Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

Medical scientists are known to have been achieving great results for the past several years.

Известно, что ученые медики достигли больших результатов за последние несколько лет.

IV. Действие возможности, вероятности. Модальные глаголы must, may с Perfect Infinitive выражают предположение того, что действие уже произошло

He must have told this story. Он, должно быть, рассказал эту историю.

He may have told this story. Он, вероятно, рассказал эту статью.

V. Невыполненное действие, которое должно было / могло произойти в прошлом can, could, should, might

He can have done this work. Он мог бы сделать эту работу.

He cannot have done this work. Не может быть, чтобы он уже сделал эту работу.

He could have translated this text better. Он мог бы перевести этот текст лучше.

You should have come in time. Вам следовало бы придти вовремя.

You might have told us about it. Вы могли бы сказать нам об этом.

Функции инфинитива

I. Подлежащее

To smoke is bad for health. Курить вредно для здоровья.

В современном английском языке распространена конструкция с формальным подлежащим «it»

It is bad for health to smoke. Курить вредно для здоровья.

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II. Часть сказуемого

1) именная часть составного сказуемого (to be – глагол-связка)

The duty of a doctor is to treat patients. Долг врача – лечить больных.

2) часть составного глагольного сказуемого:

а) после модальных глаголов: can, may, must, should…

Now we can begin the experiment. Теперь мы можем начать эксперимент.

б) после to have, to be в модальном значении

You have to stop smoking. Вы должны бросить курить.

в) после глаголов, которые без инфинитива не имеют законченного значения, то есть, глаголы, выражающие начало, продолжение или конец действия, или отношение лица, выраженного подлежащим, к действию, выраженному инфинитивом: to begin, to start, to continue, to end, to stop, to want, to wish, to decide, to intend …

Инфинитив выражает действие, совершаемое лицом, обозначенным подлежащим.

The doctor began to examine the patient. Врач начал осматривать больного.

III. Дополнение

после переходных глаголов, требующих пояснение действия: to help, to assist, to like, to prefer, to forget, to ask, to recommend…

В функции прямого дополнения употребляется только Simple

Перед инфинитивом в функции дополнения часто стоит существительное (или местоимение), обозначающее лицо, совершающее действие, выраженное инфинитивом.

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The doctor told the patient to take his temperature. Врач велел больному измерить температуру.

после прилагательных и причастий: (un)able, afraid, careful, certain, glad, good, happy, hard, interested, surprised, relieved…

IV. Определение

Инфинитив в функции определения всегда стоит после определяемого существительного и переводится неопределенной формой глагола или придаточным определительным предложением.

They have no intention to take part in this competition.

Они не намерены принимать участие в этом соревновании.

There is a new modern medical equipment to carry out diagnosis in a short period of time.

Существует новое современное медицинское оборудование, которое проводит диагностику за короткий промежуток времени.

Инфинитив-определение часто имеет модальный оттенок (особенно Infinitive Passive) и указывает на будущее время. Инфинитив переводится придаточным предложением со словами «следует, должен, нужно, можно»

This lecture was one of the most important to attend.

Эта лекция была одной из самых важных, которую следовало посетить.

The text to be translated into Russian is difficult.

Текст, который нужно перевести на русский язык, трудный.

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После слов the first, the second, the last и т.д. инфинитив переводится придаточным предложением или глаголом в личной форме.

He was the first to make the experiment.

Он был первым, кто провел этот эксперимент. Он первым провел этот эксперимент.

V. Обстоятельство

В функции обстоятельства инфинитив может стоять в начале или в конце предложения. Инфинитив переводится на русский язык инфинитивом или существительным с предлогом. Часто перед инфинитивом употребляется выражение «in order to» - «чтобы, для того чтобы» или «so as» - «так, что».

(In order) to translate English papers you must master English language.

Чтобы переводить английские статьи, вы должны владеть английским языком.

Для перевода английских статей вы должны владеть английским языком.

He was so weak as to be unable to work. Он был так слаб, что не мог работать.

Tasks

1. Define the forms of the Infinitive:

to write, to be writing, to have written, to be asked, to have asked, to have been asking, to have been asked, to ask, to be examining, to be examined, to have been examined, to examine, to have been examining.

2. Form all possible forms of the following Infinitives:

to go, to read, to work, to recommend, to conduct, to send, to investigate.

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3. Find and define the form of the Infinitive:

1) To perform this operation was difficult. 2) The patient to be operated on is in the second ward. 3) He was glad to have been invited there. 4) You could have done this work better. 5) He may be walking in the garden.

4. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the function of the Infinitive:

I.1) To read in bed is harmful for the sight. 2) To be invited to the party was his great desire. 3) It is pleasant to walk in the garden.

4)To have determined the stage of the disease was difficult. 5) It wasn’t easy to answer the teacher’s question. 6) To work in such conditions will be impossible. 7) To have finished the experiment by the end of the month is necessary.

II.1) The duty of a doctor is to treat people. 2) The article must be translated into Russian. 3) On the earth water can be obtained from different natural sources. 4) He wants to go away. 5) The scientist decided to carry out the experiment in two weeks. 6) You might have been wrong. 7) Children are to start school at the age of six.

III.1) She had learned to dance. 2) He asked me to walk in.

3)The teacher ordered to arrive at five o’clock. 4) I’ll recommend you to study the behaviour disorders. 5) Do you like to take part in a research work? 6) The scientist prefers to conduct the experiments in natural conditions. 7) The doctor advised the patient to go to the sanatorium.

IV. 1) This is not the time to stop work. 2) There are a few more words to remember. 3) I found nothing more to do. 4) I am sure he will be the first to come to the examination. 5) There are the things to be moved into the next room. 6) The examination to be passed includes the questions about the Central Nervous System. 7) This is the problem to be considered.

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V. 1) They went down to the river to help us. 2) We have been sent here to study English. 3) He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. 4) To explain the problem he drew diagrams all over the blackboard. 5) The patient was sent to the sanatorium to restore his health. 6) On admission he was made injections to relieve pain in the stomach. 7) To get the necessary knowledge the students have to attend laboratories.

Сложное подлежащее Complex Subject

Конструкция состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива. Между ними находится сказуемое.

He is known to live here.

Перевод предложений с данной конструкцией начинается со сказуемого. Сказуемое переводится глаголом в неопределенноличной форме или вводным словом типа «говорят», «известно», а сама конструкция переводится придаточным предложением с союзом «что», «чтобы».

Можно переводить данную конструкцию и не изменяя порядка слов, переводя сказуемое вводным предложением типа «как говорят», «как известно».

The laboratory is known to have new equipment. Известно, что в лаборатории новое оборудование.

Влаборатории, как известно, новое оборудование.

Вкачестве сказуемого употребляются следующие глаголы:

a) в страдательном залоге: to think, to believe - думать, полагать; to suppose, to consider – считать, предполагать; to find – обнаруживать, устанавливать; to see – видеть, наблюдать; to expect

–ожидать; to know – знать; to observe - наблюдать; to say, to report

–говорить, сообщать; to notice, to note – замечать, отмечать и др.

b)в действительном залоге: to seem – казаться; to appear, to prove, to turn out – оказываться; to happen – случаться, оказы-

ваться и др.

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c) сочетаниями: to be sure, to be certain – несомненно, безусловно; to be likely – вероятно; to be unlikely – маловероятно, вряд ли; to be possible (impossible) – возможно (невозможно); to be probable – вероятно и др. После этих выражений инфинитив переводится будущем временем.

Tasks

Read and translate the sentences:

1. This institute is said to have good laboratories. 2. They are known to have found a new decision. 3. We are likely to receive new information about the patient’s state. 4. That museum was said to be built by a well-known architect. 5. The letter appeared to be signed by the director. 6. This doctor is considered to be very experienced. 7. He appears to be really well. 8. My little brother seems to be sleeping. 9. This text was noted to be too easy for students. 10. There prove to be many difficulties in driving a car. 11. Doctor’s advices are known to help patients greatly. 12. The student seems to know this subject very well. 13. Apples are believed to be good for health. 14. These famous pictures are believed to have been bought for museum. 15. This question is reported to be discussing now. 16. This question is reported to have been discussed at the conference. 17. They are sure to become good specialists. 18. She is certain to be invited to work abroad. 19. The scientist is observed to have published his article. 20. She is expected to recover soon. 21. He happens to be waiting for you. 22. These persons were found to have a cold. 23. The patient was seen to have attack of a severe headache. 24. The findings are thought to have been got beforehand. 25. He is said to have been knocked down by a car.

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Сложное дополнение Complex Object

Конструкция состоит из существительного или местоимения в косвенном падеже и инфинитива. Сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением, при этом существительное (местоимение) в косвенном падеже становится подлежащим, а инфинитив – сказуемым.

I know this doctor (him) to treat successfully. Я знаю, что этот врач (он) лечит успешно.

Сложное дополнение употребляется после глаголов, выражающих:

а) желание:

to want – хотеть; to wish, to desire – желать; to like – любить; should like, would like – хотел бы и др.

б) предположение:

to think – думать; to consider, to believe, to suppose – считать, полагать; to find – находить; to know – знать; to expect – ожидать, предполагать; to prove - доказывать и др.

в) приказание, просьбу, разрешение:

to order, to command – приказывать; to ask – просить; to allow, to permit - разрешать; to make, to cause, to force, to keep – заставлять; to let – позволять и др.

г) восприятия:

to see – видеть; to watch, to observe – наблюдать; to notice – замечать; to hear – слышать; to feel – чувствовать и др.

Tasks

Read and translate the sentences:

1. They want him to do this work in such a short time. 2. I know him to be an experienced surgeon. 3. The doctor considers these vitamins to be useful for health. 4. He ordered his son to prepare the lessons beforehand. 5. We believe this book to be very interesting. 6. I have never seen him swim. 7. The physician ordered the patient

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to be X-rayed. 8. We suppose him to be writing an article in Biology. 9.I should like you to take part in our conference. 10. The doctor doesn’t want me to go to the South. 11. We saw her come into the laboratory. 12. He likes dinner to be in time. 13. We thought him to be discharged from the hospital. 14. She expects the temperature to be decreased soon. 15. The past history revealed the patient to have had memory abnormalities for a year. 16. High temperature caused the patient to seek for a medical help. 17. The surgeon noted the tumour to have been benign. 18. The doctor felt the pulse be rapid. 19.Research workers notice the findings of the experiment to help in the diagnosis of some diseases. 20. The doctor thinks this child to have the problems of perception. 21. He considers mild physical exertion to strengthen abilities of a person. 22. The laboratory workers found a new drug to stimulate the work of the brain. 23. The expert forced behaviour problems in that family to be studied and described. 24. Nobody expected this question to be discussed at the meeting. 25. I never heard him complain about his health.

Miscellaneous exercises

I. Read and translate the sentences:

1. The family history to be written down in a proper form will help to administer treatment. 2. Repeated tests appeared to confirm the diagnosis. 3. We stopped to have a rest a little. 4. He would like me to find out the exact address of this chemist’s shop. 5. We are forced to take taxi so as not to be late for dinner. 6.That student was the first to take examination in Physics. 7. To receive these documents was necessary for him. 8. Nobody wants the question to be included into the agenda of our meeting. 9. That patient was known to have been seen for the first time two months ago. 10. Children are to go to school at the age of six. 11. The purpose of school is to teach pupils the way to learn. 12. She tries to have a walk every evening to sleep better. 13. It is essential to bring up educated and cultured persons. 14. We have to waste much time preparing for our classes. 15. The patient asked to be taken the temperature.

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II. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the functions of the Infinitive:

Health Care and Quality of Life

The world community faces a future in which the quality of life for people may be affected by rapidly advancing technology; the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation; the growth of population; and the impact of new health problems (e.g. AIDS) and long recognized diseases (e.g. malaria).

Society is known to protect the individual from hunger, the condition of illiteracy and severe environmental factors, and to promote the individual’s physical, social and mental well-being.

The focus of health care is the individual or group to be in need of services to maintain health, to protect from illness and disability, cure and rehabilitation, or care in chronic or terminal illness and death.

Health care providers assume ethical and professional responsibilities to inform and support the individual and family throughout the process of decision-making and its consequences.

Health services should use all means for achieving such a level of health that will permit people to lead a socially and economically productive life.

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