Пополняем словарь, совершенствуя грамматику = Target Vocabulary Through Grammar Revision. Учебное пособие

INTRODUCTION

Учебное пособие “Target Vocabulary Through Grammar Revision” («Пополняем словарь, совершенствуя грамматику») пред- назначено для студентов старших курсов педагогических вузов, изучающих английский язык как специальность, в частности для студентов географического факультета МПГУ, обучающихся по на- правлению 44.03.05 Педагогическое образование (с двумя про- филями подготовки), профили География и Иностранный язык (английский), и является приложением к учебнику «Практический курс английского языка» под ред. В. Д. Аракина для педвузов.

Авторы выделили четыре крупных раздела грамматикидля по- вторения на продвинутом уровне изучения иностранного языка, взяв за основу некоторые разделы известного и часто использу- емого на старших курсах педвузов учебного пособия Т. И. Ар- бековой «Английский без ошибок». Мы сохранили основные грамматические модели и явления, представленные в пособии Т. И. Арбековой, поскольку они изначально были отобраны с уче- том частотности ошибок, возникающих при их использовании в англоязычной речи русскоязычными студентами. Прежде всего, это некоторые особенности структуры английского предложения

ипорядок слов в косвенной речи, различные модели, содержащие косвенные вопросы, особые случаи согласования подлежащего

исказуемого, случаи использования инверсии, порядок прилага- тельных ит. п. Целый раздел посвящен особенностям английского глагола, сложным случаям использования отдельных видо-вре- менных форм, а также глаголам, формы, звучание, употребление которых русскоязычные студенты часто путают. Еще один раздел содержит модели употребления косвенных наклонений и преди- кативных конструкций с неличными формами глагола. Последний раздел посвящен моделям с модальными глаголами и выражени- ями и их использованию, в частности, в значениях предположе- ния (the Suppositional meaning). Материал осовременен, дополнен комментариями из аутентичных учебников по грамматике анг- лийского языка, составлены новые упражнения. Важно заметить, что грамматические комментарии и таблицы носят уточняющий

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SECTION ONE

GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE

AND WORD ORDER

TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (Arakin Book, Part V)

1. Reporting speech in writing

When reporting speech in literature, authors often use direct speech – the exact words are between inverted commas (the English punctuation differs from the Russian one, using colon and double inverted commas).

He leaned towards her and whispered, ‘Be sure to lock your door tonight.’ (Incorrect: He leaned towards her and whispered: “Be sure to lock

your door tonight.”)

The reporting verb (said, replied) can go before the speech in inverted commas, after the speech, or in the middle of it. Mind the absence of dash used in the Russian language.

Lovett said, ‘Houston, we have a problem.’ (Incorrect: Lovett said: “Houston, we have a problem.”)

‘Houston, we have a problem,’ Lovett said. (Incorrect: “Houston, we have a problem,” – Lovett said.)

‘Houston,’ said Lovett/Lovett said, ‘we have a problem.’ (Incorrect: “Houston,” – said Lovett/Lovett said, – “we have a problem.”)

When we put the reporting verb after direct speech, it can go before the subject, unless the subject is a pronoun:

‘The operation has been a resounding success,’ she said. (Incorrect: ‘The operation has been a resounding success, said she.)

‘The operation has been a resounding success,’ said the surgeon/the surgeon said.

In most other forms of writing, such as letters and reports, we prefer indirect speech:

She said the operation had been a resounding success.

When we are speaking, it is possible, though rare, to quote words directly – if we want to focus on the exact words spoken: But did he actually say ‘I love you’? We usually report words using indirect speech in conversations as we do not have punctuation to clearly signal what is the reported speech: But did he actually tell you that he loved you?

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SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

2. Indirect statements

There are a number of common introductory verbs used to report statements, which are often followed by that (such as say, tell, add, continue, answer, reply, mention, remark):

For the third time that day, the minister replied that it was out of the question.

We can omit that after an introductory verb, and often do in conversations, except reply, continue, answer and shout:

I told them they were barred from the club from now on.

Mind the differences in use between say and tell: we can omit the object or use an indirect object after say (e.g. to us), but we use a direct object after tell (e.g. us):

He said (to us) that his mobile phone had been out of action all day. (Incorrect: He said us that his mobile phone had been out of action all day.)

He told us that his mobile phone had been out of action all day. (Incorrect: He told that his mobile phone had been out of action all day.)

When we report another person’s words in indirect speech, we often have to change the pronouns in the direct speech:

James added, ‘I really didn’t understand the problem.’ James added that he really didn’t understand the problem.

When another person reports James’s words, then the pronoun I changes to he. Similarly, if the place or time of reporting is significantly different from that in the original speech, we often need to make

Alex said she would meet us there again the next day at 3.30.

But if the statement is reported on the same day and in the same place, we would say:

Alex said she would meet us here again tomorrow at 3.30.

When we use indirect speech after a past tense reporting verb (e.g. said, had confirmed), we usually change the tense in the sentences we are reporting –we use a tense one step further in the past (’backshift’, or more commonly called ‘the sequence of tenses rule’), so present

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

there for years.

Past forms become past perfect forms, though past perfect simple

We do not change the tense of the original words (i.e. do not observe the sequence of tenses rule) when:

•the reporting verb is in the present tense: He says that intelligent life in the universe does not exist.

•the direct speech includes an unreal past (see SECTION THREE):

‘I wish I were younger.’ Janice said she wished she were younger. (Incorrect: Janice said she wished she had been younger.)

In some cases we can choose to change the tense or not. This often depends on the relationship of the reported event to the time of reporting it. For instance, if we report ‘I’m going on holiday tomorrow morning’ on the day it is said, we are likely to say:

Susanna said she’s going on holiday tomorrow morning.

But reported a few days later, we are more likely to say:

Susanna said she was going on holiday the next morning.

We don’t usually change the tense when:

•the action in the indirect speech is still happening or going to happen:

I’m working on the details of the tentative agreement.’ The negotiator said he is working on the details of the tentative agreement. (= He is still working on the details.)

•the reported verb expresses a fact or situation that cannot or is unlikely to change:

He explained that these animals roamed the earth millions of years ago. He told us that counseling is not the answer for everyone.

• the verb comes after a time conjunction, e.g. when, after:

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SECTION ONE. GRAMMAR REVISION: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER TARGET VOCABULARY: UNIT ONE (ARAKIN BOOK, PART V)

Martin replied that he had started the job immediately after he left school.

Note 1: In all of these cases, it is also possible to change the tense:

The negotiator said he was working on details of a tentative agreement. He explained that these animals had roamed the earth millions of years

ago.

He told us that counseling was not the answer for everyone.

Martin replied that he had started the job immediately after he had left school.

Note 2: We make the tense change if we no longer believe the direct speech statement:

‘Where’s Tom this evening?’ – ‘He said he was going to join us, but I don’t think he will.’ (Incorrect: ‘He said he’s going to join us, but I don’t think he will.’)

We often need to make changes to modal verbs. Where possible, we change the modals used in the present tenses to those expressing a similar idea in the past tenses (e.g., will is often replaced by would, may – by might, etc.):

‘The new law will be in place soon.’ She said the new law would be in place soon.

‘Publication may be delayed.’ The editor said that publication might be delayed.

Note 3: Mind the use of shall and must when reported.

a)Shall becomes would when it refers to the future, but should when it is a suggestion:

Note 4: Ought to, used to, could, might, would and should do not change when reported.

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С. В. МАЙОРШИНА, Ю. С. КУЗИН. ПОПОЛНЯЕМ СЛОВАРЬ, СОВЕРШЕНСТВУЯ ГРАММАТИКУ

S. V. MAYORSHINA, Y. S. KUZIN. TARGET VOCABULARY THROUGH GRAMMAR REVISION

Exercise 1. Five of these seven sentences contain mistakes in grammar or punctuation. Tick the correct sentences. Correct and explain the mistakes.

1.‘These traffic calming measures have been put into place for a very good reason,’ said he.______________________________________________

_____________________________

2.The doctor said me that I should really do more exercise. ________

________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3.Alison decided that she’d have the whole kitchen floor replaced.____________________________________________________________

4.Delia commented that fresh coriander could be found in any good supermarket now. ________________________________________________________

___________________________

5.The child shouted he wanted to go home to his mother. __________

____________________________________________________

6.And then the interviewer actually said that’s a lie, Minister. ______

___________________________________________________________________

7.The new Honda Civic, the salesman added, is one of the most popular small family saloons now. _____________________________________

____________________

Exercise 2. Report these telephone messages. Make sure that you change the tenses, pronouns and adverbs as necessary.

1.‘Hi Mum. It’s Lucy here, just phoning to say Happy Birthday. I’m going to be out all afternoon but I’ll try you again later.’

Lucy phoned to say ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

2.‘Oh, er, hello. This is Christine Reynolds. I’m phoning to find out the results of my blood test. I’m going on holiday tomorrow morning so I’d be grateful if you could ring me back later.’

Doctor, Christine Reynolds left a message earlier today. She said ___

________________________________________________________________

3.‘Elaine, hi. It’s Rosemary here. I didn’t get to Spanish last night as I’d been out all day and I got home late. I’ll ring again to find out what the homework is.’

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