Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

World-building: nouns: -ness, -tion, -ment; adjectives: -al, -ic; verbs: -ate;

adverbs: -ly.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to apply - применять, употреблять to involve - вовлекать, включать to emerge - появляться, возникать ancient - древний, старый

to break (broke, broken) away - отделяться to flourish - процветать

to conclude - заканчивать, заключать conclusion - заключение, вывод

sensible - благоразумный, целесообразный to determine - определять

to occupy - занимать humanity - человечество

to attempt - пытаться, пробовать perception - восприятие, ощущение cognition - знание, познание

relationship - отношение, взаимоотношение to investigate - исследовать, изучать

to touch - касаться, затрагивать

to concern - касаться, иметь отношение personality - особенности характера pattern - образец

child-rearing - воспитание детей environment - окружающая среда

2. Read and try to remember the word-combinations:

academic discipline - учебная дисциплина applied discipline - прикладная дисциплина

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a flourishing branch - преуспевающая область it is sensible to study - целесообразно изучать life span - жизненный путь

individual human being - отдельный человек

natural and social sciences - естественные и общественные науки interpersonal relationships - межличностные отношения human factor - человеческий фактор

etc. et cetera (лат.) - и так далее

3. Read and translate the following link-words:

from…to…, without, as, this, from, which, because, by, how, in order to, therefore, every, between, such, throughout, almost, also, since, more, some, etc, on the one hand, on the other hand.

4. Read and translate the sentences:

1.The students have already read this article. 2. We shall have passed five examinations of the next term by the end of the June.

3.The scientist has got all the necessary information about the experiment. 4. Our investigators have developed new vaccine against grippe. 5. My friend had graduated from the University last year.

6.The patient has taken all the tablets. 7. The researcher had tested all the characteristics of a new drug.

5.Remember the pronunciation of the words:

psychology [saI'kOlqGI], emerge [I'mWG], rearing ['rIqrIN], consciousness ['kOnSqsnqs], ancient ['eInSqnt], civilization

["sIvlaI'zeISn], natural ['nxCrql], sociological ["sOuSIq'lOGIkql], humanity [hju'mxnqtI], behaviour [bI'heIvjq], environment

[In'vaIrqnmqnt], thought [TLt].

6. Read and translate the text:

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology (from Greek, literally «to study the soul») is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental behaviour.

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As a science it emerged in the nineteenth century. The idea of this new science was unreal without developments in philosophy. The study of psychology in a philosophical context dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India. Psychology has never been completely broken away from philosophy. Today there is a flourishing branch of philosophy, the philosophy of science, which critically examines the aims, methods and conclusions of all sciences.

Psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behaviour and mental states. Because the whole behaviour is controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study how the brain functions in order to understand behaviour. Behaviour is determined by a complex of factors that are partly biological, partly anthropological, partly sociological, and partly psychological. Therefore, psychology occupies a position between natural and social sciences on the one hand, and between sciences and humanities on the other.

Psychology touches almost every aspect of our life. And although psychology has been concerned primarily with the behaviour of human individuals and groups, it has also dealt with the study of animal behaviour. Since life span of most laboratory animals is shorter than that of people, it is possible to control genetic factors more easily.

Psychologists attempt to explain the mind and brain in the context of real life. They study such phenomena as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behaviour, and interpersonal relationships. They investigate development throughout the life span from birth to death.

So the main subject of its investigation is the individual human being, his inner life, the personality, the patterns of thought, consciousness and behaviour.

Society is turning more and more to psychology to answer some of the serious human problems of our day and age; for instance, childrearing, the most effective method of teaching children, mental illnesses, human factor and environment, etc.

Nowadays psychology is a separate discipline, a real combination of true knowledge of human nature.

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Tasks

I. Define the parts of speech. Translate the words:

natural, consciousness, combination, primarily, investigate, development, completely, perception, sensible, partly, academic, illness, environment, genetic, nervous.

II. Give the Perfect Infinitive:

to deal, to study, to break, to touch, to investigate, to explain, to determine, to apply,

to examine, to develop, to understand, to control, to answer, to occupy, to involve.

III. Explain the functions of the verb «to have»:

1.The scientist has checked the results of his research. 2.We have a number of methods to solve these problems. 3.This book has presented a wide variety of recent experiments. 4.You have to come to the University on time. 5.The brain has muscles for thinking as the legs have muscles for walking. 6.We shall have described the phenomena in our report. 7.The parents have to fit their children for life.

IV. Read and translate the text. Find in the text the sentences which may be the answer to the question: «Why do we consider Wilhelm Wundt the father of psychology?»

Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology as an independent experimental field of study began in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research at Leipzig University in Germany, for which Wundt is known as the «father of psychology».

Wilhelm Wundt was born on August 16, 1832 in a small village in Germany. He was the son of a Lutheran pastor. He was a solitary child. He shunned the games of children in favour of books and study. He received his early education at the hands of a private tutor. At the age of thirteen he joined Gymnasium High School.

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At the nineteen he decided to study medicine, most likely as a means of entering a scientific career. But later on, he turned to physiology. He worked intensively on the study of cerebral anatomy. Wundt earned a Degree in Medicine in 1855. Psychology was just beginning to emerge as a distinct science. Wundt started working on psychological problems of the society. He conducted a series of experiments to determine the dimensions of feeling and perception. According to him, the essence of all total adjustments of the organism was a psychophysical process. His laboratory became a focus for those with a serious interest in psychology. All subsequent psychological laboratories were closely modeled on the Wundt Model.

He pursued his work with boundless energy and enthusiasm until his death. He died after two weeks of his 88th birthday, on August 31, 1920 near Leipzig, Germany.

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UNIT 10. PSYCHOLOGY FOR MEDICAL

STUDENTS

Grammar: Passive Voice.

World-building: nouns: -tion, -ence(-ance), -er, -y; adjectives: -al, -ous, -ic.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

primarily - прежде всего, главным образом experience - опыт

to offer - предлагать

data - данные, показатели ability - способность

need - необходимость, pl. потребности drive - стимул

to make up - составлять, создавать personality - личность

merely - просто, только nuisance - надоедливый человек utmost - величайший

to demand - требовать skill - мастерство

sympathetic - сочувственный efficient - эффективный, умелый to determine - определять nowhere - где бы ни было, нигде obvious - очевидный, явный

to observe - наблюдать

to stretch - простираться, распространяться probationer - стажер

2. Read and try to remember the word-combinations:

scientific psychology - научная психология

to make up human personality - создать личность человека

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utmost importance - величайшее значение profession skill - профессиональное мастерство

sympathetic understanding - понимание, полное сочувствия impersonal relationship - межличностные отношения

sort of social interchange - разновидность социального обмена strictly observed hierarchy - строго соблюдаемая иерархия junior probationer nurse - младшая медсестра-стажер

3. Translate the words with the following prefixes:

inter - меж-, между-, среди-, взаимо-. interpersonal, interaction, interchange,

de – отделение, лишение, недостаточность, отрицание. dehumanize, deactivate, deorganize, degenerate, deoxygenate.

4. Read and translate the following link-words:

for, of, primarily, about, can, that, a, merely, as, just, his, only, also, with, among, each, as well as, largely, this, so, of course, from, every, in, to, them, between, the, by, but.

5. Remember the pronunciation of the words:

scientific ["saIqn'tIfIk], experience [Ik'spIqrIqns], merely

['mIqlI], dehumanize [dJ'hjHmqnaIz], nuisance ['njHsns], hierarchy ['haIrRkI], probationer [prq'beISnq], nurse [nWs], data ['deItq], obvious ['ObvIqs], nowhere ['nOuweq], thought processes ['TLt "prOusesIz].

6. Read and translate the text:

PSYCHOLOGY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS Psychology is of central importance for all medical work. Sci-

entific psychology is concerned primarily with the study of normal experience and behaviour, and it can offer data about human abilities and thought processes, about human emotions, needs and drives, and about the complex individual differences that make up human personality.

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Patients should not be dehumanized, seen merely as interesting cases, as technical problems, or just as plain nuisances. Understanding of the patient and his difficulties is of utmost importance. Every patient is not only a case demanding professional skill, but is also a person with a body as well as a mind in need of sympathetic understanding.

Interpersonal relationship among human beings depends on efficient communication between them. The sort of social interchange that develops will largely be determined by the role each person is playing in the given situation. Nowhere is this so obvious as in a hospital. There is, of course, a strictly observed hierarchy, stretching from the senior consultant to the medical student, and from the matron to the junior probationer nurse.

Tasks

I. Define the parts of speech. Translate the words:

communication, technical, difference, for, demanding, personality, strictly, determined, obvious, probationer, importance, primarily, seen, about, ability, social, interchange, sympathetic.

II. Give the Passive Infinitive:

to concern, to make, to be, to see, to demand, to understand, to depend, to play, to determine, to give, to observe, to stretch, to study.

III. Read and translate the sentences:

1. Memory must be exercised daily. 2. Universities have long been sources of scientific knowledge and culture. 3. These experiments were observed by our students. 4. This article has not yet been read. 5. The problems of interpersonal relationship will be discussed at our conference. 6. Human thought processes will be determined during investigation. 7. The most important factors in psychological development of children are listed in this article. 8.Infancy is a period of rapid brain development during which many connections between brain cells are formed. 9. The greatest human abilities were displayed in different situations.

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UNIT 11. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Grammar: Passive Voice.

World-building: nouns: -er, -ment,-tion, -age; adjectives: -ive, -ic, -al; verbs: -ate.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to apply - применять, использовать application - применение, употребление to prevent - предотвращать, предохранять to relieve - оказывать помощь, облегчать

to promote - поддерживать, способствовать well-being - благополучие, благосостояние to assess - оценивать, определять assessment - оценка

to be engaged into smth - заниматься чем-л. to consider - считать, полагать

to associate with - связывать(ся)

to establish - устанавливать, создавать disorder - расстройство, нарушение anxiety - беспокойство, тревога judgement - умение разбираться

to persist - удерживать, сохраняться predisposition - предрасположенность, склонность damage - повреждение, нарушение

to cause - вызывать a cause - причина

to improve - улучшаться, поправляться search - поиск

accident - несчастный случай

maladaptive - неадекватный, плохо приспособленный to emphasize - придавать особое значение, подчеркивать to offer - предлагать

to deal with - иметь дело с кем-л., общаться, разрешать

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2. Read and try to remember the word-combinations:

subjective well-being - благосостояние человека personal development - развитие личности forensic testimony - судебное освидетельствование chronic bad speller - неграмотный человек learning disability - неспособность к учению

to offer advice - давать совет

obsessive-compulsive disorder - навязчивый невроз anorexia nervosa - отсутствие аппетита на нервной почве

acceptable norms of society - общепринятые нормы общества in response to - в ответ на

voluntary control - произвольный контроль

genetic predisposition - генетическая предрасположенность personal history - жизненный анамнез

political prisoner - политический заключенный deliberately - преднамеренно, нарочно

to go on hunger strike - объявлять голодовку

3. Read and translate the following link-words:

its, although, also, in, often, at, yet, many, with, of, as, who, that, a variety of, afterwards, where, other, to, their, these, like, beyond, that is, others, because, for example, how, if, over, so, what, some, but, by, about, when, now, within, via, according to, each, through.

4. Translate the words with the following prefix:

mal- плохо, плохой; не-, без-.

malformation, malposition, maltreatment, malnutrition, malpractice

5. Read and translate the sentences. Put them into the Passive Voice:

1. Psychologist diagnosed mental disorder. 2. Lightner Witmer established a clinic. 3. The doctors of this clinic assess and treat learning disorders. 4. Many people show symptoms of depression. 5. Al-

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