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Файл:Let’s Learn English with Pleasure. English Grammar in Use. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
their singing — пение (чье?) их;
my friend’s reading — чтение (чье?) моего друга;
Helen (‘s) coming — приезд (чей?) Хелен.
2. Перед ним может стоять предлог, например:
by reading — путем чтения, читая;
before leaving — перед уходом.
3. Как существительное он может служить в предложении: подлежащим, частью составного сказуемого, дополнением, определением или
обстоятельством.
Примечание!
Однако герундий в отличие от существительного, в том числе
и отглагольного (та же ing-форма), не может иметь артикля и формы
множественного числа.
Герундий, как и существительное, может заменяться на it:
Do you like swimming? I like it very much.
Вы любите плавание? Мне оно очень нравится.
§ 3. Перевод герундия. Аналогичной части речи в русском языке нет,
а так как он имеет признаки существительного и глагола, то в русском
языке можно найти два способа его перевода:
а) существительным, передающим процесс: курение, чтение;
б) глаголом, чаще всего неопределенной формой (инфинитивом) —
делать, а иногда, если есть предлог, деепричастием — делая.
Сложные формы герундия почти всегда переводятся придаточными
предложениями.
§ 4. Образование герундия. Герундий образуется так же, как и причастие I: к инфинитиву без частицы to прибавляется окончание -ing, это так
называемая IV-я форма английского глагола.
Отрицательная форма герундия образуется с помощью частицы not
которая ставится перед герундием.
§ 5. Глаголы, после которых в качестве прямого дополнения употребляется только герундий (а не инфинитив):
to admit — допускать, признавать;
to avoid — избегать;
to delay — откладывать;
to deny — отрицать, отвергать;
to dislike — не нравиться;
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ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND)
to enjoy — наслаждаться, нравиться;
to escape — убегать;
to excuse — извинять(ся);
to finish — закончить;
to forgive — прощать, извинять;
to imagine — воображать;
to mention — упоминать;
to mind — возражать (в вопросах и отрицаниях);
to miss — упустить;
to postpone — откладывать;
to risk — рисковать;
to stop — прекращать;
to suggest — предлагать;
to understand — понимать и др.
He avoided looking at us. — Он избегал смотреть на нас.
We finished dressing. — Мы закончили одеваться.
I don’t mind doing it for you. — Я не возражаю сделать это для тебя.
Stop laughing. — Перестань смеяться.
Только герундий употребляется и после таких составных глаголов:
to burst out — разразиться;
to give up — прекращать;
to go on — продолжать;
to keep (on) — продолжать;
to put off — отложить;
can’t help — не могу не, нельзя не…
can’t stand — не могу терпеть…
They burst out laughing. — Они разразились смехом.
He gave up smoking. — Он бросил курить.
Go on reading. — Продолжай читать.
They went on eating. — Они продолжали есть.
I cannot help asking. — Я не могу не спросить.
С глаголом to go герундий используется в некоторых характерных
сочетаниях:
to go fishing — ходить на рыбалку;
to go dancing — заниматься танцами;
to go shopping — ходить за покупками;
to go skating — кататься на коньках;
to go swimming — заниматься плаванием;
to go walking — ходить на прогулку и др.
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
§ 6. Глаголы, после которых употребляются как герундий, так и инфинитив:
to attempt — пытаться;
to begin — начинать;
to continue — продолжать;
to forget — забывать;
to hate — ненавидеть;
to intend — намереваться;
to like — нравиться;
to love — любить;
to need — нуждаться;
to prefer — предпочитать;
to propose — предлагать;
to refuse — отказываться;
to regret — сожалеть;
to remember– помнить, вспоминать;
to require — требоваться;
to try — стараться;
to start — начинать.
The children began playing (to play). — Дети начали играть.
Please continue writing (to write). — Пожалуйста, продолжайте писать.
She likes travelling (to travel). — Она любит путешествовать.
They hate to work (working). — Они ненавидят работать.
§ 7. Выбор между инфинитивом и герундием.
В тех случаях, когда приходится выбирать, что употребить — инфинитив или герундий, а это касается не только приведенного списка глаголов,
но и всего вопроса в целом, следует руководствоваться следующими тремя
положениями:
1. Инфинитив обозначает более краткое или более конкретное про-
явление данного действия.
Герундий, будучи -ing формой обозначает процесс, более продолжительное и более общее проявление данного действия.
2. Инфинитив по своему происхождению связан с будущим, с направ-
лением к цели, которую еще нужно достичь.
Герундий соответственно будет ассоциироваться с настоящим и прошлым.
3. В последнее время, как в американском, так и в британском англий-
ском языке проявляется тенденция к более широкому употреблению инфи-
нитива за счет герундия.
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ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND)
Герундий Инфинитив
He began working for this company in
1995. — Он начал работать на эту
компанию в 1995 году.
I prefer going by air. — Я предпочитаю летать самолетом.
Try standing up. — Попробуй стоять.
I like his being nice to you. — Мне
нравится, что он хорошо к тебе
относится.
I propose waiting till the doctor gets
here. — Я предлагаю подождать,
пока не придет доктор.
I regret telling her what… — Я сожалею, что уже сказал ей о том, что…
He began to work an hour ago. — Он
начал работать час назад.
I prefer to go by air. — Я предпочитаю лететь самолетом.
Try to stand up. — Попробуй встать.
I (would) like him to be nice to you. —
Я хотел бы, чтобы он к тебе хорошо
относился.
I propose to start tomorrow. —
Я намереваюсь начать завтра.
I regret to say you that… — К сожалению, я должен сказать вам, что…
Глагол to forget:
Забыть то, что уже сделано. Забыть то, что нужно было сделать
I forgot answering his letter. —
Я забыл, что уже ответил на его
письмо.
I forgot to answer his letter. —
Я забыл ответить на его письмо.
Глагол to remember:
Помнить то, что уже сделано. Помнить то, что нужно будет
сделать.
I remember seeing you somewhere. —
Я помню, что уже видел вас где-то.
I remember to see you soon. —
Я помню, что мне нужно увидеться
с вами вскоре.
Глагол to stop:
Обозначает прекратить действие. Обозначает остановиться, чтобы
выполнить, начать действие.
They stopped smoking. — Они пере-
стали курить.
He stopped reading the notice. — Он
перестал читать объявление.
They stopped to smoke. — Они оста-
новились, чтобы покурить.
He stopped to read the notice. — Он
остановился, чтобы прочитать объявление.
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
§ 8. После некоторых глаголов пассивное действие, то есть действие,
направленное на подлежащее предложения, передается простым герундием (Indefinite Active), а не его страдательной формой (Passive Gerund).
Это глаголы:
to need — нуждаться;
to require — нуждаться, требовать;
to want — требовать(ся);
to be worth — стоит (что-либо делать).
The car needed painting. — Машину нужно было красить (нуждалась
в покраске).
Does your suit require pressing? — Вам нужно погладить костюм?
The blouse wants washing. — Эту блузку надо выстирать.
§ 9. Герундий употребляется в роли беспредложного дополнения
к сочетанию to be + прилагательные: like похожий, busy занятый, worth
или чаще worth while стоящий (потраченного времени):
Mary was busy laying the table. — Мэри была занята накрыванием
стола.
Is it worth going there? — Туда стоит ехать?
Упражнение 539. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на герундий.
1. Travelling is a very pleasant thing. 2. Learning words is necessary for
studying foreign languages. 3. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure
during the test was absolute necessity. 4. Debugging a program is a hard job.
5. Programming is the process of preparing, testing and correcting instructions for
a computer. 6. Adding and subtracting are reasonable operations. 7. Measuring
distances to the planets and stars has a lot of difficulties. 8. Her task is looking
after her children. 9. One of the effects of heat is turning a solid into liquid.
10. Their aim is finding new ways of utilizing this new material on road building
construction. 11. Mathematical operations are adding, subtracting and others.
12. One of the most important tasks after the 1917 revolution was building up
power stations to supply the country with electricity. 13. We heard about your
having improved that model. 14. The friends were surprised at his coming so
late. 15. The workers were proud of having been offered to do such important
work. 16. We all know of their designing a new type of a semiconductor device.
17. They had no idea of her being sent to London. 18. The engineer mentioned
his having tested this material for strength with an entirely satisfactory result.
19. We knew nothing of his having been sent to Skolkovo.
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ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND)
Упражнение 540. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на герундий.
1. I don’t like walking slowly. 2. We are fond of playing computer games.
3. The experimentalist suggested purifying the solution by a new method.
4. Logical operations include comparing, selecting and others. 5. Supercomputers
are used for calculating complex problems. 6. The researcher took great interest
in our improving the properties of rubber-like substances 7. We know of silver
and copper being very good conductors of electricity. 8. Nowadays the highspeed processors are used for processing information. 9. He did not complain
of having been laughed at. 10. By performing different kinds of operations
on a computer people solve a lot of difficult problems. 11. In spite of having a
headache, he spoke for an hour. 12. After talking to them we’ll decide. 13. After
performing calculations a computer displays some result. 14. By subjecting
air to very high pressure and cooling it is possible to transform it to the liquid
state. 15. One cannot transform water into steam without heating it. 16. Think
carefully before buying a computer.
Упражнение 541. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на герундий.
1. He did not like the idea of walking through that forest. 2. One of the
benefits of buying a system is that it has detailed documentation with it. 3. The
way of solving this problem is rather difficult. 4. The burning of fossil fuels is
one of the sources of obtaining power but not the best one. 5. Computers being
widely used is a well-known fact. 6. The Internet being used for transmitting
e-mails is known long ago. 7. His having advanced his idea seemed strange at
that time. 8. Our having failed in understanding the core of his idea was evident.
9. His having worked at a factory helped him in his studies. 10. Their having
presented the problem in every detail helped us to grasp their idea. 11. Your
being able to cope with the problem seemed unrealistic at that time. 12. Her
having found the key to the solution of the problem seemed improbable. 13. His
having succeeded in solving it was quite unexpected for our scientific community.
Упражнение 542. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав
нужную форму глагола.
1. … is the process of buying a security for less than its face value.
a) discounted b) discounting c) discounts
2. We discussed … a new business.
a) open b) opening c) opened
3. He risks … all of his money.
a) lost b) lose c) losing
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
4. I heard of the experiment … last month.
a) having been started b) started c) start
5. The increase in government … will have some effect on the rate of
interest.
a) spend b) spent c) spending
6. That would entail our … a concession.
a) making b) to make c) made
7. This will save our … time.
wasting b) waste c) to waste
8. They have suggested his … to the symposium.
a) go b) to go c) going
9. He’s looking forward to our … .
a) to come b) coming c) come
10. We have succeeded in … a new competitive market.
a) entering b) to enter c) enter
Упражнение 543. Употребите герундий в активной или пассивной
форме в следующих предложениях.
1. (Talk) to him was like (play) upon the exquisite violin. 2. It seems awful
(plant) myself on you. 3. Then suddenly she stopped (laugh) and frowned.
4. There is no sense in (talk) to him. 5. No one likes (make) to look a perfect
damned fool. 6. I do not mind (tell) you what i do know. 7. We did not mind
(question) by the police. 8. I really should not dream of (ask) her. 9. He did not
go without (congratulate) by Amy. 10. The door opened quietly and he went
without (say) a word. 11. Even a criminal must be told the nature of this crime
before (convict). 12. The boy is fond of (pay) with pebbles. 13. You could not
look at her without (strike) by her modesty. 14. The prospect of (spend) a whole
week with Michael was enchanting. 15. She consoled herself by (think) that
he loved her as much as he was capable of (love). 16. I hate (bother) with silly
questions. 17. She objected (treat) as if she were a child.
Упражнение 544. Выберите подходящую по смыслу форму герундия: creating, adding, clicking, processing, performing, printing, rendering,
turning, debugging.
1. Graphic artists like … colour and depth to their drawings and designs.
2. A 32-bit painting program has a complete palette of tools for … images
from scratch. 3. The speed of a microprocessor is important in … information.
4. Before … a document, the user should decide on the layout. 5. You can open
the colour palette by … on the corresponding pop-up icon. 6. … refers to the
techniques used to make realistic images. 7. … continues until the program
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ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND)
runs smoothly. 8. Rotation is the process of … the object around an axis. 9. PCs
generate graphics by… mathematical calculations on data.
Упражнение 545. Дополните предложения, употребляя герундий.
1. I really don’t feel like… . 2. She has never mentioned … . 3. Mountain
climbers always risk … . 4. Being a member of a team involves … . 5. I have
written to ask if she would consider … . 6. People used to enjoy … . 7. After an
all-night party I can’t face … . 8. You are getting fat, you’ve got to give up … .
9. Her voice is so loud I can’t stand … . 10. The food is so bad at our house that
guests really dislike … .
Упражнение 546. Закончите предложения, образовав соответствующую форму герундия от глагола, данного в скобках, и изменив форму
местоимения, где это необходимо.
1. I remember (you, to object) to this schedule last time. 2. He entered the
room without (to notice) her. 3. We were surprised at (to hear) his name among
the sportsmen. 4. Nothing could prevent (he, from, to go) in for sport. 5. Do
you find any difficulty in (to solve) this problem. 6. She is against (to send) to
this region of the country. 7. Is there any possibility of (they, to find) a suitable
building material so soon? 8. They insisted on the question (to reconsider).
9. (To fly) is better for long journeys but (to travel) by car is more interesting.
10. Wood has many uses. We use it for (to make) chairs and tables. It is used for
(to build) houses. It is used for (to make) matches. 11. He tried to find an excuse
for (to be late). 12. You should avoid (to injure) the feelings of other people.
13. He was given an award for (to save) the life of the little children during the
fire. 14. The director was responsible for the work (to finish) in time.
Упражнение 547. Переведите предложения на английский язык,
употребив герундий.
1. Извините, что я перебиваю ваc. 2. Спасибо, что ты разбудил меня.
3. Я помню, что она училась в нашей школе. 4. С нетерпением жду встречи
с вами. 5. Мне странно, что вы так часто опаздываете. 6. Вы не возражаете, если я открою окно? 7. Она с нетерпением ждет, когда ее пригласят
на вечер.
Упражнение 548. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на герундий.
1. Repairing cars is his business. 2. It goes with … saying. 3. Have you
finished writing? 4. Taking old shower in the morning is very healthy.
5. I like … , but my sister prefers skating. 6. She likes … in the sun. 7. It looks
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
like raining. 8. My … wants repairing. 9. Thank you for coming. 10. I had no
hope of getting an answer before the end the month. 11. I had the pleasure of
dancing … her the whole evening. 12. Let’s go boating. 13. He talked without
stopping. 14. Some people … walk all day without feeling tired. 15. Living in …
stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 16. She has no hope of discussing it
with him. 17. My … took wrestling up for a while, but soon lost interest. 18. Jane
Eyre was fond of reading. 19. Miss Trotwood was in the habit of asking Mr.
Dick his opinion. 20. His father disliked wasting time on such trifles. 21. Avoid
making mistakes if you can. 22. The neighbours saved our life by lending us that
money. 23. Beethoven continued writing music after he became deaf. 24. Don’t
make so much fuss over losing your money. 25. Complaining is useless.
Упражнение 549. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на герундий.
A: I’m really looking forward to going to New York.
B: Are you? I’m not. I can’t stand visiting noisy cities.
A: But New York is wonderful. I love seeing the skyscrapers, the museums,
the historical monuments, the Statue of Liberty…
B: I hate visiting museums. I’m not looking forward to going at all.
A: Oh, it’s so exciting! I like listening to the sounds of New York — the
traffic, the different languages…
B: The noise! I can tell you, I dislike visiting noisy cities!
A: Oh, come on! It’ll be fun. New York’s a great big melting pot of people
from all over the world. And the world capital is worth seeing. I want to go to
the Big Apple. It’s so interesting!
Упражнение 550. В следующих предложениях замените придаточные дополнительные герундием с предлогом of.
Example: She thought she would go to the country for the weekend. —
She thought of going to the country for the weekend.
1. I thought I would come and see you tomorrow. 2. I am thinking that
I shall go out to the country tomorrow to see my mother. 3. What do you
think you will do tomorrow? — I don’t know yet. I thought I would go on an
excursion, but the weather is so bad that probably I shan’t go. 4. I hear there are
some English books at our university bookstall now. — So you are thinking that
you will buy some, aren’t you? 5. I thought I would work in the library this
evening, but as you have come, I won’t go there. 6. We were thinking we would
plant roses this year. 7. He is thinking that he will learn foreign languages
in the near future.
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ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND)
Упражнение 551. В следующих предложениях замените придаточ-
ные времени герундием с предлогом after.
Example: When she had bought everything she needed, she went
home. — After buying everything she needed, she went home.
1. After she took the child to the kindergarten, she went to the library to
prepare for her exam. 2. When he had made a thorough study of the subject,
he found that it was a great deal more important than he had thought at first.
3. After I had hesitated some minutes whether to buy the hat or not, I finally
decided that I might find one I liked better in another shop. 4. When she had
graduated from the university, she left St Petersburg and went to teach in her
hometown. 5. When he had proved that his theory was correct, he started
studying ways and means of improving the conditions of work in very deep
coalmines. 6. My son got a job after he left school.
Упражнение 552. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на герундий.
1. She has always dreamt of livening in a small house by the sea. 2. She
disliked living in her old house. 3. She was thinking of buying a new one.
4. Now, she enjoys living in a beautiful new house. 5. She misses seeing the
neighbours of course. 6. Usually she enjoyed talking to them and didn’t mind
helping them. 7. She likes cooking and is very good at it. 8. But she doesn’t
like washing and ironing. 9. She hates getting up early, but she has to. 10. She
doesn’t mind working a lot, you know. 11. She enjoys driving an expensive car.
12. She has always dreamt of traveling round the world. 13. But she hates flying
and she’s never been overseas. 14. She has risen to be head of the company in
spite of being a woman in a man’s world. 15. She loves meeting people because
she can’t bear being alone. 16. She loves talking to the press and appearing on
TV shows. 17. She enjoys being photographed because she thinks she’s beautiful.
18. She hates being laughed at. 19. She likes being stared at because thinks she’s
attractive. 20. But she hates being ignored.
Упражнение 553. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на разные формы герундия.
1. The place is worth visiting. 2. Watching football matches may be exciting
enough, but of course it is more exciting playing football. 3. She stopped coming
to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 4. Can you remember
having seen the man before? 5. She was terrified of having to speak to anybody,
and even more, of being spoken to. 6. He was on the point of leaving the club,
as the porter stopped him. 7. After being corrected by the teacher, the students’
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