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Файл:Let’s Learn English with Pleasure. English Grammar in Use. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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Условные предложения (Сonditional Sentences). Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
be easier. 4. I’m sure he wouldn’t mind if we (arrive / arrived) early. 5. (We’ll /
We’d) phone you if we have time. 6. If I won the lottery, I (will / would) give
you half the money. 7. It (will / would) be a pity if she married Fred. 8. If I’m
free on Saturday, I (will / would) go to the mountains. 9. She (will / would)
have a nervous breakdown if she goes on like this. 10. I know I’ll feel better if I
(stop / stopped) smoking.
Упражнение 451. Дополните предложения нужной формой глагола.
1. Tom: I woke up to find the room full of smoke; but I knew exactly what
to do. Ann: If I (wake) up to find the room full of smoke I (have) no idea what
to do. 2. Ann: I couldn’t live without Tom. If he (go) off with another girl I (die).
But I have complete confidence in Tom. 3. Husband: But I’m not going on a diet.
Why should I go on a diet? Wife: If you (go) on a diet you (lose) weight. 4. If
someone (say), “I’ll give you £500 to go into court and swear that this statement
is true,” what you (do)? 5. If we (work) all night we (finish) in time; but we have
no intention of working all night. 6. You must never blow out a gaslight. Do you
know what (happen) if you (blow) out a gaslight? 7. A: If I (see) a tiger walking
across Hyde Park I (climb) a tree. B: That (not be) any use. The tiger (climb) after
you. 8. If I (come) across two men fighting with knives I (call) the police. 9. Ann:
All your clothes are years out of date. Why don’t you throw them away? Mary:
Don’t be ridiculous! If I (throw) my clothes away I (have) to ask my husband for
£1,000 to buy new ones. Ann: If you (ask) him for £1,000 what he (say)? Mary:
He (be) too horrified to speak at first. But when he’d recovered from the shock,
he probably (start) talking about a divorce. 10. If someone (ring) my doorbell at
3 a.m. I (be) very unwilling to open the door. 11. If I (see) a python in Piccadilly
I (assume) it had escaped from a circus. 12. Tom: The plane was on fire so we
baled out. Ann: I don’t think I (have) the nerve to do that even if the plane (be)
on fire. 13. We train the children to file out of the classroom quietly, because if a
whole class (rush) at the door someone (get) hurt. 14. A: Why don’t you buy a
season ticket? B: Because I lose everything. If I (buy) a season ticket I (lose) it.
15. Jack: They get £150 a week. Tom: They can’t get £150 a week. If they (do)
they (not be) striking for £120.
Упражнение 452. Дополните предложения нужной формой глагола.
1. I’m sorry you didn’t tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel; if I (know)
I (bring) my dog. He (enjoy) the walk. 2. He says he refused the job, but that
this was nothing to do with the salary. He (refuse) even if they (offer) him twice
as much. 3. The club secretary is useless. He never tells anybody anything. We
(not know) about this meeting if the chairman (not tell) us. 4. When the director
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ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
asked her to play the lead she agreed though she didn’t know anything about
the play. I think that if she (read) the play first she (refuse) the part. 5. The
burglar made quite a lot of noise getting into the house; but fortunately for him
the family were watching a noisy TV play. If they (play) cards they certainly
(hear) him. 6. It rained, which spoiled our picnic; but if it (not rain) it (be) a
great success. 7. Why are you in such a bad temper? Because I’ve been waiting
for 40 minutes in an icy wind. If you (wait) 40 minutes in an icy wind you’d be
bad-tempered, too. 8. You used wet sticks; that’s why the fire took so long to
light. If you (use) dry sticks it (light) long ago. 9. I didn’t recognize him at first
because he was wearing dark glasses; if he (not wear) them I (recognize) him
immediately. 10. You knew that horse was going to win! Don’t be ridiculous! If
I (knew) I (back) him myself. 11. When the weather got bad the climbing party
turned back, all except Tom and his brothers, who decided to go on. If only
they (turn) back with the others they would be alive today. 12. He was not very
happy at school because he was a bookish boy, not at all interested in games.
If he (play) games like the other boys he (have) a much better time. 13. We
had to stand almost all the way. It was all Tom’s fault. If he (book) seats, as I
told him to, we (have) quite a comfortable journey. 14. We were travelling with
false passports. That was the trouble. If our passports (be) all right we (not be)
arrested. 15. They voted by a show of hands and decided in favour of a strike.
But it was by a narrow margin and I think that if they (hold) a secret ballot there
(not be) a strike.
Упражнение 453. Выберите подходящий вариант из предложенных.
1. If (we’re / we would be) late, (they’ll start / they’d start) without us. 2. If we
(will take / take) a taxi, (we’ll arrive / we arrive) sooner. 3. If we (worked / would
work) for ADC, (we’ll get / we’d get) a better salary. 4. When inflation (will go /
goes) up, there (would be / is) usually pressure on salaries. 5. If we (don’t hurry /
won’t hurry), (we would be / we’ll be) late. 6. If you (change / are changing) your
mind, (give me / you will give me) a ring. 7. Unless you (click / would click) on
that icon, (it didn’t / it won’t) print out. 8. If you (ordered / order) on the Net,
we always (will send / send) an email confirmation. 9. If I (lend / will lend) you
this book, when do you (return / will you return) it? 10. If you (heard / hear)
anything in the next few days, (let me / letting me) know. 11. If you (phoned /
had phoned) me yesterday, I (had told / would have told) you. 12. If you (took /
would have taken) more exercise, you (might feel / had felt) better. 13. If Tim
(would have listened / had listened) more carefully, he (wouldn’t have made /
didn’t make) that mistake. 14. If (we’d found / we found) suitable premises, (we’d
have moved / we had moved) earlier. 15. If people (kept / had kept) their offices
more tidy, it (might present / presented) a better image to our visitors. 16. If (I’d
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Условные предложения (Сonditional Sentences). Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
known / I would know) about their financial problems, I (wouldn’t do / wouldn’t
have done) business with them. 17. If our side (had been / was) better prepared,
we (succeeded / could have succeeded) in the negotiations. 18. I (wouldn’t /
won’t) worry if I (am / were) you.
Упражнение 454. Заполните пропуски словами: when, as long as, in
case, unless.
1. I’ll speak to you again … . I’ve looked at the contract in detail. 2. Leave
your return flight open … the negotiations take an extra day. 3. We can start
the new project next week … everyone agrees. 4. We can start the new project
next week … anyone disagrees. 5. The Board will be happy … our share price
remains high. 6. Keep your receipt … you need to return the goods. 7. The new
stock will arrive … the Christmas sales are finished. 8. We’ll probably make a
loss this year … sales improve in the last quarter.
Упражнение 455. Выберите подходящий вариант из предложенных.
1. I wish I (hadn’t drunk / didn’t drink) so many whiskies last night. 2. There’s
so little space in here. I wish I (have / had) a bigger office. 3. I don’t feel well.
I wish I (could stay / will stay) in bed this morning. 4. I hope you (enjoyed /
enjoy) yourselves at the theatre tonight. 5. I’ve been waiting thirty minutes for
the bus. I wish I (took / had taken) a taxi. 6. I must get in touch with Sue. If
only I (know / knew) her number! 7. I’m not a good typist. I wish I (could type /
would type) better. 8. I wish Jim (didn’t interrupt / doesn’t interrupt) so often in
meetings. 9. I have to finish this report by tomorrow. If only I (would have / had)
more time. 10. Enjoy your holiday. I hope you (have / could have) a good time.
11. That presentation was a disaster! I wish I (could do / would do) it all again!
12. I’m disappointed with this camera. I wish I (didn’t buy / hadn’t bought) it.
Упражнение 456. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Если бы мы усовершенствовали качество товаров, мы бы увеличили
объем продаж. 2. Продукция фирмы будет быстро устаревать, если фирма
не будет вкладывать достаточно средств в исследования и разработку.
3. Если бы оплата была проведена к концу того месяца, мы могли бы потребовать компенсацию. 4. Они должны изменить ассортимент товаров, если
они хотят выжить. 5. Будь у него больший опыт, мы бы дали ему эту работу.
6. Мир был бы лучше, если бы им управляли экономисты.
Упражнение 457. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Provided you had enough money to start business you would succeed.
2. If executives had not enjoyed their work, they could have changed it. 3. They
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ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
would have done it provided they had obtained the delivered equipment.
4. They know that unless they meet the needs of consumers, government will
establish new guidelines which will restrict their freedom of enterprise. 5. Were
I asked what are the advantages of partnership I would start with the following.
6. Providing I got your clarifying explanations I should get a clear conception of
this phenomenon. 7. If the administration wants to stimulate economic activity
it will have to lower tax rates. 8. If the economy is running at full capacity and
the administration chooses to cool it down, one way of doing so would be to
increase income tax. 9. In case you were in a strong financial position you could
be considered a desirable partner. 10. If they spent much on the product, they
would have less money to spend on other products.
Упражнение 458. Поставьте глаголы в необходимую по смыслу
форму.
1. If the earth (to get) warmer, the snow will melt. 2. If the ice at the
North and South Poles melts, there (to be) floods in many parts of the world.
3. If you (to hurry) we’ll catch the bus! 4. If you need money, I (to lend) you
some. 5. What … you (to study) when you (to go) to college next year? 6. If it
(to rain), we won’t be able to play football. 7. If you (not have) your soup now,
it will go cold. 8. If I see Mike today, I (to tell) him the news. 9. I (to go) with
you if I have time. 10. If you (to go) away, please let me know. 11. If you drop
an egg, it (to break). 12. If I read too much, I (to get) a headache. 13. If I had
$ 2 million, I (to go) round the world. 14. What would you do if you (to see)
a ghost? 15. I wish John (to be) here now. 16. You were not with us yesterday.
I wish you (to be) here yesterday. 17. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we (to
go) out. 18. If he (to have) so much money, he will be able to choose any car
he likes. 19. If he (to be) here, he could help us. 20. If she finished her work
early she (to go) home.
Упражнение 459. Поставьте глаголы в необходимую по смыслу
форму.
1. If James had had money, he (to travel) a lot. 2. What would you have
done if you (to lose) your key? 3. If Joan wants any information, she (to write)
to you. 4. If Jane could have taped faster, she (to have) her work done. 5. I wish
you (to be) quiet. 6. If I had money, I (to buy) a flat. 7. If the plane is late, I
(not to wait). 8. If it (to snow), we’ll go skiing. 9. If I (to live) in Italy, I’d learn
Italian. 10. If he had looked out of the window, he (to see) what had happened.
11. If you have an early night, you (to feel) better in the morning. 12. If you
didn’t go out so much, you (to save) more money. 13. If you invite them, they
(to come). 14. If you had asked me for the address, I (to give) it to you. 15. If I
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Условные предложения (Сonditional Sentences). Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
bring my camera, I (to take) some pictures. 16. If he had left home, they (to be)
very upset. 17. If you wore your new suit, you (to look) smart. 18. If I (to see)
robbers, I would have phoned the police. 19. I wish I (to meet) Charlie in the
pub last night. 20. If you work hard, you (to pass) the exam.
Упражнение 460. Поставьте глаголы в необходимую по смыслу
форму.
1. What would you do if (not to arrive) in time? 2. If we meet him, we (to
introduce) you. 3. Who would he talk to if he (to have) a very serious problem?
4. What would they do if they (to miss) the last train home? 5. If she lost her
job, she (to start) her own business. 6. If he wanted a quiet holiday, he (to go)
to the mountains. 7. What will you do when you (to leave) school? 8. What …
you (to buy) her if it’s her birthday? 9. What would you do if you (to be) me?
10. If you (to know) Mr. Snowdon, you would like him. 11. If he (to work) in the
evening, he’d have time to see this film. 12. If I had a car, I (to give) you a lift.
13. If I didn’t go to bed late, I (not to be) so tired all day. 14. If I go on a diet, I
(to lose) weight. 15. If Linda (not to hurry), she will be late. 16. If Jane (not to
hurry), she would be late. 17. If I hadn’t missed the bus I (to be) late for work.
18. If Jack (not to break the window, his parents wouldn’t have had to pay for a
new one. 19. If I see him, I (to give) him a lift. 20. The table would break if you
(to stand) on it. 21. If he (to eat) all the cakes, he will be ill.
Упражнение 461. Поставьте глаголы в необходимую по смыслу
форму.
1. If Chris studied more, she (to be) a better student. 2. If the food hadn’t
been awful, we (to eat) it. 3. She would have forgotten the appointment, if
Jack (not to phone) her. 4. If you (to drive) carefully, you will never get into
an accident. 5. We would have reached the airport on time if we (to take) a
taxi. 6. If you can’t afford it, you never (to buy) it. 7. If he (to eat) so much,
he will put on weight. 8. If I (to be) you, I would do everything well. 9. If I (to
see) him, I will give all the information to him. 10. If you make so much noise,
the children (not can) to sleep. 11. If it (to be) sunny tomorrow, we will go for
a picnic. 12. Sarah is so lonely. If she (to join) a club, she would make more
friends. 13. If I found a fly in my soup, I (to complain) to manager of the café.
14. If he hadn’t climbed the ladder, he (not to break) his leg. 15. The plants (not
to grow) if you don’t water them. 16. I would buy that bag if it (to be) cheaper.
17. If Tom (not to put) on his coat, he will catch a cold. 18. If I had found your
telephone number, I (to call) you. 19. The police (to arrest) him if they catch
him. 20. If he (to read) late at night, he will be sleepy in the morning.
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ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
Упражнение 462. Поставьте глаголы в необходимую по смыслу
форму.
1. If he (to need) a pen, he can borrow mine. 2. Your car (to be stolen) if
you leave it unlocked. 3. I’ll get angry if you (to make) many mistakes. 4. If I had
a typewriter, I (to type) my report. 5. If I (to know) your address, I’d write you
a letter. 6. If you worked slowly, you (not to make) so many mistakes. 7. If you
(to arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat. 8. You (to see) my flat
at its best if you had been here last week. 9. I shouldn’t have believed it if I (not
to see) it with my own eyes. 10. She will be furious if she (to hear) it. 11. If you
boil some water, I (to make) tea. 12. If you leave your bag here, it (to be lost).
13. I could tell you the truth if I (to know) it. 14. He might get fat if he (not to
stop) eating so much. 15. I (to be ruined) if I bought everything I liked. 16. If
you had told me that beforehand, I (to find) some money for you. 17. If he had
asked you, you (to accept)? 18. If she (to have) a book, everything would have
been all right. 19. If he (to get) a job, he’ll be able to pay all his debts. 20. If he
worked in the evening, he (not to have) time to play with his children.
Упражнение 463. Поставьте глаголы в необходимую по смыслу
форму.
1. You’ll be late for the bus if you (not to leave) at once. 2. If you come late,
they (not to let) you in. 3. Unless he (to sell) more goods he won’t get much
money. 4. He could get that job easily if he (to have) a degree. 5. If she (to do)
her hair, she might look nice. 6. I (to keep) a car if I could afford it. 7. If you
(to speak) slowly, he might have understood you. 8. I (to take) a taxi if I had
realized that it was too late. 9. If I (to be ready) when he called, he would have
taken me with him. 10. If the shop isn’t closed, I (to buy) some milk for supper.
11. We (to visit) this museum if we had time. 12. If they have a garden, they (to
grow) vegetables. 13. If I (to speak) Spanish, they would offer me this job. 14. If
I live in the country, I (to have) a dog. 15. If I (to have) a lot of money, I would
travel a lot. 16. I’d go on and see him more often if he (to live) nearer. 17. I (to
give) my help if I thought it’d be any use. 18. If I (to know) about the party, I
would have baked a cake. 19. If I (to try) again, I think that I have succeeded.
20. If I were you, I (not to buy) such expensive things.
Упражнение 464. Дополните предложения, открывая скобки.
1. I didn’t learn to play any instrument when I was at school. I wish I (learn)
to play the guitar. 2. I’m over six feet. I wish I (grow) so tall. 3. He is such a
bad driver. I wish he (be) given a driving licence. 4. I can’t cook. I wish I (can)
prepare a family dinner for twelve people. 5. We get invited to parties all the
time. We wish we (be) so popular. 6. I decided to study law. I wish I (become)
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Условные предложения (Сonditional Sentences). Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
a solicitor. 7. This car is fantastic. I wish I (have) a similar one. 8. This walkman
was very cheap and it broke down at once. I wish I (buy) it.
Упражнение 465. Перефразируйте предложения по образцу,
используя структуру I wish.
Example: I’m sorry I haven’t got a washing machine. — I wish I had a
washing machine.
1. I’m sorry I don’t live near my work. 2. I’m sorry our garden doesn’t get
any sun. 3. I’m sorry I called him a liar. 4. I’m sorry I don’t know Finnish. 5. I’m
sorry I didn’t book a seat. 6. I’m sorry I haven’t got a car. 7. I’m sorry I can’t
drive. 8. I’d like Tom to drive more slowly (but I haven’t any great hopes of this).
9. I’d like you to keep quiet. (You’re making so much noise that I can’t think.)
10. I’m sorry that theatre tickets cost so much. 11. It’s a pity that shops here shut
on Saturday afternoon. 12. It’s a pity he didn’t work harder during the term.
13. It’s a pity you are going tonight. 14. It’s a pity I haven’t got a work permit.
15. I would like it to stop raining (but I’m not very hopeful). 16. I’d like you to
wait for me (even though you are ready to start now). 17. I’m sorry I didn’t bring
a map. 18. I’m sorry I left my last job. 19. I’m sorry I didn’t stay in my last job.
20. I’d like him to cut his hair (but I don’t suppose he will). 21. I’d like him to
stop smoking in bed (but I haven’t any great hopes). 22. I’m sorry he goes to bed
so late. 23. I’m sorry I didn’t know you were coming. 24. I’m sorry you told Jack.
25. I’m sorry I didn’t ask the fishmonger to open these oysters. 26. I’m sorry you
aren’t coming with us. 27. I’m sorry you aren’t going to a job where you could
use your English. 28. It’s a pity you didn’t ask him how to get there.
Упражнение 466. Дополните предложения нужным вспомогатель-
ным глаголом.
1. I don’t know many people, but I wish I … did … .
2. He can’t drive, but he wishes he … .
3. We didn’t move house, but we wish we … .
4. I’m not very wealthy, but I wish I … .
5. She probably won’t help me, but I wish she … .
6. He hasn’t got any pets, but he wishes he … .
7. They don’t go out very often, but they wish they … .
8. He won’t listen to my advice, but I wish he … .
Упражнение 467. Откройте скобки, используя глаголы в нужной
форме.
1. A: I wish Paul … would tell … (tell) me what is wrong with him.
B: Yes. He seems very upset, doesn’t he?
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ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
2. A: I wish I … (not / shout) at the children like that.
B: Why? They were being very naughty.
3. A: I wish you … (tidy) your room more often.
B: Sorry. I’ll try to.
4. A: I wish I … (practise) harder before the concert.
B: I thought you performed very well.
5. A: If only Stuart … (call) me.
B: Don’t worry. I’m sure he’ll phone soon.
6. A: I wish I … (be) back at school again.
B: Those were great days, weren’t they?
7. A: I wish Mark … (stop) playing his music so loudly.
B: Why don’t you ask him to turn it down?
8. A: If only I … (buy) those shoes we saw today.
B: Why not go back and buy them tomorrow?
9. A: I wish you … (try) harder with your Maths homework.
B: Sorry. I find it very difficult.
10. A: If only we … (go) to France last summer.
B: We could go this year if you like.
11. A: I wish I … ( can afford) some new CDs.
B: Would you like to borrow some of mine?
12. A: If only it … (stop) raining.
B: Yes. Then we could go for a walk.
13. A: Are you going to Joanne’s party on Saturday?
B: No. I wish I … (go), because I’m sure it will be fun.
14. A: I wish you … (help) with the housework more often.
B: What would you like me to do?
15. A: I’m bored. I wish I … (arrange) to go out this evening.
B: I’m going to the cinema. Why don’t you come, too?
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
NONFINITE FORMS OF THE VERBS.
ИНФИНИТИВ THE INFINITIVE
§ 1. Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) представляет собой
неличную глагольную форму, которая только называет действие, не указывая на ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы что делать?
что сделать?: to play играть, to jump прыгать, to wash мыть, помыть.
Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая
не имеет самостоятельного значения, однако часто опускается перед инфинитивом.
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Неличные формы глагола (Non-nite Forms of the Verbs). Инфинитив (The Innitive)
§ 2. Инфинитив имеет формы времени и залога.
Active Passive
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
to ask
to be asking
to have asked
to have been asking
to be asked
—
to have been asked
—
Когда действие, выраженное инфинитивом, совершается лицом или
предметом, к которому оно относится, употребляется инфинитив в форме
Active:
She wants to help you. — Она хочет помочь вам.
They don’t like to play football. — Они не любят играть в футбол.
Когда действие, выраженное инфинитивом, совершается над лицом
или предметом, к которому оно относится, употребляется инфинитив
в форме Passive:
He wants to be invited to the conference. — Он хочет, чтобы его пригла-
сили на конференцию.
I want to be informed about it. — Я хочу, чтобы меня информировали
об этом.
§ 3. Инфинитив в форме Indefinite (как Active, так и Passive) употребляется, когда действие, которое он выражает:
1. Одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме:
I am glad to see you. — Я рад вас видеть.
2. Относится к будущему времени. Инфинитив в этих случаях употребляется после глаголов may, must, should, ought и после глаголов to expect
ожидать, to intend намереваться, to hope надеяться, to want хотеть
и некоторых других:
We hope to see you at the conference. — Мы надеемся увидеть вас
на конференции.
3. Безотносительно ко времени его совершения:
To skate is pleasant. — Кататься на коньках приятно.
Инфинитив в форме Perfect (как Active, так и Passive) употребляется:
1. Для обозначения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме:
This writer is said to have written a new novel. — Говорят, что этот писа-
тель написал новый роман.
2. После модальных глаголов must и may для выражения предположения, что действие уже совершилось:
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ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
He must have come back. — Он, должно быть уже вернулся.
She may have gone to London. — Она, возможно, уехала в Лондон.
3. После модальных глаголов should, would, could, might, ought и was
(were) выражает сожаление или упрек по поводу действия, которое
должно было или могло совершиться, но в действительности не соверши-
лось. Переводится на русский язык глаголом в сослагательном наклонении
со словами «следовало бы» и т.п.
You might have asked me about it. — Вы могли бы спросить меня
об этом (но не спросили — упрек).
Инфинитив в форме Continuous выражает действие в его развитии,
происходящее одновременно с действием, обозначенным глаголом в личной форме:
I knew him to be writing an article. — Я знал, что он пишет статью.
Инфинитив в форме Perfect Continuous выражает действие, совершав-
шееся в течение некоторого периода, предшествовавшего действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме:
I know him to have been writing this article for 2 hours. — Я знаю, что
он писал эту статью в течение 2 часов.
§ 4. Инфинитиву обычно предшествует частица to: to speak разговаривать, to buy покупать, to read читать.
Если в предложении стоят рядом два инфинитива, соединенные сою-
зом and или or, то частица to перед вторым из них обычно опускается:
I intend to call on him and discuss this question. — Я намерен зайти
к нему и обсудить этот вопрос.
I asked him to telephone me on Monday or send an email. — Я попросил
его позвонить мне в понедельник по телефону или отправить электронное письмо.
Частица to иногда употребляется в конце предложения без глагола,
когда этот глагол ранее упомянут в предложении. В этом случае на нее
падает ударение. Такое употребление частицы часто встречается после
глаголов to want хотеть, to wish желать, to mean иметь в виду, to try
пытаться, стараться, to allow разрешать, to be going собираться, ought
следует, to have в значении «долженствовать», should (would) like хотел
бы и др.:
Не wants me to go there tonight but I don’t want to (подразумевается:
go). — Он хочет, чтобы я пошел туда сегодня вечером, но я не хочу.
I was asked to take part in the trip, but I am not going to (подразумевается:
take part). — Меня просили принять участие в поездке, но я не собираюсь.
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