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Файл:Let’s Learn English with Pleasure. English Grammar in Use. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
В глаголах to die умирать, to lie лежать, to tie связывать буква i перед
суффиксом -ing переходит в у:
to die — dying — умирающий, умирая;
to lie — lying — лежащий, лежа;
to tie — tying — связывающий, связывая.
Причастие настоящего времени переводится на русский язык либо
действительным причастием настоящего времени, либо деепричастием.
§ 2. Причастие прошедшего времени (The Past Participle, Participle II).
Причастие прошедшего времени правильных глаголов образуется
путем прибавления суффикса -ed к инфинитиву глагола без частицы to.
Читается этот суффикс так же, как суффикс -ed прошедшего неопределенного времени правильных глаголов:
to finish заканчивать — finished законченный;
to civilize цивилизовать — civilized цивилизованный.
Причастие прошедшего времени неправильных глаголов — это их третья форма:
to write писать — written написанный;
to see видеть — seen увиденный;
to teach обучать — taught обученный.
В словарях после неопределенной формы неправильных глаголов
обычно даются формы прошедшего неопределенного времени и причастия
прошедшего времени.
На русский язык причастие прошедшего времени обычно переводится
страдательным причастием совершенного или несовершенного вида.
§ 3. Перфектное причастие (The Perfect Participle).
Перфектное причастие выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. Оно образуется от причастия
настоящего времени глагола to have — having и причастия прошедшего
времени смыслового глагола.
На русский язык перфектное причастие переводится чаще всего деепричастием совершенного вида:
to say говорить — having said сказав;
to write писать — having written написав.
§ 4. Функции причастий в предложении.
Причастие настоящего времени может употребляться в предложении
в следующих функциях:
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ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
1. Именной части сказуемого:
I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing. — Я посмотрел на книжную полку: одной книги не хватало.
2. Определения:
Women from 111 countries and belonging to 132 national organisations
took part in the meeting in Prague in 1986. — Женщины, принадлежащие
к 132 национальным организациям из 111 стран, приняли участие во
встрече, которая состоялась в Праге в 1986 году.
3. Обстоятельства:
Knowing English well he was able to read this magazine. — Зная хорошо
английский, он смог прочитать этот журнал.
4. В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to be причастие
настоящего времени образует формы продолженных времен:
In a large, hot, richly-furnished drawing-room two women were sitting. —
В большой, душной, богато меблированной гостиной сидели две женщины.
Причастие прошедшего времени может употребляться в предложе-
нии в следующих функциях:
1. Именной части сказуемого:
Russia’s climate is as varied as her scenery. — Климат России такой же
разнообразный, как и пейзаж.
2. Определения:
The Professor did not exaggarate when he spoke of the widespread interest
excited by his new psycho-physiological experiment. — Профессор не преувеличивал, когда говорил о широко распространившемся интересе, вызванном его новым психо-физиологическим экспериментом.
3. Обстоятельств:
When discussed by the meeting the Appeal to All the Women of the World
was adopted by it. — После того, как «Воззвание ко Всем Женщинам Мира»
было обсуждено собранием, оно было принято.
4. В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to be причастие
прошедшего времени образует формы страдательного залога:
The flat of Hercule Poirot was furnished in a modern style. — Квартира
Эркюля Пуаро была обставлена в современном стиле.
5. В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to have причастие
прошедшего времени образует формы совершенных времен:
Europe has twice this century been the scene of a destructive war that has
spread to global proportion. — В течение этого столетия Европа дважды была
местом разрушительной войны, которая распространилась на весь мир.
Перфектное причастие употребляется в предложении в функции
обстоятельств:
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
Having done the question-and-answer exercises, the students began to
write a composition. — Выполнив вопросно-ответные упражнения, учащиеся начали писать сочинение.
§ 5. Самостоятельный причастный оборот.
В отличие от простых причастных оборотов, у которых одно подлежащее, в самостоятельном причастном обороте в английском языке подлежащих будет два. Одно — в основном предложении, а второе — в виде
одного из компонентов в причастном обороте. Так как самостоятельный
причастный оборот состоит из существительного в общем падеже или
личного местоимения в именительном падеже и причастия любого вида,
именно существительное или местоимение и будет выполнять роль подлежащего. А сказуемым станет действие, выраженное причастием. Что мы
получаем? Два отдельных подлежащих, два сказуемых, а, следовательно,
два отдельных предложения. В этом и состоит особенность самостоятельного причастного оборота в английском языке.
Самостоятельный причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой
от всего остального предложения. Его расположение может быть различным: чаще всего он стоит в начале предложения, но не исключены
варианты и в конце, а иногда и в середине предложения. Самостоятельный причастный оборот в английском языке соответствует русскому либо
придаточному, либо самостоятельному предложению. Такой оборот более
всего распространен в технической, юридической, экономической и художественной литературе.
Виды обстоятельств, функцию которых выполняет самостоятельный причастный оборот:
1. Обстоятельства времени.
The rain having stopped, she went to the shop to buy all necessary stuff
for the trip. — После того, как дождь прекратился, она пошла в магазин
купить все необходимое для поездки.
The work finished, we went home. — Когда работа была закончена, мы
пошли домой.
Между существительным и причастием в самостоятельном причастном
обороте в английском языке могут стоять определяющие слова. Например:
The question having been settled, he went to bed. — Когда вопрос был
решен, он отправился спать.
The question about his participating in this meeting having been settled, he
went to bed. — Когда вопрос о его участии в этом собрании был решен, он
отправился спать.
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ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
В некоторых самостоятельных причастных оборотах может быть
опущено причастие I от глагола to be — being. Но оно легко угадывается
по смыслу:
The lesson (being) over, the teacher left the school. — Когда закончился
урок, учитель ушел из школы.
2. Обстоятельства причины — этот оборот будет соответствовать
придаточному предложению причины на русском языке.
Her sister being too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. — Ее сестра
была очень нервной, с ней было трудно разговаривать.
My brother having lost his international passport, we couldn’t go abroad. —
Мой брат потерял загранпаспорт, и мы не могли поехать заграницу.
Место подлежащего в самостоятельном причастном обороте в предложении может занимать вводное there или формальное подлежащее it.
Например:
There being nobody at work, I decided to have a nap. — На работе
никого не было, и я решил вздремнуть.
It being Monday, the shop opened at half past nine. — Так как был понедельник, магазин открылся в пол десятого.
3. Сопутствующего обстоятельства и обстоятельства образа дей-
ствия. В этой ситуации самостоятельный причастный оборот всегда стоит
в конце предложения.
He looked at me, his eyes sparkling with joy. — Он смотрел на меня, его
глаза светились от радости.
The wood was placed in the warehouse, the wood shredding being
forwarded to the factory. — Древесину поместили на склад, а опилки
отправили на фабрику.
4. Обстоятельства условия. В этой ситуации мы обычно сталкива-
емся с причастиями от глаголов to permit — позволять; to fail — провалиться, терпеть неудачу.
Weather permitting, we will start planting potatoes. — Если позволит
погода, мы начнем сажать картофель.
Time permitting, I’ll visit you next month. — Если позволит время, я приеду к тебе в следующем месяце.
Самостоятельный причастный оборот в этой функции будет соответствовать придаточному предложению условия в русском языке.
Перевод самостоятельных причастных оборотов
на русский язык
По большей части самостоятельные причастные обороты переводятся
придаточными предложениями того типа, которому соответствует опре-
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
деленное обстоятельство. Это могу быть придаточные предложения времени (с союзами — когда, после того как), причины (с союзами — так как,
поскольку), условия (с союзом если). Примеры перечислены выше.
Они могут переводиться и самостоятельным предложением с союзами:
а, в то время как, причем. А могут переводиться самостоятельным предложением с союзом «и», или вообще без какого-либо сочинительного союза.
Причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle) в самостоятельном
причастном обороте в английском языке мы переводим глаголом в настоящем времени, если и сказуемое выражено глаголом в настоящем времени,
и, соответственно, глаголом в прошедшем времени, если сказуемое тоже
в прошедшем времени.
Упражнение 504. Переведите следующие словосочетания.
Developing industry / developed industry; changing distances / changed
distances; a controlling device / a controlled device; an increasing speed / an
increased speed; a transmitting signal / a transmitted signal; a reducing noise /
a reduced noise; a moving object / a moved object; heating parts / heated parts.
Упражнение 505. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание
на форму причастия.
1. The texts translated by the students were not very difficult. 2. When
translating some new texts he usually wrote out all new words. 3. If translated
into Russian, this article will be of great importance for me. 4. The text being
translated by the students is not very difficult. 5. Having been written the letter
had to be posted in the evening. 6. Having passed the examination he joined a
group of students who were standing in the corridor. 7. The engineers invited
to our plant are well-known specialists. 8. Being invited too late his friend could
not come. 9. The lecture followed by an experiment was interesting. 10. When
asked, the student answered very well. 11. Ice melts when heated. 12. Having
solved this important problem, the scientist made a report.
Упражнение 506. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на причастия.
1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing
at the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate’s uncle.
4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she
saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window,
he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music, we
stopped talking. 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open. 9. Working
at his desk, he listened to a new CD. 10. Running into the road, the young man
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ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
stopped a taxi. 11. Looking through the newspaper, she noticed a photograph
of her boss. 12. Using chemicals, the firemen soon put out the fire in the forest.
Упражнение 507. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на причастия.
1. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 2. The coat bought last year
is too small for me now. 3. Nobody saw the things kept in that box. 4. My sister
likes boiled eggs. 5. We stopped before the shut door. 6. Tied to the tree, the goat
could not to run away. 7. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of
broken glass all over the room. 8. This is a church built many years ago. 9. The
books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19-th century. 10. The
stolen money was returned to the bank. 11. It’s no good crying over spilt milk.
Упражнение 508. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на причастия.
1. A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.
2. He saw some people in the post office sending telegrams. 3. When sending
the telegram, she forgot to write her name. 4. Some of the questions put to the
lecturer yesterday were very important. 5. The girl putting the books on the
shelf is the new librarian. 6. While putting the eggs into the basket, she broke
one of them. 7. A fish taken out of the water cannot live. 8. A person taking a
sunbath must be careful. 9. Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.
10. A line seen through this crystal looks double. 11. A teacher seeing a mistake
in a student’s dictation always corrects it. 12. Seeing clouds of smoke over the
house, the girl cried, “Fire! Fire!” 13. The world pronounced by the student was
not correct. 14. The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying
goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician. 15. Standing at the window,
she was waving her hand. 16. A word spoken in time may have very important
result. 17. The students speaking good English must help their classmates.
18. The speaking doll interested the child very much. 19. While speaking to
Nick some days ago, I forgot to ask him about his sister.
Упражнение 509. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание
на причастия.
1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came. 2. The broken arm was
examined by the doctor. 3. While being examined, the boy could not help crying.
4. Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. 5. The medicine
prescribed by the doctor was bitter. 6. The dress bought at the department store
was very beautiful. 7. While using a needle, you should be careful not to prick
your finger. 8. While crossing the street, you must first look to the left and then
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
to the right. 9. People watching a performance are called an audience. 10. Being
very ill, she could not go to school. 11. The first rays of the rising sun lit up the
top of the hill. 12. The tree struck by the lightning was all black and leafless.
13. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 14. The door bolted on the inside could
not be opened. 15. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon
lost their way. 16. The room facing the garden is much more comfortable than
this one. 17. He stood watching the people who were coming down the street
shouting and waving their hands.
Упражнение 510. Раскройте скобки, выберите требующуюся форму
причастия.
1. The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.
2. Everything (writing, written) here is quite right. 3. We listened to the girls
(singing, sung) Russian folk songs. 4. We listened to the Russian folk songs
(singing, sung) by the girls. 5. The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.
6. The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean. 7. Who is that boy
(doing, done) his homework at that table? 8. The exercises (doing, done) by
the pupils were easy. 9. The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is
very beautiful. 10. The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.
11. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more. 12. Name some
places (visiting, visited) by you last year. 13. I picked up the pencil (lying, lain)
on the floor. 14. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.
15. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the students
of our department. 16. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across
the street. 17. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp. 18. I shall show
you a picture (painting, painted) by Hogarth. 19. Here is the letter (receiving,
received) by me yesterday. 20. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the
garden? 21. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.
22. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard. 23. We could not
see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds. 24. The (losing, lost) book was
found at last. 25. (Going, gone) along the street I met Mary. 26. Look at the
beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by the children. 27. His hat (blowing,
blown) off by the wind was lying in the middle of the street. 28. “How do you like
the film?” he asked (turning, turned) towards me. 29. When we came nearer, we
saw two boys (coming, come) towards us. 30. I think that boy (standing, stood)
there is his brother.
Упражнение 511. Раскройте скобки, употребляя необходимые
формы причастия.
1. (to do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 2. (to do) his homework, he
went for a walk. 3. (to sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, (to hope) to
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ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
see his friends. 4. (to sell) all the fruit, he went to see his friends. 5. (to eat) all
the potatoes, she drank a cup of tea. 6. (to drink) tea, she scalded her lips. 7. (to
run) in the yard, I fell and hurt my knee. 8. (to look) through some magazines,
I came across an interesting article about UFOs. 9. (to write) out and (to learn)
all the new words, he was able to translate the text easily. 10. (to live) in the
south of our country, he can’t enjoy the beauty of St. Petersburg’s White Nights
in summer. 11. (to talk) to her neighbour in the street, she did not notice how a
thief stole her money. 12. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on
the shelf. 13. (to buy) some juice and cakes, we went home. 14. (to sit) near the
fire, he felt very warm.
Упражнение 512. Выберите нужную форму причастия.
A. 1. The scientists (discussing / discussed) this problem will take part in
the conference. 2. The problems (discussing / discussed) at the conference are
of great importance for future research. 3. The subjects (studying / studied) in
the first year at the Institute are: mathematics, chemistry, drawing geometry
and others. 4. Students (studying / studied) foreign languages should read
special literature in the original. 5. The professor (delivering / delivered)
lectures on mathematics is a well-known specialist. 6. The lecture (delivering /
delivered) by professor N. was very interesting. 7. Specialists (training / trained)
at our University work in different fields of the national economy. 8. The coach
(training / trained) our volley-ball team is a good sportsman.
B. 1. (Having written/ writing) the dictation she made many mistakes.
2. (Having written / writing) the letter, she posted it. 3. (Building / having built)
a new house, builders used all modern methods of construction. 4. (Building /
having built) the house they arranged a great party for the relatives and friends.
5. (While living / having lived) in St. Petersburg for ten years I visited all its
famous museums. 6. (While living / having lived) in St. Petersburg for ten years
I moved to Kiev. 7. (When solving / having solved) new problems scientists do
a lot of research.
Упражнение 513. Образуйте нужную форму причастия от глагола,
данного в скобках.
1. You can measure the force (act) on the body. 2. The force (apply) to
the body was measured. 3. (Graduate) from the University, he began to work
at an office. 4. The engine (test) required no improvement. 5. (Make) these
experiments we can compare the weight of elements. 6. The substances (identify)
were described in his report. 7. (Listen) to the lecture, students usually make
notes. 8. There are several subjects (study) optionally. 9. Input is the information
(present) to the computer.
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Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
Упражнение 514. Замените выделенные части предложений при-
частными оборотами.
1. He looked at me and hesitated: he didn’t know what to say. 2. As
he had long lived there and knew the place very well, he easily found his
way to the Town Hall. 3. Take care when you cross the street. 4. Don’t you
feel tired after you have walked so much? 5. He knew the language well
because he had been taught since childhood. 6. While I was waiting for
him I looked through the magazines which were lying on the table. 7. The
channel which will link the two seas is being built now. 8. The explanation
which was given was not complete. 9. As I was shown the wrong way
I couldn’t find his house. 10. Modern houses have better facilities because
they are built in a new way.
Упражнение 515. Найдите и подчеркните причастия, переведите
предложения.
A. 1. We need highly developed electronics and new materials to make
supercomputers. 2. New alloys have appeared during the last decades, among
them a magnesium-lithium alloy developed by our scientists. 3. We are carried
by airplanes, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices. 4. Computer
components produced should be very clean. 5. Many countries have cable TV,
a system using wires for transmitting TV programs. 6. The fifth-generation
computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in
the near future. 7. A video phone has a device which allows us to see a room
and the face of the person speaking. 8. New technologies reduce the number of
employees needed.
B. 1. Driving a car a man tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in
front of him. 2. Having stated the laws of gravity, Newton was able to explain the
structure of the Universe. 3. Being more efficient than human beings, computers
are used more and more extensively. 4. Having graduated from Cambridge,
Newton worked there as a tutor. 5. Having published his book about space
exploration in 1895, Tsiolkovsky became known all over the world. 6. Built in
the middle of the last century, the British Museum is situated in central London.
Упражнение 516. Определите, какую функцию в предложении
выполняет слово с окончанием -ed. Переведите предложения.
1. The first television set produced quite a sensation in 1939. 2. The first
television set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. 3. The
equipment required to carry out laboratory experiments was very complex.
4. The equipment required further improvement. 5. The car model developed
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ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
a speed of 50 miles an hour. 6. The car model developed by our student design
bureau will be shown on TV. 7. Though being a school teacher of mathematics
all his life, Tsiolkovsky concentrated his attention on man’s travel into space.
8. If compared to today’s TV program, the first black-and-white pictures were
rather bad. 9. While being a teacher of deaf people Bell became interested in
sound and its transmission. 10. Though discovered, Newton’s mistake had no
influence on his theory.
Упражнение 517. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав
причастие настоящего или прошедшего времени.
1. All transactions are to be … in the general journal.
a) recording b) recorded
2. There is an … number of private investors.
a) increasing b) increased
3. Staff are … to work flexi time.
a) allowing b) allowed
4. John was … to join the family firm.
a) inviting b) invited
5. She works in an … agency.
a) advertising b) advertised
6. Most of the products are … to developing countries.
a) exporting b) exported
7. Accrued income is a total sum of money … by the company during a
particular period.
a) earning b) earned
8. The goods were … in the shop window.
a) displaying b) displayed
9. All … machines are cut-price for one week only.
a) washing b) washed
10. … conditions improved last year.
a) Trading b) Traded
Упражнение 518. Выберите правильную форму причастия.
1. She sat on the river bank … the sunset.
a) watching b) watched
c) having watched d) being watched
2. I put the journal aside … it through.
a) looking b) having looked
c) being looked d) having been looked
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