Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

Social Health

-Relates to how we see ourselves as individuals, as male or female, and how we interact with other people.

-Encourages contributing to one’s human and physical environment, to the common welfare of one’s community.

-Emphasizes the interdependence with others and nature.

-Includes the pursuit of harmony in one’s family.

Personal Health

-Relates to how we see ourselves as a person, how our ego develops, what we hope to achieve, and how we define success for ourselves.

-Involves preparing for work in which one will gain personal satisfaction and find enrichment in one’s life through work.

-Includes finding self-fulfilment in unique ways, ways that are defined by what we value and what we hope to accomplish for ourselves and our community.

Mental Health

-Encourages creative, stimulating mental activities.

-Relates to how we get information, knowing where to get information we need and how to use the information we receive.

-Includes liking who you are and accepting yourself.

Spiritual Health

-Involves seeking meaning and purpose of human existence.

-Involves developing a strong sense of personal values and ethics.

-Includes the development of a deep appreciation for the depth and expance of life and natural forces that exist in the universe.

Tasks

I. Study the text and find the words with suffixes: -ness, -th, -ence, -ment, -al.

II. Study the text and say which sentences given below are true and which are false. Correct the false ones:

1. Physical health includes expressing your emotions in a healthy way. 2. Physical health discourages cardiovascular flexibility and

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strength. 3. Physical health encourages the use of tobacco, drugs and excessive alcohol consumption. 4. Emotional health includes facing life’s problems and dealing with its pressures, or stresses. 5. Emotional health includes development of autonomy and ability to cope effectively with stress. 6. Mental health includes liking who you are and accepting yourself. 7. Social health doesn’t emphasize the interdependence with others and nature.

III.Choose the proper word for the following:

1.Personal health relates to how our … develops.

7.Spiritual health involves developing a … sense of personal values and ethics.

IV. Study the text and find sentences with the gerund. Define its function in sentences.

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V. Answer the following questions:

1.What term is used to describe a broader view of good health?

2.What does wellness include? 3. What six aspects of health do you know? 4. Does physical health include keeping your body fit? 5. Does physical health discourage cardiovascular flexibility and strength?

6.Does physical health encourage the use of tobacco? 7. Does physical health include medical selfcare and appropriate use of the medical system? 8. Emotional health includes expressing your emotions in a healthy way, doesn’t it? 9. What does social health relate to?

10.Does mental or personal health include finding self-fulfilment in unique ways?

VI. Comment on the following points of the text:

VII. Give a summary of the text.

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UNIT 15: STRESS IN OUR LIFE

Grammar: 1. Modal Verbs. 2. Degrees of Comparison. Word-building: Suffixes: nouns: -sure, -age, -ment, -ance;

adjectives: -al, -ive, -able; adverbs: -ly.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to adjust - приспосабливать(ся) adjustment - приспособление

to affect - воздействовать, влиять to require - требовать

cause - причина

to respond - отвечать, реагировать response - ответ, реакция

challenge - сложная задача, проблема

to survive - пережить, перенести, выжить threat - угроза

to identify - распознавать, устанавливать expectation - ожидание

to trigger - запускать, вызывать, начинать to occur - случаться, происходить

to tighten - сжимать, сдавливать

upset - расстройство, огорчение, недомогание irritability - раздражительность

anxiety - беспокойство, тревога to lower - понижать, уменьшать resistance - сопротивляемость

susceptible - восприимчивый, чувствительный

to suggest - предлагать, советовать, наводить на мысль

2. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:

a traffic jam - «пробка», затор

a surprise visit - неожиданный визит

a missing set of keys - потерянная связка ключей the rate of breathing - частота дыхания

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a manageable amount of stress - незначительное количество стресса

tension headache - головная боль, связанная с напряжением PMS - post menstrual syndrome - пост менструальный синдром

3. Read and translate the following link-words:

any, too, like, us, itself, often, with, as well, only, it, for, of, everywhere, recently, a lot of, between, too much, your, in, these, as, such as, or, to, this, also.

4. Give the four forms of the verbs:

beat, rise, keep, make, say, get, be, meet, deal, feel, lead.

5. Read and define the parts of speech:

typically, familiar, specific, adjustment, connection, preparing, stressful, faster, pressure, expectation, recently, irritability, getting, behavioral, accompany, situation, manageable, tension, science, physically.

6.Make up as many questions as you can:

1.Individual often adjusts to new possible situations.

2.People deal with a lot of stress.

3.He got tension headaches.

7.Form comparative and superlative degrees from the following adjectives:

familiar, bad, heavy, low, natural, weak, stressful, good, easy, fast, many, necessary, significant, late, much, important, little, attentive.

8. Read and translate the sentences:

1. Our University is the largest in our town. 2. Yesterday I spent less time preparing for my classes. 3. He is the most experienced doctor at this clinic. 4. This article is more interesting than the previous one. 5. Most information was useful for students. 6. We like to

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work at this laboratory most of all. 7. The more questions, the more answers. 8. The new bridge in our town is as long as the old one. 9. The exams of this session is not so difficult as the exams of that one.

9. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Modal verbs and their equivalents:

1.We have to go to the University early in the morning. 2. I can buy this medicine today. 3. These students were able to pass exams beforehand. 4. You may take this book from the library for ten days.

5.The girl was allowed to take more fat food. 6. They had to complete their work till 5 o’clock. 7. All medicines should be given very carefully. 8.We were to have met two hours ago. 9. You must do it at once. 10. She could have made this translation better. 11. He should speak to his brother once more.

10.Remember the pronunciation of the words:

adrenaline [q'drenqlIn], psychological ["saIkq'lOGIkl], insomnia [In'sOmnIq]

11. Read and translate the text:

STRESS: WE ARE ALL FAMILIAR WITH IT

Some people might say they’re all too familiar with stress. Fact is, what’s stressful to one person, may not be to another. Nor is all stress bad or bad for you.

The word stress has a very specific meaning. Technically, it’s a behavioral adjustment to change that affects you physically and psychologically.

Any change that requires you to adjust your way of doing things can be a cause of stress. It can be good or bad. As major as a marriage or divorce, getting or losing a job. As minor as a traffic jam, a missing set of keys, a surprise visit from a friend.

In situations like these, the human body typically responds in these ways: adrenaline starts flowing, the heart beats faster, blood pressure rises, the rate of breathing increases, muscles tense up.

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This «stress response» is instinctive to humans and other animals, too. It keeps us up. It’s the body’s way of preparing itself to meet new challenges.

In ages past, real dangers were everywhere and the response helped people survive. Today, real threats are not so easy to identify. We often need to adjust to new situations, new rules, new roles, new expectations. These changes trigger the stress response, too. The faster things change, the more often stress occurs.

With a manageable amount of stress, we are okay. As stress increases, so does our effectiveness. With too much stress, we don’t perform as well.

When your body has to deal with a lot of stress, you can feel it. You may get tension headaches or tighten muscles in the neck, shoulders and back. For many, a stomach upset can accompany these aches and pains. And there may be feelings of irritability or anxiety.

Too much stress can also lower your resistance – making you more susceptible to common ailments like colds and flu, PMS and insomnia. And it can lead to more serious problems such as hypertension, heart disease and depression.

It’s only recently that science has been able to suggest there really is a connection between these health problems and stress.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the words and word combinations:

common, common interests, common sense, common case, common abilities, common knowledge, common room, common ailments.

to adjust, to adjust to new situations, to adjust to the environmental conditions; adjustment, adjustment to new work conditions.

to behave, to behave good. He behaved badly at the lesson. Behave yourself! People behave differently in this situation. behaviour, to study the behaviour of a man. What can you say about his behaviour?

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II. Pay attention to the meaning of the verb «to keep» with different prepositions. Learn them. Translate the sentences into Russian:

to keep up - поддерживать в хорошем состоянии, стимулировать to keep up with - не отставать, держаться наравне

to keep on - продолжать настойчиво делать что-либо to keep from - воздерживаться

to keep in - оставаться в помещении

1. It’s difficult but I am trying to keep up. 2. After that severe illness the boy couldn’t keep up with his schoolmates. 3. They were kept in by the heavy rain. 4. They kept on working together and soon discovered the way to solve the problem. 5. The doctor advised you to keep from training for a while after heart attack.

III. Match the synonyms:

IV. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the word «too».

too – (перед прилагательным) – слишком; (в конце предложения) – также, тоже

1.These letters will be sent too. 2. That summer was too hot.

3.This exercise is too easy for the first year students. 4. The water

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in this river is too cold to swim. 5. Most of my friends are students and I am a student too. 6. It was too early to make conclusions. 7. We received these papers too. 8. He had got too little information. 9. He had enough knowledge to do this work too.

V. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Degrees of Comparison:

1. You can go more slowly. 2. The lower resistance of the organism, the more susceptibility. 3. The cause of his irritability was unknown for most of his friends. 4. Reactions of that organism were best of all. 5. The less findings the more difficulties in making diagnosis. 6. You may keep the book as long as you need it. 7. The conditions of caring out an experiment were the most natural.

VI. Read and translate the sentences. Put them in the Present Simple Tense:

1. They will be able to see this patient. 2. They had to remain there until the end of the month. 3. We had to make a decision. 4. My brother was to return on the next day. 5. We shall have to walk. 6. We shall be able to buy some food at the next station. 7. I had to tell us his name. 8. They will have to earn more money. 9. Will your sister be able to find that document? 10. We shall be able to renew the work.

VII. Study the text and try to find the answers to the following questions:

1.Who at first demonstrates the existence of biological stress?

2.What does the «stress» mean?

3.What symptoms does the stress induce?

4.The term «stress» is used in lexicon of various languages, isn’t it?

5.Hans Selye, what was he?

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Hans Selye

Hans Selye was a Canadian endocrinologist of Austro-Hungarian origin and Hungarian ethnicity. Selye did much important factual work on the response of the organism to stressors. Some commentators considered him the first to demonstrate the existence of biological stress.

Selye was born in Vienna on January 26, 1907. He became a Doctor of Medicine and Chemistry in Prague in 1929. In 1931 Selye went to the University in Montreal where he started researching the issue of stress.

His inspiration for general adaptation syndrome (GAS, a theory of stress) came from an endocrinological experiment in which he injected mice with extracts of various organs. Selye at first believed he had discovered a new hormone, but was proved wrong when every irritating substance he injected produced the same symptoms (swelling of the adrenal cortex, atrophy of the thymus, gastric and duodenal ulcers). This, paired with his observation that people with different diseases exhibit similar symptoms, led to his description of the effects of «noxious agents» as he at first called it. He later coined the term «stress», which has been accepted into the lexicon of various other languages.

Selye discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses, that stress is stressful whether one receives good or bad news, whether the impulse is positive or negative. In 1968 Selye was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

Selye worked as a professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the University of Montreal. In 1979 Dr. Selye founded the Canadian Institute of Stress.

Selye had published 1,700 research papers, 15 monographs and 7 popular books. He died on October 16, 1982 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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