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Файл:Let’s Learn English with Pleasure. English Grammar in Use. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
Модальные глаголы и их перевод
Глагол Перевод Примеры
can могу, умею
may могу, имею разрешение
must должен, обязан
have to
be to должен (по плану)
should следует, должен
need нужно, надо
ought to следовало бы, следует
ought to
(+ Perfect
Infinitive)
dare сметь, отважиться
shall должен, обязан
должен, вынужден,
приходится
следовало бы (но не
выполнили)
She can read English.
Она может читать по-английски.
You may take my book.
Ты можешь взять мою книгу.
They must do it right now.
Они должны сделать это прямо
сейчас.
We had to stay at home yesterday.
Нам пришлось остаться дома вчера.
What am I to do?
Что же мне делать?
You should read this book.
Вам следует прочитать эту книгу.
She needn’t do this work.
Ей не нужно выполнять эту работу.
You ought to go to the library.
Вам следует пойти в библиотеку.
You ought to have gone to the library.
Вам следовало бы сходить в библиотеку (но вы этого не сделали).
How dare you say so!
Как вы смеете так говорить!
When I speak, you shall listen.
Когда я говорю, ты обязан слушать.
Упражнение 389. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу
модальными глаголами.
1. You … have gone to the presentation on marketing in the 21st century.
It was excellent! 2. She … have gone home already. — It’s only 3 p.m. 3. It was
foolish to risk so much money on the new dotcom company: we … have lost
everything. 4. There were only two people who could have left this message.
It wasn’t John, so it … have been Manuel. 5. You … have made all those
photocopies. I’d already printed out copies for everyone. 6. I … have taken the
airport bus, but the last one had left so I got a taxi.
Упражнение 390. Перефразируйте предложения, используя мо-
дальные глаголы must, can’t.
Example: I’m sure she has gone on holiday. — She must have gone on
holiday.
-201-
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
1. I’m certain he doesn’t know the secret. He … . 2. I’m certain Mike hasn’t
got a new car. Mike … . 3. I’m sure Susan has paid the phone bill. Susan … .
4. I’m sure they don’t live here. They … . 5. I’m sure they left the party early.
They … . 6. I’m certain he didn’t call me. He … . 7. I’m certain Marie sent you
a birthday card. Marie … . 8. I’m sure she has been keeping secrets from me.
She … . 9. I’m certain she is looking for a new job. She … . 10. I’m sure David
didn’t go to the supermarket. David … . 11. I’m certain he is working at the
library. He … .
Упражнение 391. Дополните предложения модальными глаголами
can / can’t, must / mustn’t, needn’t, have to.
1. Is Jason at work today? — He … can’t … be. His car isn’t in the car park.
2. I can’t do my German homework. It’s too difficult. — I’ll help you. I … speak
German. 3. A: I’m going to watch television. — Alright, but you … stay up too
late. 4. We … book a taxi to take us to the airport. — I’ll do it now. 5. I didn’t
know Rachel was in the choir. — Oh yes. She … sing beautifully. 6. Shall I cook
dinner tonight? — No, you … We’re going to a restaurant. 7. Has Tim bought a
car yet? — He … have. I saw him on the bus yesterday. 8. She … be very rich. —
Yes. She’s got a huge house and an expensive car. 9. I did the washing-up for
you. — Oh, you … have, but it was kind of you. 10. Would you like to come to my
party on Saturday night? — I’d like to, but Mum says I … visit my grandparents.
Упражнение 392. Перефразируйте предложения, используя мо-
дальные глаголы.
Example: You had better ask your teacher to help you with your studies. —
You ought to / should ask your teacher to help you with your studies.
1. Can you hold this bag for me, please? 2. Why don’t we go for a picnic this
weekend? 3. It wasn’t necessary for John to go to work because it was Sunday.
4. We managed to do the puzzle, although it was difficult. 5. You are to report
to the manager as soon as you reach Manchester. 6. You are forbidden to enter
this area. 7. Do you mind if I take this chair? 8. You don’t need to feed the dog.
I’ve already done it. 9. You ought to have locked the doors when you went out.
10. I strongly advise you to take legal action. 11. We are supposed to obey the law.
Упражнение 393. Выберите правильный вариант.
1. Shall I make you a cup of tea?
a) Yes, please. b) No, you won’t.
2. Would you help me please? My car won’t start.
a) I’d be happy to. b) Yes, I would.
-202-
Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
3. Could you open the door for me, please?
a) Yes, I could. b) Of course.
4. Can you do the washing-up for me, please?
a) No, I may not. b) No problem.
5. We could go for a walk this afternoon.
a) That’s a nice idea. b) No, we might not.
6. Could I sit down for a minute, please?
a) Yes, of course. b) No, you couldn’t.
7. Can I get you anything, madam?
a) No, you can’t. b) No, thank you. I’m just looking.
8. Can I go and play football now, please?
a) Not at all. b) Yes, if you like.
9. Shall I pick you up from work this evening?
a) Yes, please. b) No, you won’t.
10. Will you hold this box for me, please?
a) Yes, I may. b) Certainly.
Упражнение 394. Закончите следующие предложения, используя
наиболее подходящие формы глаголов.
1. Jack has got a headache. He … sleep well recently.
a) can’t b) couldn’t have c) hasn’t been able to
2. I … sleep for hours when I was a little girls.
a) could b) am able to c) can
3. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.
a) couldn’t, could b) can, was able c) can, couldn’t
4. I didn’t want to be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 sharp.
a) were to b) had to c) could
5. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.
a) can’t b) have to c) needn’t
6. You … take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.
a) needn’t b) mustn’t c) can’t
7. I’m sorry, you didn’t invite me to your birthday party. You … invite me
next time.
a) must b) should c) need to
8. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.
a) can b) has to c) must
9. You … smoke so much.
a) would b) can’t c) shouldn’t
10. We have got plenty of time. We … hurry.
a) must b) needn’t c) should
-203-
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
Упражнение 395. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Вы должны бросить курить. 2. Вечеринка была замечательная. Вам
следовало прийти. 3. Ты можешь решить эту проблему. 4. Тебе следует навестить своего больного друга. 5. Тебе следовало навестить своего больного
друга, но ты не навестил. 6. Не хотите еще чая? 7. Я вынужден был сделать
это. 8. Я не знаю, почему мы спешили. Нам не нужно было спешить. 9. Я бы
хотел пойти с тобой. 10. Ты можешь делать все, что хочешь. 11. Ольге
нужно уделить больше внимания занятиям по английскому языку. 12. Я не
уверен, но возможно он неправ. 13. Ему разрешили взять машину своего
отца в прошлую пятницу. 14. Я могу считать до 50 на испанском.
Упражнение 396. Исправьте ошибки.
1. Actors may learn a lot of dialogues by heart. 2. Your glass is empty. Must
I refill it? 3. Would I introduce Mr. Brown to you? 4. My sister can to play a few
musical instruments. 5. Some years ago I didn’t can speak English. 6. I would
like to can go abroad more. 7. She must to do it now. 8. You can have not the
cheque now. 9. I must go into the office last weekend. 10. I’m sorry to must tell
you this. 11. I don’t can type. 12. Could you telling me the time?
Упражнение 397. Выберите подходящий вариант из предложенных.
1. (Do you can / Can you) come to the meeting next week? 2. (I can come /
I can to come) to the meeting next week. 3. I won’t (can’t / be able to) come
to the meeting next week. 4. Sorry that I (didn’t could / couldn’t) come to the
meeting last week. 5. Sorry that (I wasn’t able to / I wasn’t able) come to the
meeting last week. 6. (Do you will / Will you) show me how to log on to the
network? 7. What (we can do / can we do)? 8. I hope (to can / to be able to)
fly directly to Dusseldorf. 9. (I must speak / I must to speak) with Mr Reiner
yesterday. 10. (I managed to / I could) speak to Mr Reiner yesterday. 11. The
hotel was OK, but I (managed to / could) hear a lot of noise from the street.
12. I (managed to / could) take a boat trip on Lake Leman when I was in Geneva.
Упражнение 398. Заполните пропуски словами: can, can’t, could,
couldn’t, to be able to.
1. I’m afraid I … help you at the moment. 2. I don’t think I’ll … come to
the meeting. 3. The negotiations broke down because we … agree on the price.
4. I … see you were having problems, so I didn’t interrupt. 5. If you … make a
firm order today, we should … ship by Friday. 6. I find Portuguese very difficult.
I … understand it, but I … speak it. 7. Sorry, I … see you next week, but I
might … make the week after. 8. Will you … go to the training seminar? — No,
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Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
I … , I’m very busy. 9. I’m sorry I … come to your talk yesterday. I had to sort
out a problem. 10. I … ski really well when I was in my twenties, but now I’m
out of practice.
Упражнение 399. Заполните пропуски словами: could или managed to.
1. After a lot of discussion we … strike a deal. 2. He was a brilliant linguist
and … speak over a dozen languages fluently. 3. I thought I was going to miss
the plane but I … get to the airport on time. 4. When I was younger I … run
several kilometers without feeling tired. 5. She … find a good job despite her lack
of formal qualifications. 6. When we lived near the beach we … go swimming
every day. 7. She … have left me a message — how was I supposed to know?
Упражнение 400. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами: had
to, didn’t have to, couldn’t, should have, shouldn’t have.
I … traveled on the 10 am flight, but when I got to the airport they told me
that the flight was overbooked and I … catch a later flight. Then at the check-in
desk they told me that I … take both my bags as hand luggage, so I … let one
of them go in the hold, which was very annoying as I had my diary in it, and it
delayed me by nearly an hour at baggage reclaim at the other end. When I got
on the plane I wanted to use my laptop, but of course I … until after taking off.
The flight attendant told me to turn it off and said that I … known not to use it.
To be honest I’d just forgotten, and he … been so rude. It was quite late when
I finally left Lagos airport, so it was lucky I … traveled with that airline — they
have a lot of problems with overbooking. And my company was paying for the
flight so I … choose the cheapest option.
Упражнение 401. Выберите подходящие варианты из предложенных.
1. Look at those clouds. I think it (can / must / might) rain. 2. That’s
impossible. It (can’t be / mustn’t be / may not be) true. 3. Well done! You (may
be / must be / might be) very pleased. 4. Next Thursday is a possibility. I (might
be / can’t be / must be) free in the afternoon. 5. I’m not sure. I (must not be /
may not be / won’t be able to) get there in time. 6. That (can’t be / mustn’t be /
may not be) David. He’s away at the conference. 7. Lisa isn’t at her office. She
(can be / must be / mustn’t be) on her way here. 8. Lisa hasn’t arrived yet. She
(should be / can be / can’t be) here soon. 9. There’s someone in reception. It
(can be / could be / mustn’t be) the engineer. 10. Sorry, I (can’t / may not /
might not) come to your presentation. I’m busy that afternoon. 11. I’m not
sure where Sue is. She (could be / must be / can be) at lunch. 12. I’ve looked
everywhere for Sue. She (could be / must be / can be) at lunch.
-205-
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
PASSIVE VOICE
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий дей-
ствие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога (Active
Voice).
The children are playing in the garden. — Дети играют в саду.
We went to the cinema yesterday. — Вчера мы ходили в кино.
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, на который направ-
лено действие со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога (Passive Voice).
The book was written by a well-known writer. — Книга была написана
известным писателем.
A new hospital will be built here next year. — В следующем году здесь
будет построена новая больница.
Образование времен страдательного залога
Времена страдательного залога образуются с помощью вспомогатель-
ного глагола to be в соответствующей временной форме и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. Таким
образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется
только вспомогательный глагол to be, а смысловой глагол во всех временах сохраняет одну и ту же форму — Past Participle. Из чего следует, что
время, в котором стоит глагол в страдательном залоге, определяется формой, в которой стоит глагол to be.
Indefinite (Simple) Continuous Perfect
am
is } Ved (V
are
The house is built of
bricks.
Дом построен из кирпича.
Present
Is the house built of
bricks?
The house isn’t built
of bricks.
)
3
am
is } being Ved (V
are
The house is being
built now.
Дом сейчас строится.
Is the house being
built now?
The house isn’t being
built now.
)
3
have
} been Ved (V
has
The house has already
been built.
Дом уже построен.
Has the house been
built yet?
The house hasn’t been
built yet.
-206-
)
3
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
Окончание таблицы
Indefinite (Simple) Continuous Perfect
was
} Ved (V
)
3
were
The house was built
last year.
Дом был построен
в прошлом году.
Past
Was the house built
last year?
The house wasn’t
built last year.
shall
} be Ved (V
3
will
The house will be
built next year.
Дом будет построен
в следующем году.
Future
Will the house be
built next year?
The house won’t be
built next year.
should
} be Ved (V
3
would
He said the house
would be built in
summer.
Он сказал, что дом
Future-in-the Past
построят летом.
was
} being Ved (V
)
3
were
When we came the
house was being built.
Когда мы приехали,
дом строился.
Was the house being
built when you came?
The house wasn’t
being built when we
came.
)
—
)
—
had been Ved (V
The house had been
built by winter.
Дом был построен
к зиме.
Had the house been
built by winter?
The house hadn’t
been built by winter.
shall
}have been Ved (V
will
The house will have
been built by winter.
Дом будет построен
к зиме.
Will the house have
been built by winter?
The house won’t have
been built by winter.
should
} have been Ved (V
would
He said the house
would have been
built by winter.
Он сказал, что дом
построят к зиме.
)
3
)
3
)
3
Как видно из таблицы, в страдательном залоге имеются только два
времени группы Continuous: Present Continuous и Past Continuous; форма
Future Continuous отсутствует. В страдательном залоге также отсутствуют
времена группы Perfect Continuous.
При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Was the house built in 1838?
Has the house been built yet?
-207-
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
При образовании отрицательной формы частица отрицания not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.
The house wasn’t built in 1838.
The house hasn’t been built yet.
Употребление страдательных оборотов
§ 1. Как и в русском языке, страдательный оборот употребляется, когда
в центре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, на который
направлено действие, а не то лицо или предмет, который совершает это
действие.
This film is on at many cinemas of Moscow. — Этот фильм (именно он
является предметом обсуждения) идет во многих кинотеатрах Москвы.
§ 2. Как и в русском языке, страдательные обороты употребляются
в тех случаях, когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или когда
считают ненужным его упомянуть.
Business letters are usually written on special forms. — Деловые письма
обычно пишут на специальных бланках.
Упражнение 402. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The skates haven’t been brought back. 2. At the station he was met by the
man from the travel bureau. 3. I am often invited to the theatre. 4. This book
was translated into French. 5. The work was being done from 4 till 5 yesterday.
6. The truth had been told. 7. A new medicine was prescribed by the doctor.
8. The large shopping centre is being built in our town. 9. We will be invited
to his place, I’m sure. 10. The teacher was interrupted. 11. The telegram was
received yesterday. 12. America was discovered by Columbus. 13. The letters
have been typed by the secretary. 14. Tennis was being played from 4 to 5
yesterday. 15. The dishes are often washed by me. 16. Your luggage will be
brought by the porter. 17. The text was translated at the last lesson. 18. All the
texts were looked through yesterday and not a single mistake had been found.
19. The doctor will be sent for.
Упражнение 403. Найдите в тексте глаголы в страдательном залоге.
The History of Cinema
An American Thomas Edison made the first machine with moving pictures
in 1891. It was called a kinetoscope. Then in 1895 a machine that projected
pictures on to a screen was built by two French brothers, August and Louis
Lumiére. They called their machine a cinematographe. The pictures from this
machine were shown one after the other very quickly.
-208-
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
The Lumiére brothers gave the world’s first film show in 1896, and in
America the world’s first cinema was built in Pittsburgh in 1905.
In the beginning films were made to show news, but by 1902 filmmakers
began to write stories for film and use actors. These films were very popular in
America, and Hollywood became important in the film-making industry. The
first “talkie” (film and sound) was shown in America in 1927. It was called “The
Jazz Singer”.
Упражнение 404. Найдите в тексте глаголы в страдательном залоге.
The History of Cricket
The game cricket developed hundreds of years ago from somebody hitting
an object with a piece of wood. In the sixteenth century it was banned because
it was thought that all games were no good for people. Fortunately, cricket
survived in many villages. In the eighteenth century cricket became more and
more popular and rules were needed. The first rules were made in 1744.
Clubs were created in Kent, Hampshire and other counties. New rules were
written in 1774 and the Lord’s Cricket Ground was opened in 1787. Cricket
became popular in the old British Empire and in 1859 a team was sent abroad for
the first time. At first, matches were only played between England, Australia and
South Africa. Then the group was joined between 1928 and 1947 by The West
Indies, New Zealand, India and Pakistan. It was joined in 1982 by Sri Lanka.
Упражнение 405. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present
Simple Passive.
(USUALLY) 1. The letters (to deliver) every day. 2. They (to give) homework
every day. 3. The book (to sell) at this shop. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson almost
every day. 5. We (to invite) to her birthday party every day. 6. She (to tell)
interesting stories by her granny. 7. He (to remember) often by his friends.
8. I always (to help) by my mother. 9. She always (to forget) by everybody. 10. We
always (to answer) all our questions. 11. He (to send) to the south every year.
12. They always (to correct) by their teacher. 13. Hockey (to play) in winter.
14. She (to show) to the doctor twice a year. 15. I (to give) juice every morning.
Упражнение 406. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past
Simple Passive.
(YESTERDAY) 1. The letters (to deliver) yesterday. 2. They (to give) some
homework at the last lesson. 3. The book (to sell) at this shop last month.
4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. We (to invite) to her birthday party last
Sunday. 6. She (to tell) an interesting story by her granny yesterday. 7. He (to
-209-
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
remember) by his friends yesterday. 8. I (to help) by my mother last month.
9. She (to forget) by everybody yesterday. 10. We (to answer) all our questions
at the meeting. 11. He (to send) to the south last year. 12. They (to correct) by
their teacher yesterday. 13. Hockey (to play) last winter. 14. She (to show) to
the doctor a year ago. 15. I (to give) juice last morning.
Упражнение 407. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future
Simple Passive.
(TOMORROW) 1. The letters (to deliver) next week. 2. They (to give)
homework tomorrow. 3. The book (to sell) at this shop next week. 4. I (to ask) at
the lesson tomorrow. 5. We (to invite) to her birthday party next Sunday. 6. She
(to tell) an interesting story by her granny tonight. 7. He (to remember) by his
friends tomorrow. 8. I (to help) by my mother tomorrow. 9. She (to forget) by
everybody tomorrow again. 10. We (to answer) all our questions at the next
lesson. 11. He (to send) to the south next year. 12. They (to correct) by their
teacher tomorrow. 13. Hockey (to play) next winter. 14. She (to show) to the
doctor next year year. 15. I (to give) juice this morning.
Упражнение 408 . Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.
1. Yesterday our flight (to delay) because of bad weather. 2. This vase (to
make) of crystal. 3. I can’t drive you to work because my car (to service) now.
4. By the time the police arrived all the things (already / to steal). 5. She (to
interview) now. 6. The books for our English course (not / to deliver) yet. 7. A
lot of people (to hurt) in the accident two days ago. 8. We had to take another
road because the bridge (to repair) at that time. 9. Letters (to send) to all our
clients every day. 10. Nothing can (to do) to change the situation. 11. The news
is going (to announce) tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. 12. She (not / to
invite) to the party. 13. Unfortunately, your letter (not / to sign) yet. 14. Nothing
(to do) by the time she arrived. 15. His car (to fix) every day.
Упражнение 409. Раскройте скобки, используя страдательный залог.
1. The telegram (receive) tomorrow. 2. I (give) a very interesting book
last week. 3. He always (laugh at). 4. Nick (invite) to the conference last week.
5. Flowers (sell) in the shops. 6. This text (translate) from 5 p.m. till 7 p.m.
yesterday. 7. Our mother already (give) a present. 8. The letter (send) before
they arrived. 9. His new book (finish) by next year. 10. Many houses (burn)
during the fire. 11. Doctors (give) a new pay rise by the government. 12. Usually
I (pay) my salary twice a month. 13. Switch on the radio. The President’s speech
(broadcast) now. 14. My husband just (offer) an interesting job in this firm.
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