Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

Solutions to help medical students with stress include improving orientation, better counseling, and more support.

Stress is necessary to challenge students to learn. Approaches are needed that reduce the negative aspects of stress which lessen students’ learning and performance. The key to reducing distress is providing students with feeling of control over their education, information about what to expect, and feedback regarding what can be done to improve their performance.

Good teaching can not be overestimated as a key to preventing and minimizing distress among students.

Most of all, faculty should not only have a thorough understanding of stress but should also demonstrate the ability to implement appropriate practices in their own lives, thus modeling positive stress management for their students and clients. Those who help students deal effectively with stress are performing a service of lasting value, as healthy stress management is one of the most important life-long learning skills that an individual may acquire.

Dealing with the actual stressful situations or events can be strengthened by providing students with early success.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the following link-words:

more, same, any, that, in, when, for, from, their, by, however, the least, themselves, the most, between, which, often, about, among, as, because, can, major, some, less, over, most of all, should, also, those, who.

II. Match the synonyms:

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III. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the Participle II:

1. The feeling of stress was associated with the uncertainty. 2. Stress associated with uncertainty was rather high. 3. Under moderate stress students experience an increased capacity to learn.

4.People provided with information can cope with many difficulties.

5.All the phenomena described by researchers were well known.

6.Examined the laboratory tests the researchers demonstrated various types of stress management. 7. When examined the laboratory tests the researchers stood out the stress symptoms. 8. Every aspect of the immune system is depressed by excessive amounts of cortisol.

IV. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the Participle I:

1. The researchers are dealing with different stressful events of student’s life. 2. An increasing number of reports on this problem is discussed at our conference. 3. Helping students to deal with stressors the faculty gives many advices. 4. When helping students to deal with stressors the faculty gives many advices. 5. Some people are suffering from chronic stress. 6. Chronic stress can depress cognitive function leading to problems with attention and memory. 7. Having examined the client he gave a positive prognosis. 8. Having various data his report was rather useful for everybody. 9. While questioning the client was very nervous.

V. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the Infinitive:

1. Stress may occur if you are suffering from a chronic illness. 2. To separate from home is a source of stress. 3. Methods are developed to use in preventive medicine. 4. That situation made him come to a decision immediately. 5. To prevent that disease the clinicians de-

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veloped new remedy. 6. A major stressors for medical students is the amount and complexity of material to be learned. 7. Moderate stress is known to maintain desire for learning.

VI. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the Gerund:

1. Enjoying beautiful music can help to reduce stress. 2. Sleep is a type of rebuilding activity. 3. Even 10 minutes of walking will increase your energy and improve your mood. 4. Seeking help may be necessary if your stress is causing significant difficulties. 5.On examining it turned out that stress had caused hearing loss. 6.How can one avoid getting stress? 7.Feeling chronic physical fatigue is a symptom of stress.

VII. The text to be translated in written form:

The national study revealed the existence of a diffuse problem of stress in University. The research revealed nine major categories of student stress. These categories are: instruction, competition, and organization of time, adjustment to college, administrative problems, social adjustment, finances, housing, and transportation. An analysis of the research involving student stress indicates that the most critical stressors have to do with the instructional process itself

– examinations and studying. All these categories are classified into two major groups: preventive and combative.

Preventive strategies include the following:

1.Avoiding stressors through appropriate life adjustments – developing more nurturing relationships, finding a more suitable job, attempting to create a working environment and/or style that is more rewarding.

2.Managing the expectations and demands made upon oneself – keeping tasks in perspective, maintaining realistic self-expectations.

3.Changing stress-inducing ways of behaving and responding – recognizing unproductive behaviors, finding alternate ways of behaving.

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4.Augmenting personal coping resources – assessing personal assets, knowing personal strengths, bringing them to bear on difficult situations.

Combative strategies include the following:

1.Stress monitoring – being aware of stress-related symptoms within oneself.

2.Marshalling personal resources – reflecting on past successes in dealing with strong stressors, focusing on the positive.

3.Taking action to reduce the stressor – being assertive, confronting issues, refusing inappropriate requests for additional responsibilities.

4.Developing tolerance for unavoidable stress – cognitively restructuring the situation, looking for potential positive outcomes.

5.Lowering stress arousal – trying to avoid thinking about a troublesome stressor, blocking it out of one’s consciousness.

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UNIT 18. STRESSORS AND THEIR TREATMENT

Grammar. Sequence of Tenses.

Word-building. Suffixes: nouns: -tion, -ment; adjectives: -al, -ous, -ful;

verbs: -ate, -ize; adverbs: -ly. Prefixes: un-.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

event - событие divorce - развод

to die, death - умирать, смерть

to worry, worry - беспокоиться, беспокойство to care for - заботиться

strain - напряжение

to nag - изводить, раздражать

to manage, management - лечить, лечение

to challenge, challenge - сомневаться, бросать вызов; вызов, проблема

anger - гнев, раздражение fear - страх, боязнь

to channel - направлять to create - создавать

to avoid - избегать to arouse - вызывать

to relate to - относиться к чему-либо to face, face - сталкиваться, лицо threat - угроза

to cope with - справляться, преодолевать

2. Learn the following words and word combinations:

midlife crisis - кризис среднего возраста financial worries - финансовые трудности

nagging health problems - изнуряющие проблемы, связанные со здоровьем

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physically or mentally - физически или умственно challenged family member отсталый член семьи

sudden lay-off from a job - внезапное увольнение с работы by the way - кстати, между прочим

rather than - скорее чем

the need of the hour - злободневная проблема dizzy spells - приступы головокружения tight muscles - спазматические мышцы

3. Read and define the parts of speech:

actually, stressful, condition, negative, various, reaction, avoided, stressor, palpitation, situation, tremendous, weaker, externally, realize, mental, mentally, aroused, relaxation, habituate, attentive, potential.

4. Make up as many questions as you can:

We cope with stressful situation. Stress factors react differently.

5. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the pronoun «it»:

Формальное подлежащее «it» не переводится в конструкциях «It + сказуемое + инфинитив»

1. It is necessary to recognize all the symptoms. 2. It was difficult to cope with the feeling of fear. 3. It is important to change the conditions of the environment. 4. It is not necessary to use all the methods. 5. It is useful to know the features of this study. 6. It is not easy to treat such kinds of diseases. 7. It was important to present the material in time.

6. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the pronoun «it»:

Страдательный оборот с формальным подлежащим «it» соответствует при переводе глаголам с неопределенно-личным значением (it is said – говорят)

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1.It is said that there are many medical institutions in this town.

2.It is expected that this textbook will be published next year.

French and German. 5. It can be expected that all needed information is obtained beforehand. 6. It was reported that the conference had been so interesting as the previous one. 7. As is reported that the results of the experiment were good. 8. As is known these lectures are delivered by well-known scientist. 9. It was to be expected that the article would attract much attention.

7.Remember the pronunciation of the words: hour ['auq], technique [tek'nJk], crisis ['kraIsIs].

8.Read and translate the text:

RECOGNIZING STRESSORS

There can be innumerable stress factors since different individuals react differently to the same stress conditions. It is known that major life events such as a divorce, death, midlife crisis, financial worries, persistent strain of caring for a chronically sick child, nagging health problems or managing a physically or mentally challenged family member can act as potential stressors. Even conditions such as prolonged unemployment or a sudden lay-off from a job can leave you under tremendous stress.

Though anger, fear and other negative emotional reactions are natural and necessary we need to channel them constructively to create a balanced state in our body and mind.

It is said that life acts and you react. Our attitude is our reaction to what life hands out to us. A significant amount of stress symptoms can be avoided or aroused by the way we relate to stressors. Stress is created by what we think rather than by what has actually happened.

We cope better with stressful situation, when we face with them voluntarily. But, when we are forced into such situations against our

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will or knowledge, more often than not, we get weaker at the face of unknown and imagined threats.

Stress management is the need of the hour. Like «stress reactions», «relaxation responses» stress management techniques are some of the body’s important response systems. It is important to recognize whether you are under stress or out of it. Many times, even if we are under the influence of a stressful condition and our body reacts to it internally as well as externally, we fail to realize that we are reacting under stress. This also happens when the causes of stress are there long enough for us to get habituated to them. The body constantly tries to tell us through symptoms such as rapid palpitation, dizzy spells, tight muscles or various body aches that something is wrong. It is important to remain attentive to such symptoms and to learn to cope with the situations.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the following link-words:

since, for, such as, against, by the way, though, same, even, or, them, our, to, that, us, rather than, often, with, when, more, through, something, enough, what, as, most, like, better.

II.Match the synonyms:

1.state - 1. person

2.to cope with - 2. to respond

3.individual - 3. management

4.job - 4. condition

5.to react - 5. to overcome

6.attack - 6. work

7.persistent - 7. to cause

8.treatment - 8. spell

9.to arouse - 9. permanent

III.Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the

translation of the word «to fail»:

to fail – потерпеть неудачу, не иметь успеха, провалиться на экзамене

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– частица «не» перед смысловым глаголом

1.The experiment in environmental investigation has failed.

2.We fail to realize that we are reacting under stress. 3. He failed in mathematics. 4. The laboratory studies failed to give additional information. 5. These drugs fail to bring expected results. 6. I’m afraid I’ll fail in entrance examinations. 7. The patients failed to avoid these complications.

IV. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the translation of the word «since»:

1. Little time has passed since initial description of stress. 2. There can be innumerable stress factors since different individuals react differently to the same stress conditions. 3. Since then many events had happened. 4. We get weaker since we are forced into stressful situations. 5. Since publication of this report the investigators tried to change experimental conditions. 6. The nervous system demands a rest since it is affected by different stressful situations.

V. Study the text and try to find the answers to the following questions:

1.What is the form of musical therapy?

2.What is the method of sound therapy?

Musical therapy

This therapy employs sound in an organized or rhythmic form to relieve the stressed out nerves and brain, relaxing the mind-body as a whole. Certain sounds have telling effect upon the state of our brain. Most of the sounds heard in the world today are «discharging» sounds, draining the brain of its vital energy. Sound therapy is a method of beneficially recharging the cortex of the brain and distributing the latent energy throughout the nervous system. Usu-

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ally, the effect of therapeutic sound upon a person is one of vitalizing, harmonizing and healing at almost every level of being. Sound therapy is one of the most preferred techniques for relieving negative effects of stress.

Sound therapy is simple in practice. It consists of listening to therapeutic sounds, on quality equipment, for at least three hours a day to a total of 100 to 200 hours. The therapist decides the length of time depending on the condition of patients.

VI. The text to be translated in written form:

Sounds of nature

Apart from these specially created musical sounds, we can access and utilize the natural sounds all around us. Nature has a vast repertoire of soothing and rhythmic sounds. We can hear the sounds of ocean, breeze, rusting of leaves and even the sound of silence.

Sound therapy is found to be extremely beneficial in almost all stress related problems. It can be helpful for: easier and more effective sleep; regaining vitality and a sense of well being; obliteration of tiredness; deep relaxation, relief from anxiety and consequent healing of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure, hypertension, digestive problems; correction of stammering and other speech defects induced by psychological disturbances; dyslexia, hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children can also be effectively treated by therapeutic sounds; weight loss, a balanced body vibration ensures reduction in stress effects and metabolism rates; this can diminish artificial craving for food as under stress; increasing mental focus and concentration.

VII. Read the text and answer the question. Try to use the phrases:

Does coffee or tea relieve stress?

One of the popular beverages consumed daily is coffee. The major active ingredient in coffee is caffeine, which is also found in cola, cocoa seeds and tea. Caffeine is a mild stimulant and may increase

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