Пополняем словарь, совершенствуя грамматику = Target Vocabulary Through Grammar Revision. Учебное пособие

SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

7b* Clauses denoting manner are introduced by the noun way.

I like the way she smiles. He hated the way she curled her lip when expressing contempt. I appreciate the way you treat your elderly parents.

Exercise 30. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verb to be.

1.Writers believe that people _____the most interesting subject.

2.Our main consideration ____ people. 3. Worry, hate and fear ____

mental poison. 4. Her only trouble ___ his relatives. 5. Traffic rules ____

a must for all drivers. 6. His one consolation ____ his friends. 7. Dogs ____

Britain’s national obsession. 8. Chemicals ____ a danger to wildlife. 9. It is I who_____ against it. 10. It was they who ____ surprised.

Exercise 31. Translate into English, mind the form of the verb to be.

1. Самое интересное в Рождестве – подарки. 2. Дети – мое сча- стье. 3. Школа и ученики – ее призвание. 4. Высокие изящные блондинки – его слабость. 5. Именно я и есть любимая племянни- ца королевского парикмахера! 6. Лошади и скачки – его любимое занятие. 7. Именно они были так взволнованы из-за его приезда. 8. Мое хобби– детективные истории.

Exercise 32. Choose the right verb form.

1. Nora and I (am, are) great friends. 2. (Was, were) there three patients due today? 3. Laughing and giggling (irritate, irritates) John’s Granny. 4. Here, in the desk, of all places, (was, were) the thermometer and the screwdriver. 5. Candlelight and wine (add, adds) a touch of romance to the party. 6. A black and white dog (is, are) guarding the house. 7. A black and a white dog (is, are) sitting on the porch.

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

8.The Dean and Lexicology lecturer (was, were) in the lecture theatre.

9.The director and the manager (has, have) signed the contract.

10.The cheese and the butter (is, are) in the shopping bag. 11. Whisky and soda (is, are) his favourite drink. 12. For supper there (was, were) fish and different vegetables to it. 13. There (was, were) cakes and tea for breakfast. 14. Cleopatra, as well as her entire retinue, (was, were) eager to meet Caesar. 15. Cleopatra and her entire retinue (was, were) eager to meet Caesar. 16. New York, together with all the other states, (vote, votes) for President. 17. Ellen, as well as her friends, (dislike, dislikes) classical music. 18. The soldiers, along with their commander, (enter, enters) the bivouac area. 19. The bacon and the eggs (is, are) in the fridge. 20. My cousin with his workmate (is, are) visiting us today. 21. David and his wife (has, have) just come.

22.All of the cake (was, were) eaten. 23. All the candidates (promises, promise) to do their best. 24. Every plant and animal (has, have) its own ecological niche.

Exercise 33. Use the verb in brackets in the right form.

1.Neither my roommate nor my parents (to be going) to vote.

2.Neither you nor Maria (to be) among the invited. 3. Either you or I (to be) wrong. 4. Either the defendant or the witnesses (to be lying).

5.Larry as well as his children (to love) adventures. 6. Neither Boris nor his sisters (to plan) to enter University. 7. My parents as well as my sister (to be) rock music fans. 8. Either my mother or I (to make breakfast) each morning. 9. The captain as well as the passengers (to be) out of danger. 10. Try this number again, I’m sure either the girls or Alfred (to be) at home. 11. The forester as well as the animals (to be) saved. 12. Neither the buses nor the train (to be running) today.

Exercise 34. Translate into English, mind the form of the predicate verb.

1. Ни тот, ни другой вариант не является верным. 2. Ни моя мама, ни я не занимаемся спортом. 3. Либо управляющий, либо егопомощникиответственнызапоставкутоваров. 4. Нашучитель, так же как и все ученики, любит ходить в походы. 5. Ни Никсоны,

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SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

ни их дочь не любят принимать гостей. 6. Либо Маргарет, либо ее подруги собираются принять участие в концерте. 7. Профессор, так же как и его коллеги по кафедре, занимается научной работой. 8. Вы придете ко мне на защиту диплома? – Либо мама, либо твои сестры обязательно будут.

Exercise 35. Ask questions on the words in bold (see 5*).

1. The US national flag is called Stars and Stripes. 2. Northern Ireland is called Ulster. 3. The Chairman of the House of Commons is called the Speaker. 4. In England the husband of the reigning Queen is called Prince Consort. 5. Guards of the Tower of London are called Beefeaters. 6. The British national flag is called Union Jack. 7. They call Agatha Cristie the Queen of Crime. 8. People who travel by train or by car between one’s work in town and one’s home in the country are called commuters. 9. In England a proposal for a new law is called a bill.

Exercise 36. Translate into English using pattern 5*.

1. Как называют полицейских в Англии? 2. Как, вы сказали, называют это блюдо? 3. Как называют Японию? 4. Я считаю, что Джеймс абсолютно прав. А вы как думаете? 5. Как выглядит па- мятник Линкольну в Вашингтоне? 6. По-моему, она нам подой- дет на эту должность. А вы как думаете? 7. Как называют бензин в Англии и в Америке? 8. Ну и как же выглядит твой прекрасный принц? 9. Как называют парламент в России?

Exercise 37. Translate into English using pattern 6*.

1. Было поздно что-то менять. 2. Было принято решение на- чать новую предвыборную кампанию в следующее воскресенье. 3. Было трудно дышать. 4. Было очень холодно, и мы решили остаться дома. 5. Было похищено несколько важных докумен- тов. 6. Было интересно узнать, кто примет ее приглашение. 7. Было допущено несколько серьезных ошибок. 8. Было трудно рассмотреть что-либо в темноте. 9. Было подано много заявле- ний о приеме в университет. 10. Было отмечено несколько не- достатков.

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

Exercise 38. Combine these sentences using the anticipatory ‘it’ or ‘the way’.

e.g. Norman won the title. He owes it to you. – Norman owes it to you to have won the title.

John takes defeat easily. I like it about him. – I like the way John takes defeat.

1. Jack didn’t say a word. We think that it is a good sign. 2. Jordan was elected President of the company. He knows that he owes it to his best friends. 3. He refused the offer. I think it is weird. 4. You should quit immediately. It’s in your best interests. 5. It’s outrageous! I can’t do a thing about it! 6. He has a nasty habit of rubbing his hands together. I hate it about him. 7. Helen is glued to her tablet and has no exercise at all. I think it is very bad for her. 8. Don’t push him around. He hates it. 9. Dan speaks with his superiors with dignity. I like it about him. 10. It’s unbearable that I can’t influence the situation. 11. It’s great when we go to the theatre together. I love it. 12. Please, leave me a message if I’m not in. I’d appreciate it. 13. He’s now a Bachelor of Arts. He owes it to his strong character and quick wit. 14. He always looks at me with conscious superiority. I hate it about him. 15. Please, don’t be hard on him. I’d appreciate it very much.

Exercise 39. Translate into English, mind pattern 7*.

1. Никто не любит, когда его перебивают. 2. Я бы был вам при- знателен, еслибывыпоговорилиспрофессоромсами. 3. Джектер- петьнеможет, когдаегоотвлекаютотработы. 4. Считаюстранным, чтониктонеподнялтакоговажноговопросараньше. 5. Джорджте- перь известный ученый, этим он обязан вам. 6. Мистер Кларк дал понять, что не собирается комментироватьэто событие. 7. Терпеть немогу, когдалюдиговорятотом, чегонезнают. 8. Мнененравит- ся, как он разговаривает со своими подчиненными. 9. Мне не по- нравилось, что он прореагировалтаким образом. 10. Я считаю, что это слабость – признать, что ты в тупике и не знаешь, что делать. 11. Он оставляет за тобой выбор подходящего времени и места переговоров. 12. Я считаю, что это в твоих интересах отказаться от компенсации.

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SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

Exercise 40. Translate into English, mind patterns 1*–7* and use Target Vocabulary (Arakin Book, Part V, Unit One).

1.Ни я, ни мои родители не смогли собраться с мыслями

идатьчеткий ответнатакойнеобычныйвопрос. 2. Моясестра, так же как и я, всегда начеку. 3. Мне не нравится, когда люди обраща- ютвниманиетольконаидеальный порядоквдоме, авнутренний мир его хозяев их совсем не волнует. 4. Я бы не стала читать при приглушенном свете, это вредно для глаз, а ты как думаешь? 5. Онвсегдаоченьопрятновыглядит, мнеэтонравится. 6. Каквыгля- дитэтотчеловек? – Мнетрудно его описать, ноты его обязательно узнаешь, он постоянно улыбается, как чеширский кот. 7. Ниле-

карства, ни массаж не приносят ему пользы. 8. Было отмечено несколько дерзких высказываний этого журналиста, в которых он переступил границы приличия. 9. Я считаю это важным, что он не живет на сомнительные доходы. 10. Дисциплинирован-

ность и сообразительность – его главные достоинства как сту- дента. 11. Именно я никогда не жалуюсь, а мужественно пере-

ношу все трудности судьбы. 12. Эта одежда – вызов обществу,

ни я, ни мои родители не одобряем этого. 13. Мне нравится, как она ведет себя в обществе, как чувствует атмосферу мероприя- тия, на котором присутствует. 14. Беспорядки на улицах – вот чего я опасаюсь. 15. Либо Мэри, либо Элис примет участие в бла- готворительном концерте в субботу. 16. Мы оставляем за тобой решение этого вопроса, надеемся, тебе хватит ума, чтобы не при- ходить на встречу в новом с иголочки костюме на эту встречу. 17. Мне нравится, что ты не растерялся и поставил их на место. 18. Его слова – наглая ложь. Ни я, ни мои друзья не пытались из-

влечь пользу из ситуации.

8. Word order in emphatic structures: cleft sentences, fronting and inversion

To emphasise a particular part of a sentence, to contradict what was said or for dramatic effect, we often change the position of elements in a sentence in speech and in writing.

Cleft Sentences ‘Cleft’ means ‘divided’. In a cleft sentence, information which could be given in one clause is divided into two

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

parts, each of them with its own verb. This gives extra emphasis to part of the sentence.

All of the Redgrave family are gifted actors. But it is Vanessa who made the greatest impact in the world of feature films.

‘I remember your uncle taking us to the fair.’ – ‘No, it was my father that took us there.’

We can use this it-cleft sentence structure to emphasise the subject or the object of a simple sentence, or and adverbial phrase, or a prepositional phrase:

To highlight the action in a sentence, we can use wh-cleft sentence structure:

What Mike did was (to)take Sally to the party. What the boys are doing is taking Sandy to the match. What the new members have done is taken their seats in the assembly.

Fronting To make a strong contrast with something in a previous statement we can move objects, complements, and demonstrative pronouns to the front of the clause, which makes them more emphatic:

‘She’s such a lovely person; so friendly and reliable.’ – (‘She may be friendly but she isn’t reliable’.) ‘Friendly she may be, but reliable she isn’t!’

I disagree with that. That I disagree with.

It is also possible to front adjective phrases (comparative or superlative), also and such, adverbial phrases describing position or place, verbs of position and movement (stand, attach, lie, etc.) and to-

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SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

infinitives with inversion of the subject and verb be, verbs and adjectives using as and though, etc.

The first band was Dire. Much more exciting was Red Heat, the second group to play.

Many of the monuments are truly awesome. Best of all is the Colosseum. They led a life of abject poverty. Such is the fate of most legitimate

children in this province.

Members of the royal family attended the funeral. Also at the service were several ambassadors.

At the back of the house was an untidy garden with weeds and nettle all over it. Standing in the corner of the garden was a silver birch tree towering over the roof of the garage. Attached to the roof was an old satellite dish.

For years I have been writing to the President. To meet him is my most feverish wish.

Battered though he was, he never lost his will to succeed. Try as she might, she simply couldn’t open the jam jar.

Fronting an infinitive form can be used when it ‘echoes’ an earlier

of the subject after adverbs of place (on, in, here, there, outside, opposite) and adverbs of time (next, then, first, now, finally). We can use a form of be or verbs of place and movement (stand, sit, lie, come, go, climb, run, sail, fly) before the subject. We often use this pattern to form a link with the information in the previous sentence, and it is common in formal English.

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

We don’t use inversion if the subject of the clause is a pronoun:

Here comes the bus. Here it comes. (Incorrect: Here comes it.)

In formal English we can also use inversion in as and than clauses:

Mr Slater is expecting a pay rise, as are several other salesmen in the team. I’m afraid her proposals are no more feasible than are those James presented.

We sometimes put an auxiliary verb (do, have, should, can, etc.) before the subject in statements; the rest of the verb phrase follows the subject. We use this pattern of inversion for emphasis in the following patterns:

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SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

clauses beginning with may May he live to regret this decision! which describe a strong

wish

after fronted comparisons, The captain is refusing to play under also, such and so these conditions and so is the rest of the

team.

Expressions with no, not, etc. not listed above (e.g. no doubt) cannot be inverted:

No doubt he will give us a key. (Incorrect: No doubt will he give us a key.)

Exercise 41. Read and translate the sentences. Find and comment on cases of inversion or stylistic emphasis.

1. Little did the children guess what a weird and mysterious end to the day was now approaching. 2. Had Aunt Phoebe known when she bought this present what it really was, she would have preferred to buy something different. 3. No sooner had his head touched the pillow than he was as good as asleep, and no sooner had he opened his eyes in the morning than he was out of bed and hunting for his socks. 4. Never before in her short life had Molly dressed so quickly. 5. “Get up, Jack, quickly! Only do be quick, quick!” 6. “I don’t know,” said old Nancy, with a puzzled frown. “Never before have I missed doing the spell at sunset.” 7. On, on the Grey Pumpkin rolled, down the hill from the City. 8. “He does do dreadful things,” said Grace. 9. Oh, I do hope and trust you will be successful, my dears. 10. “Poor old father,” said Glan, compassionately, “it does upset him so.” 11. Evening came and no sign of the Black Leaf had they found. 12. And not until Molly had emptied a big bowl of hot bread and milk would she let her say a word of thanks or explanation. 13. Of course, it does rain sometimes in Jamaica – that’s why the jewel island is so green. 14. Never in her wildest dreams had she thought she would ever be married to him. 15. Under no circumstances are you going to make any changes in this apartment as it suits me very well! 16. You imagined it, Reed. Never in a million years would I lead you to believe such a thing. 17. Little does he know of the hard fight for existence which rages among the prisoners.

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

18. Only in business was she prepared to gamble. 19. She decided she would think about the baby the day it was born and not before. Then, and only then, would she decide what her next step would be. 20. No sooner had he pronounced a few words than everybody understood that he was a foreigner. 21. In vain did the family try to discover the truth.

Exercise 42. Make it-cleft sentences. There can be more than one variant.

1. I bought this bag at Macy’s. 2. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 3. Sir Christopher Wren designed St. Paul’s Cathedral. 4. They met in Venice five years ago. 5. We stayed with the Lovedays in the summer. 6. I lecture English, not French. 7. He left all his fortune to his cat, not to his relatives. 8. Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin. 9. You are wrong, I ordered fish, not meat. 10. I graduated from University two years ago, not four years ago. 11. The telephone awoke me in early morning. 12. His remarks irritated the listeners.

Exercise 43. Construct sentences out of the following words and phrases. Use the inverted word order.

1. the bell, comes, here 2. you, here, are, at last 3. bus, our, here, comes 4. in a dark wood, far away, a little hut, stood 5. a monument, high, the Moskva river, above the city, to Peter the Great, overlooking, stood 6. is, right, she 7. the memory, at the seaside, came, of that wonderful time, then 8. such a starry sky, had seen, I, never before 9. three cottages, in an open place, stood, amidst the big trees 10. came, the roar, from behind the hills, of the ocean 11. care, she, for his words, little, did 12. we, rarely, such a beautiful dawn, had seen

Exercise 44. Complete the following phrases:

1. not for the world ... 2. In vain ... 3. Only then ... 4. Not for love

or money ... 5. Little ... 6. Hardly ... 7. Never before ... 8. No sign of ...

9. Not until ... 10. Scarcely ... 11. Only after ... 12. Not for anything- ...

13. Down ... up ... 14. Not only ... 15. Nowhere ... 16. How little ...

17. So ... 18. Little ... 19. No sooner ... 20. Such ... 21. Should ... 22. Had ...

23. Many a time ... 24. Were ... 25. On no account ... 26. In no way ...

27. At no time ...

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