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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5322_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
338 Textbook of Pharmacognosy
Spermicidal – A substance which kills the sperm.
Stabiliser – An agent which helps to make the condition stable.
Stimulant – A substance that excites to speed up the functions
of an organ or a process in the body.
Stomachic – An agent that stimulates the activity of stomach.
Strangury – A condition where very little urine is passed
caused by a disorder of the bladder or a stone in
the urethra.
Styptic – An agent which stops bleeding.
Suppository – A soluble material (as glycerine jelly) containing
the drug, placed in the rectum or in the vagina
which gets dissolved by the body fluids (acts as a
lubricant or to treat the disorders like vaginitis).
Suppuration – Formation and discharge of pus.
Syphilis – A sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by
Treponema pallidum, a spirochaete.
Tachycardia – A rapid beating of the heart or increase in the heart
beat.
Thrombosis – Blocking of an artery or a vein by a mass of
coagulated or clotted blood.
Tuberculosis (TB) – An infectious disease caused by the tuberculosis
bacillus where infected lumps are formed in the
tissues.
Tympanitis (Otitis) – An infection of the middle ear.
Urethritis – An inflammation of the urethra.
Uvula – A piece of soft tissue which hangs down from the
back of the soft palate.
Vermifuge – A substance that expels the intestinal worms.
Vertigo – Dizziness or giddiness where the patient feels that
everything is rushing round him, because of a
malfunction of the sense of balance.
Virus-static – An agent which stops the multiplication of the
virus.
Whitlow/Felon – An inflammation due to infection near the nail in
the fleshy part of the finger.
Whooping cough/ – An infectious disease sometimes serious, caused
Pertussis by Bordetella pertussis which affects the bronchial
tubes, common in children.
Xerophthalmia – A condition where the cornea and the conjunctiva
of the eye become dry, due to lack of vitamin A.
Pharmacological Terms
Used for Drugs Acting on
Various Body Systems
1. Drugs that act on Mouth and Salivary Glands
a. Sialagogues/sialics: These drugs increase the secretion of saliva, and
they act either directly upon the salivary glands or their secreting
nerves or they may act reflexly. These may be directly acting
sialogogues (e.g. pilocarpine and physostigmine) or reflexly acting
sialogogues (e.g. alcohol, acids, bitters and aromatics), or they may
act through sensory nerve endings in the mouth or through the
stomach (e.g. ipecacuanha and antimony).
b. Antisialics: These drugs diminish the secretion of saliva, by
paralysing the secretory nerve endings (e.g. atropine) or acting by
decreasing the irritation of the buccal mucous membrane (e.g.
demulcents—these substances have the property of protecting the
mucous membrane when they are irritated or inflamed (e.g.
syrups, honey, mucilages and linseed tea).
2. Drugs that act on Stomach and Intestines
a. Stomachics: These are the drugs which increase the flow of
the gastric juice. The alcohols and the bitters stimulate the
gustatory nerves in the tongue and reflexly increase the gastric
juice and thus increase the appetite (gentian, calamba, mustard and
ginger).
b. Gastric stimulants: These are the drugs which produce a slight irrita-
tion of the gastric mucosa which increases the vascularity of the
stomach. Most of these act as emetics if they are given in larger doses.
c. Gastric sedatives: These drugs reduce the gastric pain and control
vomiting (e.g. ice and bismuth act locally while morphine acts
centrally).
d. Gastric tonics: These drugs act by increasing the acidity of the
chime, and stimulate the movement of the stomach (e.g. dilute
hydrochloric acid and dilute nitric acid).
e. Neuromuscular gastric stimulants: These drugs increase the tone of
the gastric muscles and stimulate the movement of the stomach.
339
340 Textbook of Pharmacognosy
f. Carminatives: These drugs assist in the expulsion of the gases from
the stomach and the intestines (e.g. turpentine, aromatic spirit of
ammonia and cardamom).
g. Emetics: These agents produce vomiting, and some of them act
locally by irritating the sensory nerve endings while others
produce emesis directly stimulating the vomiting centre (e.g. the
saturated common salt can act as a local emetic while apomorphine
acts centrally).
h. Antiemetics: These agents prevent vomiting. Some of these drugs
act locally by reducing the irritation of the sensory nerve endings
(e.g. demulcents—act centrally on the chemorecepotor trigger zone
(CTZ) or on the vomiting centre (e.g. domperidone).
i. Antacids: These drugs correct the excessive acidity of the ingesta
(e.g. alkalies like lime water).
j. Gastric antiseptics: These drugs are used commonly in ruminants to
control the excessive fermentation in the rumen. These are also
called antizymotics (e.g. oil of turpentine).
k. Purgatives/cathartics: These drugs cause the evacuation of the
intestinal contents.
l. Intestinal astringents: These are the agents which limit the action of
the bowel and also correct the excessive fluidity of the intestinal
contents. Some of these act as vascular astringents—by contracting
the intestinal blood vessels and lessening the amount of fluid
excreted (e.g. lead salts), while the others lessen the peristaltic
movement of the intestine (e.g. opium). Some of the drugs because
of their antacid nature check the excessive action of the intestine by
eliminating the acidity. Some others, because of the insolubility,
form a coating over the intestinal mucous membrane and protect it
from further irritation. Certain drugs, because of their tannic acid
content coagulate the protein, which forms a protective covering
over the intestinal mucosa.
m. Intestinal antiseptics: These agents help in diminishing the activity
of the bacteria in the intestine. Sometimes, these are prescribed in
diarrhoea and allied conditions which are believed to be due to the
presence of the bacterial pathogens (e.g. carbolic acid and oil of
turpentine, etc.)
n. Cholagogues: These agents help in increasing the expulsion of bile
juice, and the bile juice itself acts as a direct cholagogue (e.g. ox
bile). Some of the purgatives reduce the absorption of bile by
increasing the intestinal action, and reflexly stimulate the
contraction of the gallbladder and bile duct (these are called
indirect cholagogues). These are frequently prescribed in the
disorders of bile.
Pharmacological Terms Used for Drugs Acting on Various Body Systems 341
3. Drugs that act on Urinogenital Tract
a. Diuretics: These drugs increase the flow of urine. For example,
potassium nitrate increases the fluidity of the blood by raising the
osmotic tension of the plasma attracting water from the tissue fluid.
Such increased blood volume and the excess fluid filtered by the
glomeruli and reabsorption from the tubule is prevented by the
presence of saline. Some volatile oils (e.g. oil of turpentine) produce
diuresis by causing the dilation of the renal vessels. Some others
(like digitalis) increase the blood flow through the kidneys by their
action on the heart.
b. Vesicle sedatives: These drugs relieve the irritability of the bladder,
and these are represented by alkalies like sodium bicarbonate.
c. Lithotropic drugs: These are the agents which prevent the deposition
of the solids from the urine or promote their removal.
d. Urinary antiseptics: These are the agents that prevent the multi-
plication of the organisms in urine, mucosa of the bladder and the
urinary passages (e.g. benzoic acid).
e. Aphrodisiacs: These drugs increase the sexual desire by increasing
the general body vigour such as strychnine and yohimbine which
exert their action by causing a vascular congestion of the genital
organs.
f. Anaphrodisiacs: These drugs diminish the sexual desire (e.g. general
sedatives like potassium bromide).
g. Galactogogues: These agents are believed to increase the secretion of
milk.
h. Antigalactogogues: Some drugs paralyse the termination of all
nerves of the secretory glands which may also produce an action
on the mammary glands which may fail to produce the milk (e.g.
belladonna).
4. Drugs that act on Cardiovascular System
a. Vasoconstrictors: These are the agents that cause constriction of the
walls of the blood vessels and thus diminish their efficiency. The
arterioles are specially affected by these drugs (e.g. adrenalin).
b. Vasodilators: These are the agents which cause dilation of the
peripheral arterioles by relaxation of the unstriped muscle in them
(e.g. amyl nitrate).
c. Cardiac stimulants: These are the agents that cause a more forcible
heart beat which might be due to a direct action on the heart muscle
or sometimes indirectly by raising the blood pressure (e.g. caffeine
and digitalis).
d. Cardiac depressants: These drugs diminish the force of cardiac
contraction and thus lessen the frequency of the heart beat (e.g.
quinine).
342 Textbook of Pharmacognosy
e. Haematinics: These are the drugs that improve the quality of the
blood by increasing the number of RBCs (red blood corpuscles) as
well as the amount of Hb (haemoglobin) in the blood (e.g. the iron
salts).
5. Drugs that act on Respiratory System
a. Expectorants: These drugs cause an increase of bronchial secretion
and render the secretions fluidier and thus facilitate its expulsion
(e.g. potassium iodide and antimony salts).
b. Analeptics/respiratory stimulants: These are the agents that increase
the irritation of the respiratory centre and thus increase the rate and
depth of the respiration (e.g. doxapram).
c. Respiratory sedatives: These drugs lessen the irritability of the
respiratory centre (e.g. morphine).
d. Bronchial relaxants: These are the drugs that are used to bring about
the relaxation of the bronchial musculature to relieve bronchial
asthma (e.g. adrenaline).
6. Drugs that act on CNS (Central Nervous System)
a. Cerebral stimulants: These are the agents which cause an overall
increase of the functional activity of the cerebrum (e.g. caffeine).
b. Spinal stimulants: These are the agents which increase the reflex
excitability and conductivity of the spinal cord in medicinal doses
(e.g. strychnine).
c. Narcotics: These are the drugs which can be used to produce deep
sleep accompanied by a depression of the circulatory and
respiratory mechanisms (e.g. barbiturates).
d. Soporifics/hypnotics: These agents induce sleep (e.g. chloral
hydrate).
e. Analgesics/anodynes: These are the agents which are applied for the
pain relief (e.g. morphine).
f. Anaesthetics: These are the agents that are used for producing the
total loss of consciousness so that the pain is no longer felt and at
the same time abolishing the reflex action, especially during major
surgeries.
7. Drugs that act on the Eye(s)
a. Mydriatics: These are the drugs which cause dilatation of the pupil
(e.g. atropine).
b. Miotics: These are the drugs which cause the contraction of the
pupil (e.g. pilocarpine).
8. Drugs that act on the Skin
a. Sudorifics/diaphoretics: These drugs induce sweating (e.g. ammonia
acetate solution).
Pharmacological Terms Used for Drugs Acting on Various Body Systems 343
b. Anhydriotics/antidiaphoretics: These agents lessen the secretion of
sweat (e.g. atropine).
c. Counter irritants: These agents increase the irritability of the applied
area and thereby increase the healing process (e.g. haematinics,
vesicants, pustulants and caustics).
d. Emollients: These agents reduce the irritability of the applied area
(e.g. vegetable oils).
9. Alteratives: These drugs bring about a favourable change in the
process of nutrition and thus repair especially in the convalescent
period (e.g. iron salts and potassium iodide).
Subject Index
A
Acacia 77
Agar 88
Amino acids 319
Anethum graveolens 281
Animal source 16
Apis mellifera 180
B
Bees wax 180
Black pepper 298
C
Carbohydrates 73, 312
derivatives 73
Carum carvi 272
Castor oil 147
Centrophorus squamosus 161
Cetorrhinus maximus 161
Cinnamomum verum 222
Citrus limon 228
Clove 285
Cocoa butter 170
Collection of crude drugs 42
Coriandrum sativum 222
Crude drugs 27
Cultivation of medicinal plants 38, 57
Cuminum cyminum 277
Cymbopogon citratus 266
D
Dill 281
E
Elettaria cardamomum 254
Eucalyptus globulus 241
F
Fats and oils 140
Fennel 293
Foeniculum vulgare 293
G
Gadus callarias 154
Gadus morhua 154
Garcinia indica 176
Genetic engineering source 22
Glossary 329
Good agricultural practices 57
Guar gum 111
Gum Arabic 81
H
Honey 124
Hydnocarpus oil 188
Hydnocarpus wightiana 189
Hypoprion brevirostris 160
I
Identification of
drug components 311
medicinal plants 60
Isabgol 120
K
Kokum butter 176
L
Lard oil 195
Linseed oil 165
Linum usitatissimum 165
Lipids 139, 324
345
346 Textbook of Pharmacognosy
M
Maize 98
Marine source 19
Mentha 208
Microorganism source 21
Mineral source 18
Mint 214
Myristica fragrans 234
N
Natural sources 12
O
Ocimum tenuiflorum 261
Olea europaea 198
Olive oil 198
Organised drugs 29
Ovis aries 185
P
Pectin 116
Pharmacognosy 2
Pharmacological terms 341
Physeter macrocephalus 192
Piper nigrum 298
Plant
breeding 49
hormones 45
maintenance 64
source 13
Potato 99
Proteins 319
R
Record of documentation 67
Ricinus communis 147
S
Semisynthetic source 22
Shark liver oil 160
Spermaceti 192
Squalus acanthius 161
Starch 95
Sus scrofa 195
Synthetic source 22
Syzygium aromaticum 286
T
Taraktogenos kurzii 189
Tests 311
Theoborma cacao 170
Tragcanth 83
U
Unorganised drugs 29
V
Volatile oils 208
W
Waxes 143
Wheat 99
Wool fat 184
Z
Zingiber officinale 248
