Пополняем словарь, совершенствуя грамматику = Target Vocabulary Through Grammar Revision. Учебное пособие

SECTION TWO. GRAMMAR REVISION: THE VERB TARGET VOCABULARY:

UNIT TWO (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

еду в Португалию, пока не выучу португальский. 3. Мы не сможем ничего сделать, если не получим его согласия. И еще не известно, удастся ли нам его убедить. 4. Я не успокоюсь, пока не узнаю, что они добрались до дома. 5. В случае если вам не понравится в Шве- ции, высможетепоехатьвНорвегию. 6. Незнаю, когдаонаприедет вследующийраз, нокогдаприедет, яваспознакомлю. 7. Янеимею ни малейшего представления, когда он вернется, но уверен, что когда он приедет, то расскажет нам обо всем. 8. Интересно, когда построят новое здание школы. Если они сделают это в июне, тогда дети смогут там учиться уже в сентябре. 9. Когда они поймут, что совершилиужаснуюошибку, ужебудетпоздночто-либоизменить. 10. Уверен, что если она поймет истинный смысл вашего предло- жения, то сразу же откажется. 11. Крайне сомнительно, принесет ли хоть какую-то пользу это нововведение (innovation). Если да, то я буду чрезвычайно удивлен. 12. Ты не знаешь, когда у нас от- ключат горячую воду? Когда узнаешь– сообщи мне.

Exercise 23. Translate into English using Target Vocabulary and word combinations of Unit Two (Arakin Book, Part V). Mind the use of verb forms in conditional and object clauses.

1. Я склонна думать, что если ты пойдешь на риск, ты со-

вершишь серьезную ошибку. 2. Если ты убедишь меня в своей правоте, я обращусь к этому юристу. 3. Когда ты подашь за- явление о приеме на работу, мы сможем сказать о нас маме. А пока ты будешь ждать ответа из компании, мы подадим за- явление в ЗАГС (registry office). 4. Интересно, когда у нее будет готов план работы на следующий учебный год? 5. Если ты уви- дишь на его лице довольную улыбку, ты поймешь, что он едет на стажировку в Южную Корею. 6. Когда ты обратишься к нему за помощью, ты доставишь ему истинное удовольствие. 7. Если ты будешь помалкивать о его промахе, он не будет с тобой слиш-

ком строг. 8. Я не знаю, когда он пойдет на консультацию к хи-

рургу. 9. Если она будет продолжать строить козни своим колле- гам, я не удивлюсь, когда ее уволят. 9. Мы сможем быть вместе, только когда ты будешь готов взять на себя некоторые обяза- тельства. 10. Ты не знаешь, когда он поймет, что есть предел

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SECTION THREE

GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (Arakin Book, Part V)

1.Subjunctive II (Past Subjunctive) in Conditional sentences

1.1.The non-perfect form of Subjunctive II used in the subordinate clause of condition (second conditional, see the table in 4, Section Three) to describe a hypothetical situation in the present or a future event which is unlikely to happen is identical to the Past Indefinite or Continuous forms.

Cf. He went to bed early. (Past Indefinite)

If he went to bed early, he wouldn’t be sleepy in the morning. (Subjunctive II)

It was raining all day yesterday. (Past Continuous)

If it wasn’t raining we would go to the beach now. (Subjunctive II)

In informal English it is more natural to use “was” with the first and the third person singular. In formal English the form “were” is considered more correct.

The main clause features the structure of the verbs would/might/ could + Infinitive of the notional verb.

Exercise 1. Reconstruct the story with the necessary form of the verbs in brackets.

The Earth after humans

If all the people on Earth (disappear) tomorrow, nature (begin) to reclaim the planet. For a start, if people no longer (pollute) the atmosphere, the air soon (become) clean again. If there (be) no people to maintain buildings, they soon (begin) to decay, but more solid parts (take) thousands of years to disappear. In general, if the 7.3 billion humans no longer (compete) with other species on Earth, most species (benefit). For example, if humans no longer (catch) fish, the populations of fish worldwide eventually (increase). However, if people (vanish) from the planet, endangered species of animals necessarily (not recover),

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S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

as some of them are already too few in number. Some endangered species (have) greater difficulty surviving if no humans (take) the trouble to protect them from other species.Even if we no more (poison) the Earth, several decades (pass) before all dangerous chemicals (disappear). And even if the burning of fossil fuels (stop) tomorrow, the oceans (not absorb) all the carbon dioxide in the air for thousands of years. Finally, though, if alien visitors (land) on the Earth in 100,000 years’ time, they (not find) any signs that an advanced civilization ever lived there.

Exercise 2. Change the sentences to make them hypothetical. Model: It’s cold outside. So we won’t go to our summer cottage this

weekend. If it was/were warm, we would go to our summer cottage this weekend.

1.I’ll be busy tomorrow, so I won’t go with you. 2. My wife is allergic to cats, so we won’t have a cat as a pet at home. 3. John doesn’t have enough money, so he can’t buy a new car. 4. Helen is rather lazy, so she often gets bad marks. 5. Pam doesn’t like you very much because you often speak in an impolite way. 6. You’re not listening to me, that’s why you have so many questions to ask me. 7. I don’t have very much free time so I don’t often watch films. 8. My father doesn’t know anything about computers, so he can’t fix it when it breaks down. 9. Quite a few people will lose their jobs, as the authorities are planning to close down the factory. 10. Ted’s brother smokes too much, so he often feels unwell. 11. Mary doesn’t go to the dentist regularly, that’s why she often has problems with her teeth.

12.I can’t write to him because I don’t know his e-mail address.

1.2.The form of Subjunctive II used in the subordinate clause of condition (third conditional, see the table in 4, Section Three) to denote an action in the past which contradicts reality coincides with the Past Perfect or Continuous forms.

Cf. The driver denied that he had broken the speed limit. (Past Perfect) If the driver had broken the speed limit, he would have got into an accident (Subjunctive II)

I had been trying hard before I finally succeeded. (Past Perfect Continuous)

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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

If I had been trying hard, I would have succeeded. (Subjunctive II)

The main clause features the structure of the verbs would/could/ might + Perfect Infinitive of the notional verb.

Note 1. The Russian pattern «если бы не кто-либо/что-либо» can be expressed by the corresponding English structures if it weren’t (hadn’t been) for smb/smth or but for smb/smth. Mind that they are used to describe hypothetical situations both in the present and in the past.

Если бы не отважный молодой If it hadn’t been for the brave человек, ребенок бы утонул. young man/But for the brave

young man, the child would have drowned.

Note 2. In Formal English the conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses of condition may be omitted. Mind the inverted word order in such clauses.

Cf. If the management of the factory had paid salaries regularly, the workers wouldn’t have gone on strike. (neutral)

Had the management of the factory paid salaries regularly, the workers wouldn’t have gone on strike. (emphatic, formal)

Exercise 3. Supply the correct form of the verbs in the following sentences.

1.I (not believe) it if I (not see) it with my own eyes that night.

2.If you (not bother) the dog when you were passing by, it (not bit) you. 3. We (choose) a different route if we (know) that the underground station was closed. 4. If Peter (not wash) the shirt in boiling water, he (not ruin) it. 5. We (miss) the train last Tuesday if we (not take) a taxi.

6.He (not hit) by the car if he (look) where he was going. 7. If the road (not be) so slippery that day, the accident (not happened). 8. They (be admitted) to that posh restaurant last weekend if they (not wear)

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

casual clothes. 9. If Russell (work) harder during the term, he (not fail) at the exams last summer. 10. Steve (not get) ill if he (not eat) so much ice-cream on that hot day. 11. If Ann (know) how deep the river was at that place, she (not try) to cross it. 12. You (not break) the crystal vase if you (be) more careful dusting the furniture.

Exercise 4. Say what would/could have happened if the circumstances had been different.

Model: It was cold and we were chilled to the bone. If it hadn’t been cold, we wouldn’t have been chilled to the bone.

1. Frank practiced a lot and finally won the competition. 2. The rescue team searched the nearby forests and found the missing little girl. 3. The man, who was swept overboard, was wearing a life jacket, so he didn’t drown. 4. The alarm went off, so the burglars didn’t rob the jewelry shop. 5. Sam didn’t know that his uncle was in hospital, so he didn’t visit him. 6. We arrived too late, and we couldn’t get better seats. 7. Jack didn’t have a map of the place, so he got lost. 8. The locals were speaking very fast, and we couldn’t understand them. 9. You didn’t follow the instructions, so the medicine didn’t bring any relief. 10. Sally didn’t go out as she had a bad headache. 11. I didn’t know it was going to rain, so I didn’t take my umbrella. 12. You made mistakes because you were inattentive.

Exercise 5. Write sentences that are part of a chain, as in the model. Model: I cheated from him in the entry test. We finished up in the same class. – If I hadn’t cheated from him in the entry test, we wouldn’t have

finished up in the same class.

We used to do our homework together. – If we hadn’t finished up in the same class, we wouldn’t have done our homework together.

We started to find out quite a lot about each other. (Begin: If we … our homework together, …) _______________________________________________

________________________________

We discovered that we had a lot in common. _________________________

____________________________________________________________

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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

He invited me to go to the National Gallery. ________________________

____________________________________________________________

We saw the most incredible paintings. _______________________________

____________________________________________________________

I’m a true art-lover now. ______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

I went to the National Gallery again yesterday. _____________________

____________________________________________________________

I met another art-lover there. ________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

I’m going out to dinner tonight. ______________________________________

____________________________________________________________

I didn’t phone you. ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

You haven’t warned me yet about going out with art-lovers. ________

____________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6. Transform the sentences so as to use “but for” and “if it weren’t (hadn’t been) for” patterns.

Model: a. I don’t wish to do it, but I promised to. But for my promise (if it weren’t for my promise) I wouldn’t do it.

b. She didn’t die. The doctors saved her. But for the doctors (if it hadn’t been for the doctors), she wouldn’t have survived.

1. They didn’t go on a hike. The weather was too bad. 2. Mary’s feet hurt. She’s been wearing tight shoes. 3. I’d love to go with you. But I have my children to take care of. 4. The guide was great. We could see a lot of sights. 5. Your essay is not very good. You’ve made quite a few grammar and spelling mistakes. 6. I managed to finish the report yesterday. Thanks for your help! 7. I don’t think we’ll buy a flat in this house. The price is very high. 8. Megan couldn’t see who had entered the house. It was dark in the hall. 9. The goalkeeper made a silly mistake, so his team lost. 10. We won’t go for a swim. The water is still cold. 11. We didn’t go there on foot as the bags were very heavy. 12. People recognized him because of the scar on his forehead.

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S.V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

1.3.In mixed conditional sentences non-perfect and perfect forms of Subjunctive II may be used. There are two patterns demonstrating various cause and effect relations of the events (see the table in 4, Section Three).

а) The cause of the imagined event refers to the past and the effect refers to the present:

b)The cause of the imagined event refers to no particular time and the effect refers to either present or the past depending on the context:

Exercise 7. Expand the situation explaining the present state of affairs by an event which took place in the past.

Model: Ann is furious. Ann wouldn’t be furious if she hadn’t been told about her husband’s adultery.

1. Helen is distressed. 2. Paul is shocked. 3. Alex is worried. 4. Mary is tired. 5. Pete is frustrated. 6. Bob is happy. 7. Sue is in a temper. 8. Sally is discouraged. 9. George is depressed. 10. Michael feels miserable. 11. Jill is embarrassed. 12. Nick is nervous. 13. I’m late for the meeting. 14. Steve is wet through.

Exercise 8. Expand the situation by an event in the past resulting from the present state of affairs or people’s traits of character given.

Model: Nick has a good sense of humour. If Nick didn’t have a good sense of humour, he wouldn’t have appreciated that joke.

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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

is very discreet. 7. Tom knows a lot about cars. 8. Victor is a sensible guy. 9. Bill is honest. 10. Andy takes things easy.

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form and match the clauses to make mixed conditional sentences.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English using Target Vocabulary and the necessary Subjunctive II forms in conditional sentences of different types. (Arakin Book, Part V, Unit 4).

Если бы болота не сдерживали продвижение противника, то вскоре вражеские войска достигли бы столицы страны. 2. Если бы не хорошее воспитание, Ричард давно бы уже высказал сво- ему начальнику, что он о нем думает. 3. Энн много бы достиг- ла в молодости, если бы не потеряла веру в себя. 4. Я не хотел тебя обманывать. Если бы я рассказалтебетогда о своих планах,

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

то не смог бы сейчас осуществить свой замысел. 5. На твоем ме- сте я не стала бы сейчас ничего говорить. Это породило бы не- нужные домыслы. (assumptions) 6. Эта строительная компания не получила бы контракт, если бы не использовала вводящие в заблуждение уловки. (tricks) 7. София не питала бы к тебе зла, если бытытогда сказал ей горькую правду. 8. Если бы преда- тель не открыл ворота замка, то город не был бы захвачен. 9. Его спокойствие обманчиво. Если бы я не знала его много лет, я бы тоже сейчас подумала, что это замечание его совсем не обидело. 10. Если бы не предательская дрожь в голосе, можно было бы подумать, что эта новость ее совсем не взволновала. 11. Испол- ненная злобой, Джейн вынашивала коварные планы убить сво- его бывшего мужа. Если бы не нелепая случайность, она смогла бы привести свои планы в исполнение. 12. Если бы Лиз, наконец, посмотрела правде в глаза, то поняла бы, что Ник ей совсем не пара и ей пора перестать жить в мире иллюзий. 13. На твоем месте я бы не верил этим гнусным сплетням. Майкл никогда бы не изменил своей жене. 14. Если бы ты умел контролировать свои эмоции, этой ссоры могло бы и не произойти.

2. Subjunctive II in adverbial clauses of comparison, patterns with

I wish/If only, It’s (high) time, I’d rather/sooner/prefer.

2.1. Subjunctive II is also used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by conjunctions as if and as though. If the action in the subordinate clause is prior to the action in the main clause, it is necessary to use the perfect form of Subjunctive II, which is identical to the Past Perfect Indefinite or Continuous.

If the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the one in the main clause, it is necessary to use the non-perfect form of Subjunctive II, which is identical to the Past Simple or Continuous.

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