Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

6. Define the function of the infinitive and translate the sentences:

Функции: подлежащее; часть сказуемого; дополнение; определение; обстоятельство.

1.To know the technique of hypnosis was necessary for Charcot.

2.Mental disorder could be set off by trauma. 3. Charcot was the first to describe the degeneration of joints. 4. Charcot’s students preferred to consider the hypnotic state a psychological one. 5. The duty of a doctor is to cure patients. 6. Charcot learned the technique of hypnosis to study the hysterics. 7. Binet and Freud continued to use hypnosis in their work.

Hysteria seemed to be a mental disorder with physical manifestations.

Оказалось, что истерия является психическим нарушением с физическими проявлениями.

«Complex Subject» – сложное подлежащее.

7. Remember the pronunciation of the words:

Charcot ['SRkqV], Paris ['pxrIs], neurology [nju'rOlqGI], hysteria[hI'stIqrIq],hysterics[hI'sterIks],traumatic[trL'mxtIk],technique [tek'nJk], hypnosis [hIp'nOusIs], hypnotize ['hIpnqtaIz].

8. Read and translate the text:

JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT

Jean-Martin Charcot was born in Paris, France, late in 1825. Although he was a nineteenth century scientist, his influence carried on into the next century, especially in the work of some of his wellknown students.

He was a professor at the University of Paris for 33 years, and in 1862 he began an association with Paris’s Salpêtrière Hospital that lasted throughout his life, ultimately becoming director of the hospital. Charcot was known as an excellent medical teacher, and he

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attracted students from all over Europe. His focus turned to neurology, and he is called the founder of modern neurology. In 1882, he established a neurological clinic at the Salpêtrière that was unique in Europe.

Charcot took an interest in the malady then called hysteria. It seemed to be a mental disorder with physical manifestations, of immediate interest to a neurologist. He believed that hysteria was the result of a weak neurological system which was hereditary. It could be set off by a traumatic event like an accident, but was then progressive and irreversible. To study the hysterics under his care, he learned the technique of hypnosis and soon became a master of the relatively new «science.» Charcot believed that a hypnotized state was very similar to a bout of hysteria, and so he hypnotized his patients in order to induce and study their symptoms. He did not plan to cure them by hypnosis -- in fact, he felt that only hysterics could be hypnotized.

Among Charcot’s students were Alfred Binet, Pierre Janet, and Sigmund Freud. They were impressed with Charcot and went on to use hypnosis in their own way, but disagreed with their teacher that it was a neurological phenomenon. They considered the hypnotic state a psychological one.

Charcot’s work encompassed other aspects of neurology as well. He was first to describe the degeneration of ligaments and joint surfaces due to lack of use or control, now called Charcot’s joint. He did research to determine the parts of the brain responsible for specific nerve functions and discovered the importance of small arteries in cerebral hemorrhage.

He died in 1893 in Morvan, France.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the following link-words:

although, late in 1825, their, they, as well, other aspects, others, for 33 years, so, which, due to, throughout, then, soon, like, in order to, in fact, among, only, that, ultimately, to.

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II. Give the Passive form of the infinitive:

to give, to carry, to know, to call, to turn, to become, to study, to believe, to describe, to determine.

III. Use the proper form of the given verb:

1. The heart disease of that patient … (to be influenced) by the climate. 2. Yesterday at the conference the report … (to be followed) by a discussion. 3. After examination patients … (to be brought) usually to the ward. 4. The blood test … (to be made) tomorrow by 5 o’clock. 5. The patient … (to be told) that his trauma was a slight one. 6. Information of these new findings … (to be published) in several days. 7. That hereditary disease … (not/to be cured).

IV. Use the verbs in Present Simple Passive:

1. He learned the technique of hypnosis. 2. Charcot hypnotized his patients. 3. He determined the parts of the brain responsible for specific nerve functions. 4. The scientists call Charcot the founder of modern neurology. 5. Charcot attracted students from all over Europe.

V. Define the function of the Past Participle and translate the sentences:

1. This scientist is well-known all over the world. 2. Mental disorder is manifested in a patient with a weak nervous system. 3. Psychological disorder may be caused by a traumatic event. 4. Mental disorder caused by a trauma was quite severe. 5. Opened a neurological clinic Charcot became known throughout Europe.

VI. The text to be translated in written form:

Charcot was the best known professor of pathologic anatomy. His classic descriptions of tabetic arthropathy, peroneal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the localization of functions in diseases of the brain revealed his versatility and genius.

It was in 1862 at La Salpetriere that Charcot had begun the study of tremors, and recorded several new examples of disseminated scle-

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rosis, recognizing that it was a disease distinct from paralysis and other movement disorders.

It was undeniably Charcot who, in 1868, established criteria for the diagnosis of the disease in a patient. His three cardinal symptoms were: intention tremor, nystagmus, and scanning speech.

Charcot concluded with the hope, when the disease has become better known, the physician will learn how to take advantage of that spontaneous tendency to remission which has been noticed in many cases.

Even though the problems discussed by Charcot are still unsolved, the anatomo-clinical method which he evolved still provides a good basic approach.

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UNIT 8. SIGMUND FREUD 1856 – 1939

Grammar: Participle I. Progressive Tenses. Word-building: nouns: -age, -is, -ure, -ship, -hood.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the brief biography of the scientist. Pay attention to its points:

Born: May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, now the Czech Republic Died: September 23, 1939 (aged 83) London, England Residence: Austria, (later) England

Nationality: Austrian Ethnicity: Jewish

Field: Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis

Institutions: University of Vienna Alma mater: University of Vienna

Academic advisor: Jean-Martin Charcot, (later) Josef Breuer Notable students: Alfred Adler, John Bowlby, Viktor Frankl, Anna Freud,

Ernest Jones, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Jacques Lacan, Fritz Perls, Otto

Rank, Wilhelm Reich, Donald Winnicott Known for: Psychoanalysis

Notable awards: Goethe Prize

2. Remember the pronunciation of the words:

Jewish ['GHIS], Austria ['OstrIq], merchant ['mWCqnt], financial [faI'nxnSl], failure ['feIljq], favoured ['feIvqd], crisis ['kraIsIs], sacrifice ['sxkrIfaIs], precocious [prI'kOuSqs], neurophysi-

ology ["njuqrOu"fIzI'OlqGI], psychoanalysis ["saIkOuq'nxlqsIs], gymnasium [GIm'neIzIqm], career [kq'rIq].

3. Read and learn the words:

psychoanalysis - психоанализ merchant - торговец

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wool - шерсть

previous - предыдущий, предшествующий due to - вследствие, благодаря, в связи, из-за

failure - неудача, недостаточность, затруднение perfect - идеальный, безупречный

owing to - по причине, вследствие, благодаря precocious - развитый, преждевременный

to favoure - быть благосклонным, оказывать предпочтение sibling - единокровный брат или сестра

despite - несмотря на to sacrifice - жертвовать to enter - поступать influence - влияние

to be interested in smth - интересоваться чем-либо to conduct - вести, проводить

to receive - получать besides - кроме того, кроме

therefore - поэтому, следовательно in order to - для того, чтобы

to clarify - прояснять, освещать

delicate - хрупкий, слабый, затруднительный to appear - появляться, издаваться, казаться to consider - рассматривать, считать, полагать

4. Read and try to remember the word-combinations:

by a previous marriage - от предыдущего брака

due to the economic crisis - вследствие экономического кризиса a financial failure - финансовые трудности

a perfect pupil - прилежный ученик

precocious intellect - не по годам развитый интеллект

to give a proper education - дать приличное (хорошее) образование

under the influence - под влиянием to fall in love - влюбиться

a free conversation - свободное общение

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to give an especial consideration - уделять особое внимание throughout the following life - на протяжении последующей жизни

5. Define the parts of speech. Translate the words:

financial, marriage, crisis, conversation, important, general, culture, leadership, prominent, especially, economic, childhood, nervous, movement.

6. Give four forms of the verbs:

get, be, give, choose, have, begin, become, dream, spread, fall, find, meet, write, pay.

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the ending «-ed»:

sacrifice, study, receive, attract, want, describe, appear, consist, consider, develop, broaden, present, clarify, publish, conduct, graduate, move, enter.

7. Read and translate the text:

SIGMUND FREUD.

Sigmund Freud is one of the most well-known doctors in the world history, a philosopher, and the father of the psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud was born on 6 May 1856 in a big Jewish family in Austria. His father was 41, a wool merchant, and had two children by a previous marriage. His mother was 21. Due to the economic crisis the family had a financial failure and moved to Vienna. In childhood Sigmund was a perfect pupil. Owing to his precocious intellect, his parents favored him over his siblings; and despite their poverty, they sacrificed everything to give him a proper education. Sigmund entered a prominent high school. In the gymnasium he studied brilliantly and ended it in 1873 with honors.

Under the influence of Darwin’s and Goethe’s works he chose the medical faculty of Vienna University. So in 1873 Freud began studing medicine at Vienna University and graduated from it in 1881.

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Being at the University Freud chose the career of a scientist. Freud was especially interested in histology (the study of organic tissues) and neurophysiology (the study of the nervous system).

Freud conducted himself histology research and published some articles on anatomy and neurology. At the age of twenty-six he received a Degree in Medicine. From 1882 to 1885 Freud was studying clinical medicine in Vienna hospital, but surgery did not attract him. Also he worked as a therapist. But Freud was not paid much, besides at that time he fell in love and wanted to get married.

Therefore, he needed to find a more highly paid job. Soon he received a grant for working in Paris, where he met and worked under the leadership of Martin Charcot.

In 1896 Freud used for the first time the term «psychoanalysis» for describing the method of a free conversation between a doctor and a patient. He began his self-analysis in 1897, giving an especial consideration to dream investigation. And in 1900 appeared his book «The Interpretation of Dreams», which many people considered one of his most important works.

The psychoanalytical movement was spreading. In 1910 Freud was invited to America in order to lecture in Clark’s university. People were becoming interested in Sigmund Freud’s theories.

Throughout his following life Freud developed, broadened, and clarified psychoanalysis. Freud wrote much. The collection of his works consists of 24 volumes. It includes articles on delicate questions of the clinical practice, courses of lectures, presenting the theory in general, special monographs in religion and culture problems…

Tasks

I. Read and translate the following link-words:

therefore, throughout, one of, due to, over, in 1896, on 6 May, so, at, many, in order to, on questions, some, of, they, owing to, from… to…, between, which, most, despite, besides, more, their.

II. Read and translate the words and word combinations:

to consider, to consider a question, considered question was interesting; considerable contribution; considerably less; consideration, the consideration of this problem was long.

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delicate, delicate health, delicate hearing, delicate operation, delicate question.

general, general course of studying, general hospital, general condition, general weakness; in general; generally.

due, with due attention, in due time, he is due to speak at the conference; due to, due to his illness, due to bad conditions; to be due to, his death was due to nephritis.

III. Put the predicates into Continuous Tense, using markers (now, at 2 o’clock yesterday, from…to…, the whole day…):

1. He described the new method. 2. The patient gets injections of sulfa-drugs. 3. The epidemic spread rather quickly. 4. The researcher will write paper for the scientific conference. 5. They studied organic tissue. 6. Clinicians develop new remedies. 7. We shall read case reports connected with these abnormalities.

IV. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of the Present Participle:

1. This patient is receiving the treatment according to the new method. 2. The articles describing problems of neurology were published in the last journal. 3. Working under the leadership of that scientist we developed new modern medicine. 4. The doctor studying the development and behaviour of children worked out a number of rules for parents. 5. Yesterday they were conducting experiments in the laboratory.

V. Study the text and try to find the answers to the following questions:

1.What disease did Sigmund Freud fall ill with?

2.What was the cause of Freud’s disease?

3.What conclusion can you come to?

Living and dying with an ENT disease.

It was not too long ago that infections of the ear, nose and throat created complications that were very serious and in a high percentage of cases led to premature death.

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Sigmund Freud was a heavy cigar smoker throughout his life and in the spring of 1923 he found a pathological change in the mucous membrane of his right upper jaw. A good friend and colleague examined him and suspected the wound might be malignant. He was referred to professor Marcus Hajek, who was the leading rhinologist in Vienna. Hajek performed a prompt operation but the treatment was inadequate from several points of view. The tumour was not radically extirpated, treatment took place in the outpatients department and immediate postoperative control was non-existent. The way in which the case was dealt with was particularly incomprehensible bearing in mind that Freud was a colleague and was already world famous. Hajek gave up the case and entrusted the patient to the very skilful jaw surgeon Hans Pichler who controlled and treated Freud in the following years. Pichler had to perform at least 30 operations during these years and even visited Freud in London in 1939 where he lived after his forced emigration from Vienna in 1938. The real trouble during the course of the disease was to fill the operation cavity with an appropriate prosthesis. The technique for producing these was far from perfect at that time.

Remarkably Freud lived for 16 years with his cancer before his death in 1939, at the age of 83.

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