитора секреты успешной подготовки к тестированию
.pdf
Число
глагола
Примеры
a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great deal of
ед.ч.
мн.ч.
ед.ч.
мн.ч.
ед.ч.
мн.ч.
ед.ч.
ед.ч.
Every year a lot of pollution is created.
A great deal of money was raised.
Plenty of trees were cut down.
some / half / most / all / rest
Most of my salary is spent on food.
Half of the students don’t like school.
дроби / проценты
Two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered by water.
80 per cent of the press was controlled by the state.
Three-quarters of the workers were dissatisfied with their wages.
60 per cent of my classmates are going to enter the university.
each / every
Every person likes New Year.
Each pupil (Each of the pupils) has to take the test.
The bus crashed but every man, woman and child was saved.
время, деньги, вес, расстояние, скорость
Twenty miles is a long way. Three million dollars has been stolen.
90 kilometres an hour was over the speed limit.
наука или вид спорта на -ics
ед.ч.
ед.ч.
ед.ч.
мн.ч.
Statistics is a branch of mathematics.
Rhythmic gymnastics is a women-only event.
города, государства, организации
Athens is a mecca for tourists.
The United States is located in North America.
группа людей (family, team, committee, audience, staff и т.п.)
Every family has its own history.
The committee was presided over by the chairman. (как единое целое)
When I came in, the family were having lunch.
The teaching staff are all women. (члены группы)
141
Существительное в притяжательном падеже имеет окончание -’s. Такое существительное служит определением к другому
существительному и отвечает на вопрос «чей?», «какой?», обозначая принадлежность предмета.
Единственное число Множественное число
-’s -’ -’s
my mother’s bag
a waitress’s job
someone’s umbrella
someone else’s advice
each other’s opinions
my younger sister Ida’s son
his friend’s cousin = a cousin of his
housewife’s duties
father-in-law’s
garage
friend’s
a parents’ meeting
the girls’ room
the Browns’ car
women’s magazine
men’s hobbies
children’s pool
people’s problems
passers-by’s reaction
Особые случаи
Jack and Jill’s house – дом Джека и Джил (общий)
совместное
владение
время и рас-
стояние
(какой?)
без опреде-
ляемого
слова
noun + noun
Jack’s and Jill’s houses – дома Джека и Джил
(у каждого свой дом)
Tom’s and Pete’s behaviour – поведение Тома и Пита
tomorrow’s weather
a mile’s walk
ten minutes’ break = a ten-minute break
учреждение:
the baker’s (shop)
the dentist’s
the travel agent’s
milk chocolate
a toy factory
a ticket office
дом:
at my friend Mary’s (place, house, flat)
Но:
a clothes shop
a congratulations card
a news agency
a two-part book
a six-year-old boy
a customs officer
a sports car
a sales manager
1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. … stage name was inspired by Queen’s song, Radio Ga-Ga.
a. Lady Gaga’s c. Lady’s Gaga
b. Lady’s Gagas’ d. Ladies’ Gaga
142
2. We have to cancel the … meeting on Thursday due to the current
circumstances.
a. parent’ c. parents’s
b. parents’ d. parent’s
3. To navigate to … events click on the right arrow in the calendar
below.
a. next’s month’s c. next month’
b. next month’s d. next months’s
4. … house has been put up for sale for $100,000.
a. Sally’s and Ben c. Sally and Ben’s
b. Sally’s and Ben’s d. Sally and Ben’
5. It was my … idea to move house.
a. father’s-in-law c. father’s-in-law’s
b. father-in-law’ d. father-in-law’s
6. Beyoncé’s glamorous outfit may cost more than my … salary.
a. two-months c. two-month
b. two month’s d. two-months’
7. You can buy a bus ticket at the … or on the bus.
a. news agent’s c. new agents’
b. news’ agent d. new’s agent’s
8. This term the class will be reading … collection of short stories.
a. Jack London’s c. Jack London’
b. Jack’s London’s d. Jack’s London
9. Mike took … jacket instead of his own.
a. someone’ else c. someone else’s
b. someone’s else d. someone’s else’s
10. I’ve just happened to find a … note in my pocket.
a. ten-dollar c. ten-dollars’
b. ten dollars’ d. ten-dollar’s
11. Milena’s shop has a wide choice of hand-made … wear.
a. childrens’s c. childrens’
b. children’s d. children’
12. ... behavior at the farewell party greatly surprised all teachers.
a. Martin and Clark’ c. Martin and Clark’s
b. Martin’s and Clark’s d. Martin’s and Clark
13. The car accident was filmed on a … mobile phone.
a. passer-by’s c. passers-by’s
b. passer’s-by d. passer’s-by’s
14. I have … experience of working in an IT company.
a. two-years’ c. two years’
b. two-year’s d. two-years
143
15. The … wife was wearing a plain white dress with a string of pearls.
a. governor-general’ c. governor-general’s
b. governor’s-general d. governor’s-general’s
16. It wasn’t a serious accident, but both the drivers took … insurance
policies.
a. each other’s c. each’s other’s
b. each other’ d. each’s other
17. … grades in their mid-term maths test were quite good.
a. Sophie’s and Selena’s c. Sophie and Selena’s
b. Sophie’s and Selena d. Sophie’ and Selena’
18. The Personnel Manager checked each … qualifications and refer-
ences before the job interview.
a. applicant’s c. applicants’s
b. applicants’ d. applicant’
19. Belarus and Russia have signed a … trade agreement.
a. five-years’ c. five year’s
b. five years d. five-year
20. Could you tell me where the … toilet is?
a. lady’s c. ladie’s
b. ladies’s d. ladies’
21. We were invited to … wedding ceremony next Saturday.
a. Boris’s and Liz c. Boris’s and Liz’s
b. Boris and Liz’s d. Boris and Liz’
22. My … cooking is unbelievably tasty.
a. mother’s-in-law’s c. mother-in-law’s
b. mother’s-in-law d. mother-in-law’
23. I’ll see you in the meeting room in … time.
a. 10 minute’s c. 10 minutes’
b. 10-minute’s d. 10-minutes
24. If you would like to offer an article to our magazine, please con-
tact the … office.
a. Editor-in-Chief’s c. Editor-in-Chief’
b. Editor’s-in-Chief’s d. Editor’s-in-Chief
25. It is the law that the driver and the passengers should be fastened
with the … .
a. seat’s belts c. seats belts’
b. seats’ belts d. seat belts
26. Unfortunately, … exemplary behaviour did not last long.
a. Harry’s and Donald c. Harry’s and Donald’s
b. Harry and Donald’ d. Harry and Donald’s
144
27. Vicky’s marks are better than … in the class.
a. anyone else’s c. anyone’s else’s
b. anyone else d. anyone’s else
28. Alex is always trying to finish … sentences for them!
a. peoples’ c. people’s
b. people’ d. peoples’s
29. We usually spend our holidays at our … summer cottage.
a. aunt’s Irina c. aunt Irina’
b. aunt’s Irina’s d. aunt Irina’s
30. … problems are … opportunities.
a. Today; tomorrow’s c. Today’s; tomorrow
b. Today’s; tomorrow’s d. Today’; tomorrow’
2. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку:
1. Please accept my thank for all that you have done to help us.
2. There was a three-hours delay to our flight.
3. There are no clear evidence that the virus passes easily from per-
son to person.
4. Mrs Browny’s shop specializes in childrens’ clothes.
5. Only а small minority of the first year students does not receive a
student grant.
6. Very little of his money were left after the taxes had been paid.
7. The style and the colour of the costume is both perfect and fit you
extremely well.
8. Several thousand people were made homeless by yesterday hur-
ricane.
9. Imagine my shock when I opened my bag and found out it was
someone’s else!
10. The number of applicants taking entrance exams are increasing
with each year.
11. My husband is so choosy and it takes hours to find the clothes
that suits him.
12. Two hundred euros are too much to pay for an hour’s consulta-
tion.
13. The student’s results were published on the school website because
they all had done really well.
14. The majority of all the world’s plant and animal species lives in
tropical forests.
15. My two-years-old sister can only say a few words.
16. It was such a surprising victory that even Boltons’ fans couldn’t
believe it.
145
17. In a modern multicultural society everyone must learn to respect
each others’ traditions.
18. Joan couldn’t tolerate her neighbours’ loud music at night, so she
reported him to the police.
19. A large number of people has complained about last night’s cash
crunch at the ATMs.
20. All the interviewees who successfully passed the test was invited
to Office Five.
21. Online news are frequently criticised for being unreliable and
based on very little evidence.
22. Billiards are a game played on a cloth-covered table in which balls
are hit with a cue.
23. The police in this area makes more arrests than officers do in
other parts of the country.
24. I remember how uncomfortable I felt in the dress that I’d bought
for my brothers’ wedding.
25. To my mind, three dollars were a good tip even though the wait-
ress didn’t seem to work for it.
26. Putting yourself in someone’s else shoes is a good way of develop-
ing empathy.
27. There was over a hundred children in the hospital but each and
every one was given a Christmas present.
28. I’ve lent her three thousand dollars but it seems to me that she
isn’t going to pay them back.
29. The majority of hotels in Turkey are of a high standard and offers
a huge range of facilities.
30. The reporter asked the airline’s spokesman if there were any other
news about the crash of the plane.
146
Местоимения – одна из самых проверяемых грамматических
тем в централизованном тестировании. Местоимения можно
встретить в заданиях на множественный выбор и на нахождение ошибки в подчеркнутом фрагменте, в текстах на заполнение
пропусков своими словами и на нахождение лишних слов, а также в заданиях на частичный перевод. Для выполнения подобных
заданий вам нужно знать следующие правила употребления местоимений:
Личные Притяжательные Возвратные
подлежащее
кто? что?
I
you
he, she, it
we
you
they
Секреты успеха!
1. Личное местоимение в именительном падеже не может дублировать уже имеющееся в предложении подлежащее. Например, нельзя сказать:
These letters they
The man who has just come in he
What I need at the moment it
2. Подлежащим может быть местоимение только в именительном падеже, поэтому предложения типа «Нам сказали …»,
«Их видели …» употребляются в страдательном залоге: We were
told … , They were seen … .
3. Русские притяжательные местоимения «его», «их» (чей?)
совпадают по форме с личными местоимениями «его», «их»
(кого? чего?). В английском языке совпадения между формами
этих местоимений нет. Поэтому, для того чтобы выбрать нужную
форму английского местоимения, нужно задать вопрос: чей? –
для притяжательных местоимений his, their; кого? чего? – для
личных местоимений в объектном падеже him, them. This is his
house (his – чей?). I met him in the park (him – кого?).
дополнение
кого? кому?
me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
are for you.
перед сущ.
чей?
my
your
his, her, its
our
your
their
без сущ.
чей?
mine
yours
his, hers, its
ours
yours
theirs
is my uncle.
is a cup of strong coffee.
сам, себе, -ся
myself
yourself
him / her / itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
147
4. Притяжательное местоимение в независимой форме употребляется без определяемого слова, чтобы избежать повтора
ранее упомянутого существительного: Whose phone is this? ~ It’s
mine. My car is cheaper than yours.
5. Возвратные местоимения не употребляются после глаголов
afford, behave, complain, concentrate, feel, relax, worry и др.: How do
you feel? She can’t afford to buy a new jacket. He behaved badly.
6. Запомните выражения by myself = on my own (сам по себе,
своими силами): Let her do it by herself (= on her own).
7. Выучите несколько устойчивых выражений:
Behave yourself! – Веди себя прилично!
Enjoy yourself! – Развлекайся! Веселись!
Help yourself to biscuits! – Угощайся печеньем!
Make yourself at home! – Чувствуй себя как дома!
IT
неодушевленные предметы,
погода, время, расстояние,
безличные предложения
It is sunny. It is raining. There is no sun / rain.
It is time to have a rest. There is no time to have a rest.
it is no good
it is no wonder
it is out of the question
it’s a pity
it is (not) worth
it is easy / necessary
it was good of you to…
It seems (to me) that there is a problem.
It looks like rain.
It doesn’t matter.
It goes without saying.
It takes me 5 minutes to get home.
It is said / known that …
SOME
какой-то, некоторые;
немного, несколько
+?Some people are lazy.
Would you like some
tea? (предложение,
просьба)
никакой; какой-нибудь;
–
There isn’t any time left.
?
Do you have any ques-
+
tions?
Take any shirt you like.
есть / нет, существует (где-то)
There is a café near the shop.
There are a lot of cars on the roads.
there is no excuse
there is no doubt
there is no limit
there is no need
there is no point in
there is no reason
there is no way
There seems to be a problem.
There is nowhere to escape.
There is little to choose from.
There comes a time in everyone’s life…
There is nothing more annoying than …
There exist many ways of ...
ANY
любой
THERE
NO
никакой
– No news is good
news.
148
ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
some- -one – кто-то
-body – кто-то
-thing – что-то
-where – где-то
any- -one – кто-то
-body – кто-то
-thing – что-то
-where – где-то
no- one – никто
-body – никто
-thing – ничто
-where – нигде
Секреты успеха!
1. Слова except, hardly, little, never, no longer, rarely, scarcely,
seldom, without, unfortunately, unlikely делают предложение отри-
цательным. В таких предложениях вместо some употребляется
any: He left without any money, did he?
2. Местоимение no не употребляется без существительного. Вместо no используется none: An old car is better than none
(=no car).
3. Местоимение no имеет то же значение, что и not а или not
any. There are no (= not any) new words. Запомните: no more = not
any more, no longer = not any longer.
4. Местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -one и -body (someone,
nobody, anyone, everybody и т.п.) не сочетаются с предлогом of.
Вместо них используются местоимения some, any, none, all, each:
some of us – кто-то из нас, any of you – любой из вас, none of
them – никто из них, all of you / each of you – все из вас (нельзя:
every of).
5. Местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -one и -body сочетаются с глаголом в единственном числе, при этом заменяющие
их местоимения – местоимения множественного числа – they,
them, their, themselves: Someone has forgotten their umbrella, haven’t
they? Everybody is here, aren’t they?
Местоимения на -thing (something, everything, nothing и т.п.) со-
относятся с местоимением it: Nothing has happened, has it?
6. Местоимения, образованные с помощью -one и -body, могут обозначать принадлежность и употребляться в притяжательном падеже: I’d like to change someone’s life for the better.
7. Производные местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -one,
-body, -thing и -where могут сочетаться с else (еще), а также упо-
требляться в форме притяжательного падежа: She couldn’t think of
anything else. This suitcase isn’t mine; it is someone else’s.
149
many /
much /
a lot of
a few /
a little /
some
few / little мало
fewer /
less
много
немного
меньше
(so, very, too) many (of my) friends
(so, very, too) much (of the) work
most (of the) people
(such, quite) a lot of tasks / progress
He knows much / a lot.
I have (only, just) a few friends / a little time (немно-
го, но достаточно).
I have (so, very, too) few friends / little time (слишком
мало, недостаточно).
fewer people / less money (меньше)
the fewest mistakes / the least experience (меньше
всего)
both (+) оба
either
neither
none
each каждый
every каждый
another
любой
(из двух)
ни один
(из двух)
ни один,
никакой
сущ. в
ед.ч.
цифра еще
Both (of) the twins were crying.
He listens to both pop and classical music.
Either of these two answers is (are) correct, aren’t they?
I would not buy either of these two dresses.
Neither of your parents know(s) your boyfriend, do
they?
Would you like tea or coffee? – Neither. (Either, I don’t
care.)
None of the children like(s) milk, do they?
None of the work was done, was it?
Why do we have 5 fingers on each hand (о двух)?
The tickets cost $10 each (каждый по отдельности).
I am proud of each of you.
They aren’t talking to each other (друг с другом).
Every child adores New Year (все, большое количе-
ство).
He phones me every two hours.
I take my pills every other day (через день).
какой-то
другой
еще один She offered me another cup of coffee.
He is looking for another job.
Give me another 20 minutes.
Но: somebody else – кто-то еще (после производных)
150
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]