Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

Hippocrates knew little of anatomy and physiology and he had few instruments. In fact he had neither thermometer nor stethoscope. He had to estimate the temperature by his hand; he had to listen to the heart placing his ear to the chest. But in spite of all that his method was scientific.

Hippocrates created medicine on the basis of experience. He taught that every physician had to study the history of a disease, he had to learn how to make an accurate prognosis based on the signs and symptoms. He taught that the physician had to direct his attention to the color of the face, the skin, the nature of respiration, the appearance of sputum, bowel habits. Hippocrates was the first who connected the disease of one organ with the affection of the whole organism. According to his teaching the symptoms of the disease, and especially fever, are the expressions of the protective reaction of the organism and the chief function of a physician is to aid the natural forces of the body. Hippocrates was a good surgeon as well. He performed operations even on the skull.

We have his writings which are called Hippocratic Collection. The Collection consists of more than one hundred books. His works give us information about surgical knowledge and technique of that period. Some of Hippocratic thoughts are quite modern. The Collection begins with the famous Oath, which teaches medical students to be a good doctor. A good doctor must have not only deep knowledge of a particular field of medicine, he must love people and have a kind heart. We call Hippocrates the father of medicine.

Tasks

I. Read aloud and define the parts of speech:

practitioner, superstition, occupation, especially, development, natural, punishment, scientific, expression, function, medical, particular, protective, physician, nature, surgical, accurate.

II. Read aloud and translate the following words and word combinations:

Hippocrates, Greece, practitioner, development of the disease, anatomy and physiology, to estimate the temperature, to listen to

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the heart, signs and symptoms, to study medicine, to make an accurate prognosis, to direct attention, ear, the nature of respiration, appearance of sputum, the affection of the organism, to perform operations, protective reaction of the organism, natural forces of the body, technique.

III. Give the four forms of the following verbs:

to know, to be, to connect, to teach, to prove, to study, to write, to give, to have, to call, to consist, to make, to estimate, to learn.

IV. Compose the sentences from the given words:

1.freed, from, Hippocrates, medicine, superstition.

2.of, knew, and, had, he, instruments, little, Hippocrates, anatomy, few, physiology, and.

3.neither, in, stethoscope, fact, had, nor, he, thermometer.

4.had, he, listen, to, the, placing, to, chest, the, heart, ear, his, to.

5.skull, the, on, performed, he, operations, even.

6.Oath, the, begins, the, with, famous, Collection.

7.call, we, of, father, medicine, Hippocrates, the.

V. Read and say if it is true or false:

1. Hippocrates was born in Italy. 2. Hippocrates studied human anatomy. 3. Hippocratic Collection consists of one book. 4. He created medicine on the basis of superstition. 5. Hippocrates performed operations on the skull. 6. He was a good philosopher as well. 7. The Collection begins with the famous Oath.

VI. Read and translate the sentences. Put them into the Present, Past and Future Tenses, using equivalents of modal verbs:

1. Symptoms of this disease must be studied. 2. Hippocrates could perform operations on the skull. 3. The physician may take the analysis of the sputum in the laboratory. 4. A good doctor must love people. 5. A heavy disease can cause a complication. 6. Every practitioner should direct his attention to the color of the patient’s face.

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VII. Answer the following questions:

1. Where was Hippocrates born? 2. He was a son of a philosopher, wasn’t he? 3. What did Hippocrates study? 4. What did Hippocrates free medicine from? 5. What did he create? 6. What did the great physician teach his pupils? 7. What is called Hippocratic Collection? 8. How do we call Hippocrates?

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UNIT 4. IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV – A MAN

AND A SCIENTIST

Grammar: 1. The Past Simple Tense. 2. Imperatives. Word-building: Suffixes: nouns: -ly, -ment; adjectives: -ful, -al.

Tasks 1. Choose the correct verb form:

1.He … (help, helped) his father on his farm. 2.His father … (taught, teach) him to read books. 3.In 1870 Pavlov … (enters, entered) Petersburg University. 4.Soon he … (decide, decided) to become a physiologist himself. 5.Pavlov … (was discovered, discovered) several new facts about blood pressure. 6.Pavlov … (was allowed, allowed) students to interrupt him and gladly … (answered, were answered) their questions. 7.He … (was rising, rose) at 7 o’clock, … (ate, was eating) a simple breakfast of tea and bread-and- butter usually to the accompaniment of the gramophone.

2. Make up as many questions as you can:

Ivan Pavlov made great contribution to medical science.

3. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. Read the sentences, correct any mistakes. 2. Continue to write the story. 3.Work in pairs and check your answers. 4. Try to remember as many details as possible. 5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. 6. Listen and repeat these words. 7. Show your statements to the rest of the class. 8.Tell the class what you asked people and what they answered. 9. Don’t worry. 10. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

4. Read and learn the words and word combinations:

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I. P. PAVLOV – A MAN AND A SCIENTIST

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan. When he was still a very little boy he helped his father on his farm. His father taught him to read books.

In 1870 Pavlov entered Petersburg University to study natural sciences. Soon he decided to become a physiologist himself.

During his work at the Academy Pavlov discovered several new facts about the blood pressure.

In 1881 Pavlov married. His wife was a wonderful help and companion to him. Their marriage was a very happy one.

In 1890 Pavlov began to lecture on physiology in the Military Academy.

Many of Pavlov’s ideas were new to the students and he was a very popular lecturer. His lectures were very simple and clear. He did not use notes since his memory was wonderful. He allowed students to interrupt him and gladly answered their questions.

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Pavlov studied the work of the digestive system. He made many experiments on dogs. He had to make operations on dogs and as he loved animals he treated them with great kindness and they showed no fear of him. Pavlov never operated unless it was really necessary and he always used anaesthetics. He was a very skilful surgeon and the dogs generally recovered very quickly. Pavlov made great contribution to medical science.

Pavlov was given a splendid new laboratory at the village of Koltushy, near Petersburg. Large sums of money were spent on his laboratory. Though he was old man of seventy-four he worked as hard as ever. He rose at 7 o’clock each morning, ate a simple breakfast of tea and bread-and-butter usually to the accompaniment of the gramophone. He worked nine or ten hours a day.

A few years before his death he addressed the youth of the country: «The first important thing is to be systemic in your work... Never pass on to the next stage until you have finished the previous one. Never try to hide the defects in your knowledge. The second important thing is modesty. Never imagine that you know everything. The third that is necessary is enthusiasm. Remember that science demands of a man his whole life…»

Pavlov, the Great Russian scientist died on February 27, 1936 at the age of eighty-six.

Tasks

I. Study the text and find the words with suffixes: -ful, -al, -ly, -ment. Translate them into Russian.

II. Study the text and say what word doesn’t suit here:

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III. Fill in the gaps:

1.Ivan Petrovich Pavlov entered Petersburg University to study …

. 2.I. Pavlov discovered several new facts about … . 3.Pavlov began to lecture on … . 4.He studied the work of the … system. 5.He made many experiments on … . 6.He was very skilful … and the dogs generally … very quickly. 7.Pavlov made great … to medical science. 8.Pavlov was given a splendid new … at the village of Koltushy. 9. … imagine that you know everything.

IV. Choose the proper words from the given ones:

1.When Pavlov was a very little boy he helped his father …

a)at the chemist’s shop b) on his farm c) in the ward d) at the lecture

2.Many of Pavlov’s ideas were new to the students and he was very popular…

a)physiologist b) lecturer c) surgeon d) companion.

3.He allowed … to interrupt him and gladly answered their questions.

a)his father and wife b) physiologists c) surgeons d) students

4.As he loved dogs he … his dogs with great kindness.

a)studied b) helped c) treated d) operated on

5.Pavlov studied the work of … .

а) the gramophone b) his laboratory c) the digestive system

d)a very skilful surgeon

6.Pavlov made great contribution to … .

а) medical science b) Petersburg University c) experiments on dogs d) his laboratory

7.Never try to hide the defects in your … .

а) breakfast b) operations c) knowledge d) memory

V.Choose the proper prepositions from the given ones:

1.Pavlov was born … September 14, 1849.

a) on b) in c) at d) since

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VI. Answer the questions:

1.What university did Pavlov enter to study natural sciences?

2.Did Pavlov decide to become a physiologist himself? 3. When did Pavlov marry and what was his wife to him? 4. What did Pavlov study? 5. What experiments did Pavlov make? 6. Why did dogs show no fear of Pavlov? 7. Did Pavlov always use anaesthetics? 8. What was usual Pavlov’s working day?

VII. Tell how Pavlov addressed the youth of his country.

VIII. Make up a plan of the text and retell it by using your own plan.

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UNIT 5. PAVLOV’S LAST WILL

Grammar: The Present Simple Tense. Reflexive Pronouns. World-building: Suffixes: nouns: -ness, -ment, -er; adjectives: -ful,

-less.

Tasks

1. Put in myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, etc … . Translate the sentences into Russian:

2. Complete the sentences, putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Tense. Be ready to translate them into Russian:

1. I’m afraid I _____ (not/speak) English very well. 2. She usually _____ (finish) her work before seven o’clock. 3.What _____ you

_____ (think) of the new student? 4. Russian scientists ________

(carry out) mass investigations in this field of medicine. 5. Professor N _____ (perform) very intricate operations. 6. This work usually

_______ (lead) to the establishment of new approaches. 7. ______

(not/allow) the patient to walk.

3. Compose the nouns from these words, using suffixes: -ness, -ment, -er:

write, develop, weak, kind, agree, read, dark.

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5. Read and translate the text:

PAVLOV’S LAST WILL

Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936), great Russian physiologist, tried to explain psychological phenomena in terms of physics, chemistry and

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