Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

3.Make up as many questions as you can:

1.Many people understood the advantages of vaccination.

2.Symptoms disappeared quickly after treatment.

4.Refer the words to «Noun»; «Adjective»’ «Adverb» or «Verb» columns:

prehistoric, greatly, surgical, treatment, operation, trepanation, instrument, medical, treat, specialize, internal, prevention, illness, successfully, dedicate, religion, probably, achievement, contribute, founder.

5. Give the three forms of these verbs. Translate them into Russian:

drive, know, cut, have, begin, treat, become, get, develop.

6. Read and learn these words and word combinations:

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7. Read and translate the text:

MEDICINE: HISTORY (Part I)

In prehistoric times, people believed that angry gods or evil spirits caused disease. The first «physicians» – the tribal priests tried to pacify the gods or drive out the evil spirits. The first known surgical treatment was an operation called trepanation. It involved use of a stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient’s skull, perhaps to release evil spirits.

By about 3000 B.C., the Egyptians, who had developed one of the world’s first great civilizations, began making important medical progress. Egyptian physicians began to specialize. Some physicians treated only diseases of the eyes or teeth. Others specialized in internal diseases. Other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contributed to medical progress. The ancient Chinese, for example, developed medical practices that had been handed down almost unchanged to the present day. They developed the practice of acupuncture. In ancient India, the practice of medicine stressed the prevention as well as the treatment of illness. Indian surgeons successfully performed many kinds of operations, including amputations and plastic surgery. The civilization of ancient Greece was at its peak during the 400’s. Throughout this period, sick people flocked to temples dedicated to the Greek god of healing, Asclepius, seeking magical cures. But at the same time, the great physician Hippocrates began showing that disease has only natural causes. He thus became the first physician known to consider medicine a science and art separate from the practice of religion. The Hippocratic oath, an expression of early medical ethics, reflects Hippocrates’ high ideals. But the oath was probably composed from a number of sources rather than by Hippocrates himself. The Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt and Greece. Their own medical achievements were largely in public health. The Greek physician Galen, who practised medicine in Rome during the A. D. 100’s, made

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the most important contributions to medicine in Roman times. He performed experiments on animals and used his findings to develop the first medical theories based on scientific experiments. For this reason he is considered the founder of experimental medicine. During the Middle Ages the Islamic Empire of Southwest and Central Asia contributed greatly to medicine. Avicenna, an Arab physician produced a vast medical encyclopedia called Cannon of Medicine. It summed up the medical knowledge of the time and accurately described meningitis, tetanus, and many other diseases. The work became popular in Europe, where it influenced medical education for more than 600 years.

Tasks

I.Define the odd word. Translate all the words into Russian:

1.to treat, to cure, to heal, to develop.

2.operation, religion, trepanation, amputation.

3.priest, god, spirit, physician, religion.

4.achievement, skull, eye, teeth.

II.Match the English variant with its Russian translation:

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III.Make the sentences complete. Translate them into Russian:

1.The first «physicians» – the tribal priests tried to pacify the gods … .

2.Some physicians treated … .

3.The ancient Chinese developed ... .

4.Indian surgeons successfully performed … .

5.The great physician Hippocrates began … .

6.The Greek physician Galen made … .

7.Avicenna produced … .

IV. Say if it is true, false or don’t know:

1. The first known surgical treatment was an operation called appendectomy. 2. It involved use of stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient’s skull. 3. All physicians treated disease of eyes or teeth. 4. Other physicians specialized in internal diseases. 5. Some other physicians treated skin diseases. 6. The ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture. 7. In ancient India, the practice of medicine stressed the prevention only. 8. The Hippocratic oaths reflects Hippocrates’ high ideals. 9. The Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt, Greece and Russia. 10. Galen performed experiments on rabbits and monkeys.

V. Change the sentences using the predicate in the Past Simple and the markers: yesterday, years ago, much time ago, in prehistoric times, etc. Translate the sentences:

1. People believe that angry gods or evil spirits cause disease. 2. The first known surgical treatment is an operation called trepanation. 3.Egyptian physicians begin to specialize. 4. They treat only diseases of eyes or teeth. 5. The ancient Chinese develop medical practices.

6.Indian surgeons successfully perform many kinds of operations.

7.The civilization of ancient Greece is at its peak. 8. Sick people flock to temples dedicated to the Greek god of healing, Asclepius, seeking magical cures. 9. He becomes the first physician known to consider medicine a science and art separate from the practice of religion.

10. His work is popular in Europe.

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VI. Look through the text again, be ready to answer the questions:

1. What did people believe in prehistoric times? 2. What was the first known surgical treatment? 3. How did they perform the operation? 4. What did the Egyptians begin doing by about 3000 B. C.? 5. How did other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contribute to medical progress? 6. Who developed the practice of acupuncture? 7. When was the civilization of ancient Greece at its peak? 8. What is Hippocrates famous for? 9. Where and when did the Greek physician Galen practise medicine? 10. What did Avicenna produce?

VII. Retell the story, using the plan of your own.

Text 2. MEDICINE: HISTORY (part II)

Tasks

1. Define the parts of speech. Translate the words:

medical, scientific, cultural, numerous, alcoholic, various, effective, infectious, dramatic.

2.Translate the words. How are they formed? textbook, heartbeat, pulsebeat.

3.Read and learn the words:

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МЕDICINE: HISTORY

The chief medical advances in Europe during the Middle Ages were the founding of many hospitals and the first university medical schools. A new scientific spirit developed during the Renaissance, the great cultural movement that swept across Western Europe from about 1300 to the 1600’s. During the late 1400’s and early 1500’s, the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci performed many dissections to learn more about human anatomy. He recorded his findings in more than 750 drawings. Andreas Vesalius, a physician and professor of medicine at the University of Padua in Italy, also performed numerous dissections. He used his findings to write the first scientific textbook on human anatomy, a work called «On the Structure of the Human Body» (1543). A French army doctor named Ambroise Pare improved surgical techniques to such an extent that he is considered the father of modern surgery. The English physician William Harvey performed many experiments in the early 1600’s to learn how blood circulates through the body. He performed dissections on both human beings and animals and made careful studies of the human pulse beat and heartbeat. Harvey concluded that the heart pumps blood through the arteries to all parts of the body and that the blood returns to the heart through the veins. In 1796, an English physician named Edward Jenner discovered a safe method of making people immune to smallpox. The success of the experiment initiated the science of immunology – the prevention of disease by building up resistance to it. For thousands of years, physicians tried to dull pain during surgery by administering alcoholic drinks, opium, and various other drugs, but no drug proved to be really effective in reducing the pain and shock of operations. Then in the 1840’s, two Americans – Crawford Long and William T. G. Morton – discovered that ether gas could safely be used to put patients to sleep during surgery. Long, a physician, and Morton, a dentist, made the discovery independently. Scientists of the 1800’s made dramatic progress in learning the causes of infectious diseases. Pasteur, a brilliant French chemist, proved that microbes are living organisms and that certain kinds of microbes cause disease. Koch, a German physician, invented a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases.

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Tasks

I. Match both parts of the sentences to make them complete. Translate the sentences into Russian:

II. Ask questions, paying attention to the predicates in the Past Simple.

III. Find and read aloud (don’t forget about the translation) the sentences to describe:

1.The work of Leonardo da Vinci.

2.The experiments, carried on by William Harvey.

3.The discovery of Edward Jenner.

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IV. Discuss with your partner the tendencies of the development of medicine:

a) in Middle Ages b) in the 18th and 19th centuries.

V. Retell the text, using the phrases:

as far as I know, I think, to my mind, to the best of my knowledge, I dare say, naturally speaking, to sum everything up.

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UNIT 3. HIPPOCRATES

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses.

Modal Verbs and their equivalents. Word-building: Suffixes: nouns: -ion (-tion, -sion); -er, -or; adjec-

tives: -al; -ic.

The determiners: neither…nor…; either … or; both … and … .

Tasks

1. Read and translate the following sentences. Analyse tense forms:

1.The X-ray examination revealed that the arm was broken.

2.The student asked if the lesson on anatomy would be the next week. 3. He felt that the temperature was increasing. 4. The doctor said that this organ had been affected. 5. Examination showed that the general condition was good. 6. He told that the protective reaction of the organism had decreased. 7. We considered that the analyses would be done in time. 8. He knew that this doctor worked at the surgical department. 9. They wanted to know whether the assistant’s diagnosis was accurate. 10. The patient asked the nurse if she would take the temperature. 11. The students thought that the appearance was an important sign. 12. I hoped that this patient would recover.

13.They said that the symptoms of the disease had been controlled.

2.Read aloud and learn the following conjunctions. Translate the sentences:

1.Both the effect of food and the occupation affect the organism.

2.Hippocrates was not only a good practitioner but a good surgeon as well. 3.Neither temperature nor blood pressure were noticed. 4.It was recommended either to make injections or to take tablets.

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5.The patient was given the medicine so that the pain would be disappeared. 6.He neither knows nor cares. 7.Neither here nor there. 8.Neither fish nor flesh. 9.Neither man nor mouse.

4. Read and translate the text:

HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates was born in Greece. He was the son of a doctor. Hippocrates studied medicine and was the greatest practitioner of his time.

Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition. He hated the idea that a disease was the punishment of gods. In his works he proved that every disease had a natural cause. He noted the effect of food, occupation and especially climate on the development of the disease.

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