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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5217_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Salmonella enterica
Streptococcus agalactiae
Bacillus subtilis
[127, 130, 131]
Linalool
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Salmonella enterica
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli
[127, 132,
133]
Myrcene
Salmonella enterica
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
[127]
Chapter 12 Medicinal and aromatic plants with antibacterial properties 433
Table 12.2 (continued)
Terpenoids Structure Target microorganism References
Nerol
12.6.3 Alkaloids from MAPs as antibacterial agents
The structurally diverse class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds known as alkaloids includes over 20,000 distinct compounds with a basic nitrogen atom that can
exist as a primary amine (RNH
), secondary amine (R2NH), or tertiary amine (R3N)
2
[134]. Alkaloids can be categorized into two primary types based on their natural origin or chemical makeup. Alkaloids are classed as either heterocyclic or typical (also
called true alkaloids) with nitrogen in the heterocycle or non-heterocyclic or atypical
(also called protoalkaloids or biological amines) with nitrogen in the side chain. Because of its structural complexity, the second group can be further divided into 14
subgroups based on the ring structure, as shown in
Figure 12.5 [135].
This natural group of compounds exhibits a variety of pharmacological actions
[136–138]. Articles on the antibacterial properties of alkaloids produced from plants
have become regular these days. They may be useful in treating resistant microbial
strains and may be able to inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi
in a variety of ways [139]. As efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), the majority of alkaloids
exhibit antibacterial properties. For example, the bacterial and fungal efflux pumps
can be competitively inhibited by quinolines, isoquinolines, monoterpene indoles, steroidal alkaloids, and protoberberines [140]. When coupled with ciprofloxacin, piperine, an alkaloid of the piperidine class, exhibits potent antibacterial activity against a
range of bacterial strains and functions as an EPI in
S. aureus [141, 142].
By blocking the synthesis and repair of nucleic acids, some alkaloids, such as berberine (an isoquinoline alkaloid), which is a potent DNA intercalator that accumulates
Figure 12.5: The 14 subgroups of alkaloids based on the ring structure.
434 Alema Dedić et al.
under the influence of cell membrane potential, have antibacterial properties [143].
Additionally, by inhibiting the MexXY-OprM efflux pump system, berberine and the
antibiotic carbapenem work together to resensitize imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa
[144, 145]. The isoquinoline alkaloid chelerythrine exhibits strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, extended-spectrum β-lactamase S. aureus (ESBLs-SA), and MRSA
by preventing cellular division and nucleic acid synthesis [146].
Certain alkaloids have an antibacterial effect via changing the permeability of the
membrane. 8-hydroxyquinoline, for example, has antimicrobial properties against
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Its
high lipophilicity allows it to penetrate bacterial cell membranes and reach its target
site of action [147, 148].
A number of alkaloids have antibacterial qualities via preventing enzyme activity.
By inhibiting the enzymatic activities of human DNA polymerases α and β as well as
reverse transcriptases from HIV strains 1–2, michellamine B, a substance derived
from the tropical plant
Ancistrocladus korupensis, has shown anti-HIV action [149].
The benzophenanthridine alkaloid sanguinarine has antibacterial qualities by stop-
Escherichia coli
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Micrococcus luteus
Prevotella intermedia
Bacillus subtilis
Eberthella typhosa
MRSA
[142, 143,
150–152]
Reserpine
Staphylococcus aureus
Citrobacter freundii
Enterococcus faecalis
Escherichia coli Salmonella
typhimurium
[153, 154]
Piperine
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella sp.
Proteus vulgaris
Bacillus subtilis
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
[142, 143,
155]
Chelerythrine
Staphylococcus aureus
Spectrum β-lactamase
S. aureus (ESBLs-SA)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Escherichia coli
Aeromonas hydrophila
MRSA
[156–158]
Roemerine
Bacillus subtilis
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
[159–161]
Chapter 12 Medicinal and aromatic plants with antibacterial properties 435
ping the growth of microbes. It may disrupt Z-ring formation and stop cytokinesis in
both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by blocking FtsZ binding [150]. By
changing how FtsZ protofilaments bind, sanguinarine may also have a bacteriostatic
effect [151]. Some significant alkaloids that prevent the growth of the different bacterial strains described in the publications are shown in Table 12.3.
Table 12.3: Summary of the antibacterial activity of some plant-derived alkaloids.
Alkaloids Structure Target microorganism References
Berberine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis [162, 163]
Sanguinarine
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Streptococcus pyogenes
MRSA
[148, 149]
436 Alema Dedić et al.
Table 12.3 (continued)
Alkaloids Structure Target microorganism References
Evodiamine
12.7 Some medicinal and aromatic plants with
antibacterial activity
12.7.1 Prunus spinosa L.
Prunus spinosa L. is a plant of the Rosaceae family, also referred to as blackthorn or
sloe, which grows as a shrub on the slopes of wild, uncultivated terrain. Phenolics,
alkaloids, terpenes, and sterols are among the powerful natural bioactive compounds
found in this traditional medicinal plant, which has been used to handle a variety of
illnesses. Blackthorn extracts have been found to contain the following polyphenolic
compounds: kaempferol, quercetin, phenolic acids (caffeine and neochlorogenic derivatives), coumarin derivatives (umbelliferone, scopoletin, and esculetin), and anthocyanins, which are thought to be among the most potent natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents [164–166]. Fruits and leaves of blackthorn collected in Bosnia and
Herzegovina are presented in Figure 12.6.
Because of their diuretic, spasmolytic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, all
organ parts of blackthorn have therapeutic uses and are utilized for treating a wide
range of disorders [167]. The fruit, for example, is used to manufacture tea, juice, and
distillates utilized in the food industry, as well as several kinds of traditional jams and
drinks [166]. Although polyphenolic compounds found in fruit extracts can significantly
lessen the negative effects of free radicals and encourage the growth of pathogens in
the body, extracts from blackthorn flowers are suggested for the treatment of urinary
tract disorders, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases [168].
In their study, Dedić et al. [165] documented the antibacterial property of ethanol extracts of blackthorn flowers, leaves, and fruits was tested against Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Enterococcus faecalis, and antifungal property against Candida albicans. All investigated ex-
Figure 12.6: Fruits and leaves of Prunus spinosa L. from Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Chapter 12 Medicinal and aromatic plants with antibacterial properties 437
tracts displayed effective antibacterial activity against those bacterial strains. These findings are in accordance with the study by Veličković et al. [168]. Extracts from P. spinosa
may be utilized as additional sources of functional additives and may be a promising
natural antibacterial agent that may be used to combat microbial resistance.
12.7.2 Clinopodium nepeta (L). Kuntze
Approximately 135 blooming species belong to the genus Clinopodium nepeta L. Kuntze,
which is a part of the Lamiaceae family and is widely distributed over the Mediterra
nean, southern and southeastern Europe, Latin and North America, and even western
Asia. This plant is also called Calamintha, Satureja, and Thymus. Calamintha nepeta (L.)
Savi subsp. nepeta is the most frequently used synonym [169]. This genus is frequently
abundant in essential oils and phenolic compounds, as well as consisting of flavonoids,
alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, sterols, tannins, and glycosides. Due to possessing all
these compounds, this aromatic and medicinal plant demonstrates numerous biological
activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral [170–172]. In tea form, it has long been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders and
reduce gas and cramps [173, 174]. While the EOs are used as a spice in Italian homes,
they are also utilized as external compresses to treat hip pain [173, 175] and to reduce
headaches, sleeplessness, and respiratory ailments [173, 176].
The study by [218] used GC and GC-MS to analyze an oil of C. nepeta (L.) Savi ssp.
glandulosa made by hydrodistillation, where 36 components (98.4%) were identified.
-
Figure 12.7: Clinopodium nepeta L. Kuntze from
Mostar, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.
438 Alema Dedić et al.
Pulegone (37.5%), menthone (17.6%), piperitenone (15.0%), and piperitone (10.2%)
were the EO’s primary ingredients. The EOs antibacterial properties were examined
against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteritidis, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus au-
reus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was discovered that the microbes were vulnerable to the oil [177].
Figure 12.7 presents the aromatic plant C. nepeta L. Kuntze collected in the subMediterranean area in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Boškailo et al. [48, 169] reported that C. nepeta EOs collected in four areas in Bosnia
and Herzegovina contained 42 compounds, including piperitenone oxide (60.2%), piperitenone (48.8%), and pulegone (44.8%) as the major compounds, followed by pmenthone, limonene, cis-piperitone oxide, and dihydrocarvyl acetate. These compounds could be a good source of antibacterial agents.
12.7.3 Lavandula officinalis
Lavender is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which
is valued mostly for its pleasing aroma. Lavandula L., which comprises 41 species of
flowering plants, has been used for a variety of uses since the times of ancient Greece
Chapter 12 Medicinal and aromatic plants with antibacterial properties 439
and Rome. The flower and essential oil of lavender are used mostly in the toiletry and
fragrance industries, aromatherapy, and folk medicine to treat a range of gastrointestinal and rheumatic disorders, depression, anxiety, and headaches [178, 179]. Lavender oil, derived from a number of plant species, is one of the most popular essential
oils. The four primary species of lavender are Lavandula latifolia, Lavandula angusti-
folia, Lavandula stoechas, and Lavandula × intermedia, which is a sterile hybrid of
L. latifolia and L. angustifolia [180]. L. angustifolia, commonly referred to as true lav-
ender or commercial lavender, is the species that is most frequently grown among
them. Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids represent the majority of EO, with linalool and linalyl acetate being the most prevalent. Although other less common essential oil constituents (such as terpinen-4-ol, camphor, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, lavandulyl
acetate, and lavandol) have also been assessed and demonstrated synergistic effects
alongside the main chemicals, the majority of studies have concentrated on the two
primary constituents of most lavender EOs (linalyl acetate and linalool) [181–184]. The
chemical composition of EO is extremely complicated and can vary greatly based on a
number of variables, including the plant’s morphological traits, processing methods,
environmental circumstances, and cultivation area [185]. Furthermore, how EOs exhibit their biological function is influenced by their chemical composition [186].
Against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, lavender oil demonstrated potent antibacterial activity [187, 188]. Linalyl acetate and linalool have been
found to be strong antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli
and E. cloacae [189, 190]. L. angustifolia Mill. and L. latifolia Vill., two lavender species
grown in gardens in Sarajevo, were examined by Dudžević-Čančar and colleagues for
their ability to fend off the fungus C. albicans and the bacterial strain M. luteus. According to the findings, the evaluated EOs exhibited potent antibacterial activity
against M. luteus strains [179].
Lavender is now thriving and cultivated in botanical gardens and in private home
gardens throughout Europe as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Figure 12.8.).
The Lis-Balchin study presents that EO inhibits the growth of S. enterica,
A. hydrophila, and C. freundii strains in disk diffusion tests, while the Danh et al.
[194] study showed antibacterial property against P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis [192,
193]. The type of bacterium as well as the amount of active ingredients determines
the antibacterial activity of plant EOs. Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant
due to the hydrophilic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in their membrane, which function
as a barrier against hydrophobic and macromolecules [193, 194].
12.7.4 Helichrysum italicum
The perennial subshrub Helichrysum italicum, belonging to the genus Helichrysum
and the family Asteraceae, has yellow flowers and grows in Mediterranean regions’
alkaline, dry, sandy, and poor soil. Its choleretic, diuretic, and expectorant qualities
Figure 12.8: Lavandula angustifolia from Sarajevo Garden, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
440 Alema Dedić et al.
have long been recognized in folk medicine [195, 196]. The unique EO composition
and aroma of the Helichrysum species have attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, and fragrance industries, which prompted new research on the topic. The
commercial exploitation of wild H. italicum populations increased significantly in the
Eastern European Mediterranean countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.
Numerous pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiatherosclerotic, antiproliferative, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, are present in EOs and extracts from this plant species [197–199].
Its blossoms and leaves are the parts most often used in Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Figure 12.9), Spain, Portugal, and Italy to cure conditions like allergies, colds, coughs,
issues of the liver, gallbladder, and skin, as well as inflammation, infections, and insomnia. A variety of scientific investigations have been carried out in recent decades
to confirm some of the traditional uses and to identify additional possible uses for its
extracts and isolated components. Also, it has been described as an antibacterial and
anti-inflammatory agent in vitro. Its terpenoids, acetophenones, and phloroglucinols
showed antifungal efficacy against C. albicans; flavonoids and phloroglucinols suppressed HIV and HSV, respectively; and its terpenes and flavonoids were efficient
against bacteria such as S. aureus [197, 200–202].
Figure 12.9: Helichrysum italicum from Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Chapter 12 Medicinal and aromatic plants with antibacterial properties 441
Zheljazkov et al. [204] reported that H. italicum EO included 79 components, while
H. arenarium EO contained 75 components. α-pinene (34.64–44.35%) and sabinene
(10.63–11.1%) were the primary constituents of H. arenarium EO, confirming the population being studied as a novel chemical type. Originating in France, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Corsica, the main constituents of H. italicum’s EO were neryl acetate
(4.04–14.87%) and β-himachalene (9.9–10.99%). Nonetheless, there were some differences in the EO profiles of H. italicum imported from the three aforementioned nations. H. italicum transplanted from France was dominated by neryl acetate, italicene,
and α-guaiene (14.87%), D-limonene (5.23%), but plants brought from Bosnia and Herzegovina were dominated by α-pinene (13.74%), δ-cadinene (5.51%), β-caryophyllene
(3.65%), α-cadinene (3.3%), and α-calacorene (1.63%). EOs from all three countries
show antibacterial properties against the following bacterial strains: E. faecalis,
S. aureus subs. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumonia, Y. enterocolitica, S. enterica subsp.
enterica, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis [203].
H. italicum extracts also show antibacterial properties against a variety of bacte-
rial strains. Ethanol extracts from H. italicum, H. armenium, Gravolens, and plicatum
have been shown in recent research to be effective against S. aureus [204]. A few scientists [206–208] noted that gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to dichloromethane
Figure 12.10: Different Mentha species from Isparta, Türkiye.
442 Alema Dedić et al.
extract from H. stoechas and H. aureonitens. In the recent study on the antibacterial
properties of plant extracts, Nostro et al. [209] demonstrated that H. italicum diethyl
ether extract exhibited the best antibacterial activity against S. aureus [195, 208].
12.7.5 Mentha piperita
The genus Mentha (often called mint), belonging to the family Lamiaceae, includes a
diverse group of 31 species and hybrids that differ widely in their biological characteristics. Mint is a perennial, potently fragrant medicinal herb that grows both wild and
under cultivation in many countries across Europe and Asia. It is frequently used as a
spice, an aroma component, in cosmetics, in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as
in the form of tea, and hot or cold beverages. Because of its antioxidant potential, low
toxicity, and high efficacy, the Mentha species has several health-promoting qualities,
including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective benefits
[209–211]. The plant is aromatic and a stimulant and is used actually as a rub or liniment and internally as a tea, tincture, oil, or extract for allaying nausea, headaches,
and vomiting. Mint oils are known to contain numerous monoterpenoids, with pulegone,
D-limonene, piperitone, 1,8-cineole, piperitone oxide, menthone, piperitenone,
menthol, β-caryophyllene, and carvone as predominating compounds. Due to this, it is
among the most often used EOs in alcoholic liquors, mouthwash, cosmetics, medicines, food goods, and dental preparations. Nonetheless, chemogeographical diversity
in the EO composition of the Mentha species has been noted, as well as some differences in the constituents of this oil from other nations [212, 213]. Figure 12.10 presents
Mentha species from Türkiye.
According to the chemical composition results of the study by Džudžević-Čančar et al.
[180, 212], linalool (35.40%) is the main component, followed by linalyl acetate
(28.60%), 1,8-cineole (6.00%), and geranyl acetate (2.60%), which is known as the linal-