Пополняем словарь, совершенствуя грамматику = Target Vocabulary Through Grammar Revision. Учебное пособие
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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)
form |
use |
example |
|
|
|
second |
improbable future |
If the results of the test were |
conditional |
events or situations |
possible, we would call you |
|
and their results |
within two days. |
|
hypothetical current |
If the police were confident of |
|
situations or events |
|
|
(a condition that is |
their case against Brown, they |
|
impossible to fulfil) |
wouldn’t hesitate to take him |
|
advice, requests, |
into custody. |
|
desires |
If I were you, I’d take her out of |
|
|
|
|
|
this school. |
third conditional |
hypothetical situations |
I would have consulted your |
|
or events in the |
lawyer if I had managed to |
|
past (an unreal past |
contact him. |
|
situation) |
If you hadn’t been driving so |
|
criticism |
|
|
|
fast, we wouldn’t have got |
|
|
into a car crash. |
mixed (second/ |
hypothetical situations |
If the island were still a tourist |
third) conditional |
or events in the |
attractions, there would have |
|
present with a result in |
been much more victims of the |
|
the past |
earthquake last week. |
mixed (third/ |
hypothetical situations |
If Fleming hadn’t discovered |
second) |
or events in the past |
penicillin, there would be far |
conditional |
with a result in the |
more fatalities every year than |
|
present |
there actually are. |
Subjunctive I: |
used in formal English |
The judge insisted (that) Mr |
the same |
to express the idea |
Grant (should) give evidence |
as the infinitive |
that something is |
despite his close relationship |
without to |
necessary/important/ |
with the accused. |
|
advisable |
My advice is (that) you(should) |
|
|
go there at all hazards. |
‘unreal’ past: |
to say that something |
It’s time we started planning |
It’s (high/about) |
is not happening but it |
our summer holiday. |
time |
should be |
|
what if/ |
to ask questions about |
Suppose I asked you to marry |
suppose/ |
an imaginary situation |
me, what would you say? |
supposing |
and its possible |
|
|
consequences |
|
would rather/ |
to describe preferences |
I’d sooner you gave me a refund, |
would sooner |
(often a polite way to |
the service was improper. |
|
give/refuse permission, |
I’d rather you didn’t smoke in |
|
or make suggestions) |
here. |
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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ
S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION
form |
use |
example |
|
|
|
as if/as though |
to say that how |
He talks to the children as |
|
something appears |
though they were adults. |
|
does not match with |
|
|
reality |
|
wish/if only + |
desire for something |
I wish I had more time. |
+ past simple |
to be different in the |
If only I were young again. |
(non-perfect |
present |
|
subj II) |
|
|
wish/if only + |
a regret about the past, |
I wished (that) you’d told me |
+ past perfect |
a wish that something |
about it before I purchased the |
(perfect |
different had happened |
tickets. |
subj II) |
|
If only you hadn’t been |
|
|
cheating at the exam! |
wish/if only + |
desire for someone to |
I wish you’d stop looking at me |
+ would |
change their deliberate |
like that. |
|
behavior in the present |
I wish he’d shut up and listen! |
|
and future (often |
|
|
used to criticise or |
|
|
complain) |
|
wish/if only + |
desire which we |
If only we could see the |
+ could (have) |
know is impossible |
situation through his eyes. |
|
to achieve (including |
I wish I could fly like a bird! |
|
the impossible desires |
|
|
about ourselves) |
|
5.Specific patterns with the non-finite forms of the verb (the verbals)
5.1.Using the predicative construction of Complex Object with the infinitive after the verbs of sense perception (see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel) and the verbs of compulsion and allowance make, let mind the following:
a) The infinitive should be used without the particle to:
I saw her enter the house. She noticed him look away.
They made her tell them everything.
Mother let the children play.
Я видел, как она зашла в дом. Она заметила, что он отвел взгляд. Они заставили ее всё рассказать.
Мама разрешила детям поиграть.
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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)
Note 1. Remember that the infinitive in this construction is used to show that the action was perceived from beginning to end. If a person perceived only part of the action in its progress, you should use Participle I. On the other hand, if the verb of sense perception is used in the continuous form, it’s more natural to use the infinitive.
I saw the woman cross the street. |
Я видел, как женщина перешла |
|
улицу. |
I saw the woman crossing the |
Я видел, как женщина |
street. |
переходила улицу. |
I was watching the band play on |
Я наблюдал за группой, |
the stage. |
играющей на сцене (как она |
|
играла). |
When the verb of perception is used in the Perfect, the Infinitive is more common in the complex because what matters in this case is the fact of the action taking place and not its duration.
e.g. I’ve never heard him play the guitar.
The infinitive is also used to express the sequence of actions perceived.
e.g. I saw the woman get out of the car and enter the shop.
Note 2. Mind that Complex Object with the infinitive is not used after the verbs see and hear if they have the meanings of видеть/
понимать/осознавать and слышать/узнавать, not sense perception. Use a subordinate clause instead.
e.g. I see (that) you don’t remember me.
I hear (that) he’s already returned from his business trip.
b) You can use Participle I or II instead of the passive infinitive.
They watched the lorry (being) |
Они наблюдали за разгрузкой |
unloaded. |
грузовика. |
He heard his name (being) called |
Он услышал, как выкрикнули его |
out. |
имя. |
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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ
S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION
Exercise 22. Answer the questions using Complex Object with the infinitive.
Model: The car collided with the crowd. The tourists saw it. What did the tourists see? – The tourists saw the car collide with the crowd.
1. During the earthquake the ground shook several times. All the people in the town felt it. What did all the people in the town feel? 2. The burglars broke into the house. The policeman saw it. What did the policeman see? 3. The door opened with a bang. Chris heard it. What did Chris hear? 4.Jenny hid the letter in her bag.The stranger noticed that. What did the stranger notice? 5. Wild Bill slipped away from the scene of the crime.The sheriff didn’t notice that.What didn’t the sheriff notice? 6. The storm was approaching. The children were watching it. What were the children watching? 7. The sun was rising. The young people were observing it. What were the young people observing?
Exercise 23.Paraphrase the sentences,where possible,with the help of Complex Object, choosing either the Infinitive or Participle I. Mind the meanings of the verbs in the predicate and the ideas expressed with the help of the complex.
1. I didn’t notice how you closed the door. 2. On entering the room I saw that my little daughter was sleeping quietly in her bed. 3. I see that you don’t really understand the importance of what has just happened. 4. I could see how the train was approaching the station. 5. Have you ever heard how she sings? 6. I’ve noticed that my new acquaintances don’t like rock music. 7. They saw that he paid for his meal and then he left the restaurant in a hurry. 8. Mothers like to watch their children when they’re playing in the playground. 9. I have heard that they are soon moving to a new flat. 10. He could hear how the cat was mewing next door. 11. I see that you are not listening to me. 12. They didn’t see that anyone was watching them.
Exercise 24. Answer the questions in two ways using the Infinitive and Participles.
Model: The caretakers were cleaning the sidewalks early in the morning. The old man heard it. What did the man hear? – The old man heard
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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)
the caretakers cleaning the sidewalks early in the morning. The man heard the sidewalks (being) cleaned early in the morning.
1. They were discussing the new plan of actions and Andrew heard it. What did Andrew hear? 2. The road police towed away a car. John saw it. What did John see? 3. The host of the show announced the names of the winners but Jacob didn’t hear it because of the noise in the studio. What didn’t Jacob hear? 4. The thieves stole the purse from the woman’s bag and she didn’t even notice it. What didn’t the woman notice? 5. The teacher explained the rule to the students. Steen didn’t hear it. What didn’t Steen hear? 6. The detective switched on the voice recorder. Johan noticed it. What did Johan notice? 7. The builders pulled down the house. The passers-by saw it. What did the passers-by see? 8. The man slipped a thick envelope into the postbox. The old lady noticed it. What did the old lady notice? 9. The police arrested the robbers. The boys saw it. What did the boys see? 10. Nick shut the door with a bang. Tom heard it. What did Tom hear?
Exercise 25. Translate into English using Complex Object with the Infinitive or Participles.
1. Идя по улице, Фернандо заметил, что кто-то наблюдает за ним из припаркованной машины. 2. Сегодня утром я проспал, потому что не услышал, как звенит будильник. 3. Майк почув- ствовал, как что-то ползет по руке, и с ужасом обнаружил, что это большой мохнатый паук. 4. Я слышал, что Крис опять едет в командировку в Данию. 5. Дэн увидел, как на горизонте собра- лись тучи и заблестели молнии. 6. Поезд остановился, и пасса- жиры услышали, как машинист объявил, что ничего серьезного не произошло, и попросил сохранять спокойствие. 7. Я видел, что игра проиграна, но решил не сдаваться и играть до конца. 8. Питер наблюдал за тем, как рабочие ремонтировали крыльцо дома. 9. Вы когда-нибудь слышали, как Хелен декламирует сти- хи? 10. Я увидел, как Джордж подошел к окну со свечой в руке и подал какой-то знак.
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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ
S.V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION
5.2.The Complex Object construction with the Infinitive and Participle II is also used after verbs denoting wish want and would like. Do not use a clause while rendering the Russian complex sentence «Я хочу, чтобы вы…/Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы…»
I want/would like you to pay |
Я хочу, чтобы вы обратили |
attention to this fact. |
внимание на этот факт. |
I would like my suitcase (to be) |
Я хотел бы, чтобы мне |
brought to my room. |
принесли мой чемодан |
|
в номер. |
Exercise 26. React to the statements so as to find out the speaker’s point of view.
Model: ‘Mum intends to make a cake for your birthday.’–‘Do you want/ Would you like Mum to make a cake for your birthday?’
1. Tony is eager to hear the whole story. 2. The boss has a mind to introduce a dress code in our office. 3. Mrs. Honey intends to visit us this weekend. 4. Mr. Holmes is going to make the details of the accident public. 5. Jenny’s relatives are going to turn to an experienced lawyer for advice. 6. Nick’s friends intend to invite me to their house-warming party. 7. Sam means to join us in our trip to Hungary. 8. Mary offers to help me choose the outfit for the graduation party. 9. Larry wishes to see us off at the station. 10. Paul’s expressed a wish to help me with the preparations for the party.
Exercise 27. Translate the sentences into English using the patterns reviewed.
1. Мне не хотелось бы, чтобы мои родственники вмешива- лись в мою семейную жизнь. 2. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы по- скорее пришла весна. 3. Вы хотите, чтобы я в этом участво- вал? Да ни за что! 4. Надень теплые ботинки. Я не хочу, чтобы ты простудился. 5. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы рассказали мне о том, что произошло в действительности. 6. Анна всегда хо- тела, чтобы ее дочь стала хорошим специалистом и сделала успешную карьеру. 7. У нас не так много времени на обсужде-
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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)
ние этого вопроса, поэтому я бы хотел, чтобы каждый придер- живался сути. 8. Почему Том не хочет, чтобы кто-нибудь по- мог ему выбраться из этой неприятной ситуации? 9. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы объяснили нам свое возмутительное поведение. 10. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы все успокоились и перестали кри- чать друг на друга. Иначе мы никогда не примем решение, ко- торое всех устроит.
5.3. After see/hear and make in the Passive voice use the infinitive with the particle to/Participle I, that is the predicative construction of the Complex Subject:
Active
I saw George enter/entering the headquarters of the company.
I wonder, what made him resign?
Passive
George was seen to enter/ entering the headquarters of the company.
He was made to resign.
Use the Complex Subject with several groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:
•see/hear (sense perception), to express an action in progress it is also possible to use Participle I Indefinite Active (see above);
•know/think/consider/suppose/expect, etc. (mental activity);
•make/force/allow (compulsion and permission);
•say/report/inform (saying and reporting).
Use the Complex Subject with some verbs in the active voice: seem, appear (rendered into Russian as «кажется», «по-видимому»); happen, chance (rendered into Russian as «случаться», «случайно»); turn out, prove (rendered into Russian as «оказаться»).
Use the Complex Subject with modal expressions to be likely, to be unlikely, to be sure, to be certain. They are usually translated into Russian with the help of adverbs with a modal meaning: «вероятно»
(to be likely), «обязательно», «наверняка» (to be sure, to be certain) and «вряд ли» (to be unlikely).
They were seen to get into a car. |
Видели, как они сели в машину. |
They were heard laughing. |
Слышали, как они смеются. |
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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ
S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION
The book is thought to have been |
Считают (считается), что книга |
written in the 17th century. |
была написана в 17 веке. |
He was made to tell the truth. |
Его заставили сказать правду. |
The plane was reported to have |
Сообщалось, что самолет |
landed 10 minutes before. |
приземлился 10 минут назад. |
Alice seemed to be sleeping. |
Казалось, Алиса спала. |
We happened to overhear their |
Мы случайно подслушали их |
conversation. |
разговор. |
He is unlikely to be present at |
Вряд ли он будет |
tomorrow’s party. |
на завтрашней вечеринке. |
You’re sure to like the concert. |
Тебе наверняка понравится |
|
концерт. |
Exercise 28. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the Complex Subject with the original finite verb or modal phrase.
Model: They heard him say that. – He was heard to say that.
1.Someone saw the old man walking in the garden with his dog.
2.Those evil-looking people didn’t allow us to enter the building. 3. It is known that she was a sportsman in her youth. 4. It is not likely that the situation will change soon. 5. Penny is a nasty woman. People have never heard her say a good word about anybody, 6. Scientists consider this species to be close to extinction. 7. It seemed that nothing would persuade her to do it. 8. It happened that I met them in the park. 9. It is certain that she will inform the boss about the incident. 10. The robber made the woman give him all her money and jewelry. 11. It is believed that this party will win at the next Parliament elections.
12.They say that Kevin lives by his wits. 13. We expect Mary to pass all the exams successfully. 14. The neighbours heard Peter and Jenny shouting at each other. It appeared that they were having a row.
Exercise 29. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Subject.
1. Полагают, что у обезьяны и человека был общий предок (ancestor). 2. Видели, как машина сбила прохожего и уехала с места происшествия. 3. Ожидается, что экспедиция на Марс
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SECTION THREE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SOME PATTERNS WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD & THE VERBALS TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT FOUR (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)
состоится в тридцатых годах 21 века. 4. Казалось, Джон не пони- мал, на какой риск он идет, соглашаясь участвовать в этой затее. 5. Вряд ли Хилари понимала последствия принятого ею реше- ния уйти с поста президента компании. 6. Что заставило Арту- ра подписать это заявление? 7. Вряд ли она согласится помочь мне. 8. Джона заставили извиниться за свое дерзкое поведение. 9. Слышали, как он ссорился с невестой в коридоре. 10. Казалось, она не понимала, что произошло. 11. Интересно, что заставило ее смеяться в такой двусмысленной ситуации? 12. Говорят, ему всегда везет. 13. Сообщается, что делегация прибыла в аэропорт через полчаса после вылета рейса. 14. Было видно, как они увле- ченно обсуждали последнюю презентацию.
Exercise 30. Translate the sentences using the grammar patterns with the verbals reviewed and Target Vocabulary of Unit Four (Arakin Book, Part V).
1. Слышали, как ты разговаривал с Шэрон о предстоящей презентации. Ты должен посмотреть правде в глаза: вряд ли ты можешь рассчитывать на нее. Я бы не хотел, чтобы ты дове- рял этой коварной женщине. 2. Кажется, она совсем потеряла веру в людей. Я видел, как она плакала после того, как эта ин- трига вышла наружу. 3. Ожидалось, что его хорошее воспита- ние произведет на всех хорошее впечатление. 4. Интересно, что заставило его жениться на этой злобной женщине? Известно, что она предала своего экс-бойфренда и придумала план, как завладеть его квартирой. – Откуда ты всё это знаешь? – Я слы- шал, как она хвасталась своей подруге, как обманула его. 5. Они наверняка будут хорошей парой, говорят, у них так много об- щего, даже хобби – разведение собак. 6. Ты хочешь, чтобы я контролировала свои эмоции? Кажется, ты не понимаешь,
что я не потерплю твоей измены! 7. Я хочу, чтобы она посту- пила в педагогическое училище. Она говорит, что очень любит маленьких детей и верит, что воспитание– ее призвание. Вряд ли я смогу отговорить ее.
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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ
S.V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION
5.5.Some verbs and statives are followed either by an infinitiveobject or by a gerund-object, but with the change of meaning that can be slight or rather considerable. These cases are as follows:
verb + infinitive |
verb + gerund |
|
|
stop + infinitive = to make a break, |
stop + gerund = cease/prevent the |
pause in order to do something |
action from continuation |
She stopped to chat with her |
He stopped speaking and looked at us |
neighbour. |
in surprise. |
Она остановилась поболтать с со- |
Он перестал говорить (замолчал) |
седкой. |
и посмотрел на нас с удивлением. |
remember + infinitive = remember |
remember + gerund = remember |
what one has to do |
what one has done, what has |
Remember to lock the door. |
happened |
Не забудь заперетьдверь. |
I’ll always remember seeing you at |
|
the races. |
forget + infinitive = forget what one |
Никогда не забуду, как видел вас |
has to do |
на скачках. |
Don’t forget to post my letter! |
forget + gerund = forget what one has |
Не забудьте отправить мое письмо. |
|
|
done or what has happened |
|
I’ll never forget swimming in the Dead |
|
Sea. |
|
Никогда не забуду, как купалась |
|
в Мертвом море. |
like (would like requires an infinitive – I’d like to cook a cheese-cake today.) love + infinitive or gerund (more common)
prefer hate
in the affirmative sentences there’s particularly no difference in meaning between the infinitive and gerund:
I love skating/to skate.
Я люблю кататься на коньках.
I prefer staying/to stay at home.
Я предпочитаю остаться дома.
to express a particular action in the past the infinitive is used, while a habitual action is mostly expressed by the gerund.
I preferred to stay at home. (Я предпочла (что сделала? – однократное дей- ствие) остаться дома.)
note the common patterns with “prefer”:
I prefer to walk in the park than (to) stay at home. I prefer walking in the park to staying at home.
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