Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии
.pdfXI. Clinical Psychology
to apply, application – приме- |
acceptable norms of society - |
нять, применение |
принятыенормы общества |
to prevent, prevention – пред- |
to harm, harm – наносить вред, |
упреждать, предупреждение, |
вред |
профилактика |
to relieve, relief – облегчать, об- |
harmful, to be harmful – вред- |
легчение |
ный, быть вредным |
expectable reaction – ожидае- |
to promote, promotion – спо- |
мая реакция |
собствовать, поддерживать, |
subjective well-being – благосо- |
поощрение |
стояние человека |
to make a judgement - оцени- |
genetic predisposition - генети- |
вать |
ческая предрасположенность |
personal development – разви- |
biological cause – биологиче- |
тие личности |
ская причина |
learning disability – неспособ- |
to consider - рассматривать |
ность к учению |
ways of thinking and behaving |
to offer advice – давать совет |
- способы мышления и пове- |
obsessive-compulsive disorder – |
дения |
навязчивый невроз |
anorexia – отсутствие аппе- |
to improve – улучшать, по- |
тита |
правляться |
severe, severity – тяжелый, тя- |
voluntary control – сознатель- |
жесть |
ный контроль |
to assess, assessment – обследо- |
severe disorder – тяжелое нару- |
вать, обследование |
шение |
in response to – в ответ на |
XII. The essence of clinical psychologist’s work |
|
psychological well-being – пси- |
to establish the cause - устано- |
хическое благополучие |
вить причину |
psychological difficulties – пси- |
methods of diagnosis – методы |
хологические трудности |
диагностики |
anxiety – беспокойство, тре- |
severity of symptoms – тяжесть |
вога |
симптомов |
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to prevent and cure illnesses – предупреждать и излечивать болезни
personal (past) history -жиз- ненный анамнез
to be interested in smth – интересоваться чем-либо resistance of the organism – сопротивление организма
to be ill – болеть
XIV. The six aspects of health
physical well-being- физическое благополучие
total careобщий уход
to encourage – поддерживать to discourage – отговаривать, обескураживать
high level of wellness – высокий уровень здоровья
to face with problems - сталкиваться с проблемами
to cope with stress – справляться со стрессом
to manage feelings – управлять чувствами
common welfare – общее благополучие
to gain satisfaction – получать удовлетворение
self-fulfilment – реализация своих способностей и возможностей
expanse of life - продолжительность жизни
to interact with people – взаимодейстовать с людьми self-care – самообслуживание to express emotions – выражать эмоции
to deal with stress – боро ться со стрессом
to exist, existence – существовать, существование
to receive information – получать информацию
to achieve success – достичь успеха
XV. Stress in our life
to adjust, adjustment – приспо- |
health problem – проблемы, |
сабливаться, адаптироваться, |
связанные со здоровьем |
адаптация |
to keep from - воздерживаться |
behavioral adjustment – пове- |
to accept – принимать, призна- |
денческая адаптация |
вать |
general adaptation syndrome – |
to lose a job – терять работу |
синдром общей адаптации |
to identify, identification – узна- |
surprise visit – неожиданный |
вать, устанавливать, установ- |
визит |
ление |
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to keep up - поддерживать heart beat – сердцебиение the rate of breathing – частота дыхания
blood pressure – кровяное давление
cause of stress – причина стресса
feeling of irritability – чувство раздражительности
stomach upset – расстройство желудка
XVI. Causes of stress
to agree – соглашаться, считать |
to experience stress – испыты- |
agreement – соглашение, со- |
вать стресс |
гласие |
life events – события жизни |
to lose weight – терять вес |
loss of income – потеря до- |
relationship – отношение, вза- |
хода |
имоотношение |
retirement income – пенсион- |
abuse of alcohol – злоупотре- |
ный доход |
бление алкоголем |
evidence – доказательство, |
family life – семейная жизнь |
основание, наличие |
personal concern – личная за- |
seizure - приступ |
интересованность |
to expose – воздействовать, |
work conditions – условия ра- |
подвергать воздействию |
боты |
abnormalities – нарушения, |
concentration – сосредоточен- |
отклонения |
ность |
sensitivity - чувствительность |
XVII. Student stress
stressful situation – стрессовая ситуация
thoughts and feelings – мысли и чувства
to acquire skill – приобретать мастерство
stress management – умение справляться со стрессом threat – угроза
source of stress – источник стресса
fatigue - усталость
increased capacity – повышенная способность
to threaten – угрожать
to suffer from chronic disease – страдать от хронического заболевания
to encourage – поощрять, поддерживать
complexity of material – сложность материала
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various data – различные дан- |
preventive medicine – профи- |
ные |
лактическая медицина |
to develop relationship – раз- |
to improve performance – |
вивать, устанавливать отно- |
улучшать работоспособность, |
шения |
успеваемость |
to expect – ожидать, предпо- |
to survive – выживать, выдер- |
лагать |
жать |
expectation – ожидание, на- |
survival – выживание |
дежда |
to associate - связывать |
XVIII. Stressors and their treatment
to worry, worry – беспокоиться, беспокойство
financial worries – финансовые трудности
strain – напряжение
midlife crisis – кризис среднего возраста
by the way – кстати, между прочим
to avoid complications – избежать осложнений
state of the brain – состояние головного мозга
to heal, healing – заживлять, заживление
tiredness – усталость to relieve - облегчать relief - облегчение
throughout the nervous system - по всей нервной системе duration of a sleep – продолжительность сна
to require - требовать requirement - требование ability to concentrate - способность сосредоточиться approximately - приблизительно
to maintain – поддерживать, сохранять
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Supplementary Reading
1. Why Learn English
Learning to speak English well may be best thing you can do to improve your life.
That’s right. Do you think it would be fun to have access to information that other people can’t get? Talk and write letters to interesting people that others can’t communicate with? Impress people around you whenever you opened your mouth? Make big jumps in your career, leaving others miles behind?
You can get all this if you speak English well.
Get access to knowledge
What are you interested in? Is it science? Music? Computers? Health? Business? Sports? Today’s media – such as the Internet, television, and the press – give you almost unlimited access to knowledge about your favorite subjects.
After all, we live in the information age, don’t we?
There’s only one problem. Most of this knowledge is in English:
-87% of all pages on the Web. That’s over a billion (1,000,000,000) pages of information! It’s amazing that learning just one language gives you access to almost all knowledge on the Internet. (source)
-Books – on any subject, from all over the world. Read books by British or American authors, and books translated from other languages. Whatever you’re interested in, you can read about it in English!
-The press. Only English-language magazines and newspapers can be bought in every part of the world. You don’t have to search for
Time, Newsweek, or the International Herald Tribune!
-Science. English is the key to the world of science. In 1997, 95% of the articles in the Science Citation Index were written in English. Only about 50% of them were from English-speaking countries like the USA or Britain. (source)
-News reports. Watch international television networks, such as CNN International and NBC. They broadcast news much faster, and more professionally, than smaller, national networks. And
you can watch them everywhere in the world.
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Communicate with people
We like to call English «the language of communication». Why? Because it seems all the people in the world have agreed to use English to talk to each other.
-About 1,500,000,000 people in the world speak English. Another 1,000,000,000 are learning it. (source)
-75% of the world’s letters and postcards are written in English. (source)
-Almost all international conferences and competitions are conducted in English. For example, the Olympics and the Miss World contest.
-Diplomats and politicians from different countries use English to communicate with each other. English is the main language of
organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the European Free Trade Association.
If you can communicate in English, you can:
-Contact people from all over the world. Talk about your ideas and opinions on Internet discussion groups. Send e-mail to interesting people. Learn about their life and culture.
-Travel more easily. Communicate with people wherever you go
– English is spoken in more than 100 countries. Ask directions,
have a conversation, or … ask for help. Who knows, maybe English will save your life someday!
Push your career forward!
If you want a good job in business, technology, or science, get out of that armchair and start learning English now!
(If you already have a good job, start learning before you lose it!) Knowing English will let you:
-Put «excellent knowledge of English» on your CV. Get your dream job, and earn more money.
-Gain technical knowledge. English is the language of technology, especially high technology like computer science, genetics, and medicine. If you’re going to read about technology, you’ll probably have to do it in English.
-Learn computer science. Read technical articles without difficul-
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ty. Or write your own articles!
-Be a world-class businessman (or-woman). It’s simple. International business is done in English. And all business today is international. So if you want to play, you have to know English – to contact other businesspeople, go to conferences, read international business newspapers and magazines, etc.
-Become a better scientist. Contact scientists from other countries, go to international conferences, visit academic centers abroad. Learn about new scientific discoveries by reading papers, books, and magazines.
-Use your computer more effectively. Most computer applications are in English, so you will understand them better – and become a better employee.
-Learn new skills for your job. The section «Get access to knowledge» explains how English helps you to learn.
Enjoy art like never before
English lets you feel the culture of the world like no other language. With a good knowledge of the English language, you can do wonderful things:
-Watch American and British films in the original. Once you try it, you’ll never go back to dubbed versions!
-Read great books. Every famous book was written in English or it was translated into English. There is an amazing number of titles
– from classic plays like Hamlet to modern thrillers like Jurassic Park.
-Enjoy English-language music more. Believe us: music is much better if you can understand the words.
English is easy to learn
English is not only the most useful language in the world. It is also one of the easiest languages to learn and to use:
-Simple alphabet – no special symbols such as é or ä. Type in sweet, part, film on your computer. Now try süβ (German), (Polish), (Russian). Which is easier?
-Easy plurals – simply add s to a word. One car, five cars; one telephone, two telephones… There are very few exceptions.
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-Words are easy to learn. In French, it’s la fille and le chien. In German, it’s das Mädchen and der Hund. In English, they’re just a girl and a dog. And that’s all you need to know.
-Short words. Most of the basic words are short: run, work, big, go, man. Long words are often shortened: sitcom = situational comedy, fridge = refrigerator, OS = operating system. Speaking English saves you time.
-Words don’t change. But in many languages, one word has many forms:
-Call everybody «you». You can say «Do you speak English?» to your friend or to your teacher. In other languages, you have to use the right word for the right person. In English, everybody is equal.
-English is everywhere. You can easily access English-language television, music, websites, magazines, etc. You don’t have to learn
from boring textbooks. You can learn and use your English at the same time. Using your English is especially important because it increases your desire to learn.
Get satisfaction
English is not only useful – it gives you a lot of satisfaction:
-Making progress feels great. We’ll never forget the moment we discovered we could speak with Americans or watch TV in English.
-You will enjoy learning English, if you remember that every hour you spend gets you closer to perfection.
-Using English is fun, too, because every sentence you speak or write reminds you of your success.
English makes you a more powerful, happier person. It is not difficult to imagine some situations where knowing English gives you a great feeling.
We hope that, with our help, your progress in English will soon give you a lot of satisfaction, too. Many people have followed our methods and watched their «English power» grow very quickly. You can read about these people in the Successful English learners section of Antimoon.com.
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2. Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large (usually >10,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units, differ creating the existence of many thousands of different types of mutually unintelligible human languages.
A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a written language, often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. Speech in addition to its use in communication is internally used by mental processes to enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interior monologue.
Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in spoken language. Several academic disciplines study these including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, otolatyngology and computer science. Another area of research is how the human brain in its different areas underlies speech.
Normal human speech is produced with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs which creates phonation in the glottis in the larynx that then is modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants. However humans can pronounce words without the use of the lungs and glottis in alaryngeal speech of which there are three types: esophageal speech, pharyngeal speech and buccal speech.
Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language.
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