Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

cohol causes damage to the brain. 6. Clinical psychology promotes subjective well-being. 7. He gives advices to parents on dealing with their children’s condition.

6. Define the function of Participle II. Read and translate the sentences:

1. Psychology is a regulated mental health profession. 2. Symptoms of mood disorder have been confirmed. 3. Assessment performed revealed learning disability. 4. Psychologist worked with families was engaged in forensic testimony. 5. When used different methods doctor established the cause of the disease. 6. Schizophrenia was diagnosed in that patient. 7. Psychologist detected persisted symptoms associated with severe disorder.

7. Read and translate the text:

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Primary points in its practice are psychological assessment and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists are also engaged in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and programme development and administration. In many countries it is a regulated mental health profession.

The field of this science is often considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic as a result of a psychologist’s work with a student who was chronic bad speller. At this point clinical psychology had not yet been associated with severe disorders and emotional difficulties. The psychologist’s name was Lightner Witmer and he discovered that the student had a variety of learning disabilities. Afterwards he established a clinic where children with learning disorders and other difficulties could be assessed

121

and treated. This clinic was also educational in nature because it offered advice to parents and teachers on dealing with their children’s condition.

Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental disorders. These include anxiety and mood disorders like depression and obsessivecompulsive disorder, eating disorders like anorexia nervosa, and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. In all cases, people’s behaviour goes beyond the acceptable norms of society and appears to be maladaptive, that is, likely to be harmful to themselves or others.

Mental disorders are often difficult to diagnose, because many symptoms are part of normal behaviour. For example, many people show symptoms of depression in response to the death of a loved one, but this is an expectable reaction. The psychologist must make a judgement as to the severity of symptoms and how long they have persisted. A disorder would only be diagnosed if a person showed no voluntary control over their feelings or behaviour. So a political prisoner who deliberately goes on hunger strike would not be diagnosed as anorexic.

Clinical psychologists try to establish in their research what causes mental disorders. Some emphasize biological factors that lead to brain dysfunction. These include genetic predispositions to mental illness, as with schizophrenia, but also damage to the brain caused by accidents or by toxins like alcohol. Some disorders with a biological cause can be treated with drugs.

Not all mental disorders have simple biological causes, and researchers must also consider the personal history of individuals in the search for causes and treatments. There are many different kinds of so-called «talking cures», but all therapies have the aim of overcoming maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving. It has been found that about 75% of people improve when given some form of therapy.

Clinical psychologists are now considered as experts in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations – Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive Behavioral, and Systems or Family therapy.

122

Tasks

I. Define the parts of speech. Translate the words:

biological, compulsive, development, consultation, adaptive, personal, disorder, factor, psychotic, application, given, providing, associate, damage, researcher.

III. Choose the right word from the list and insert it into one of the sentences given below:

learning disorder - неспособность к учению mental disorder - психическое расстройство mood disorder - смена настроения

eating disorder - нарушение питания

psychotic disorder - психиатрическое нарушение

1. Schizophrenia is … disorder. 2. Humid weather may cause … disorder. 3. Death of a loved person became a cause of … disorder. 4. Genetic predisposition to … disorder was revealed with the help of complex analyses. 5. Keeping a strict diet may lead to … disorder.

IV. Define the «-ing-form» and its function. Read and translate the sentences:

1. The patient had maladaptive way of thinking. 2. Emotional difficulties resulting in anxiety require drug’s treatment. 3. This psychologist has great experience in treating mental illnesses. 4. Preventing

123

medicine is of great importance. 5. There is possibility of psychological assessment of these children. 6. Developing new medicine the medical researcher used a number of effective methods and therapeutic agents. 7. The opening of a new department with modern equipment will help to overcome many psychiatric disabilities.

V. Read the text and think of the appropriate title for it. Give the reason for your choice:

Clinical psychologists are now considered as experts in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations – Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive Behavioral, and Systems or Family therapy.

Psychodynamic psychology includes examination of transference and defenses, an appreciation of the power of the unconscious, and a focus on how early developments in childhood have shaped the client’s current psychological state.

According to humanistic thinking, each individual already has inbuilt potentials and resources that might help them to build a stronger personality and self-concept. The mission of the humanistic psychologist is to help the individual employ these resources via the therapeutic relationship.

The object of many cognitive behavioral therapies is to discover and identify the biased, dysfunctional ways of relating and through different methodologies help clients transcend these in ways that will lead to increased-being.

Systems or Family therapy works with couples and families, and emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health. The central focus tends to be on impersonal dynamics, especially in terms of how change in one person will affect the entire system.

124

UNIT 12. THE ESSENCE OF CLINICAL

PSYCHOLOGIST’S WORK

Grammar: The Degrees of Comparison. World-building: nouns: -ship, -er, -ment, -y; adjectives: -al, -ous, -ic, -ant.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to reduce - понижать, ослаблять, уменьшать

to enhance - увеличивать, усиливать, повышать relationship - взаимоотношение

to undertake - предпринимать to observe - наблюдать observation - наблюдение

2. Read and try to remember the word combinations:

social care setting - учреждение по социальному попечительству mental health service - служба психического здоровья

private practice - частная практика career structure - структура деятельности

medical practitioner - врач общей практики

3. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to reduce, to add, to see, to work, to develop, to be, to promote, to take, to assess, to use, to deal, to lead, to have, to research, to bring, to catch, to gain.

4. Read and translate the sentences. Put them in Present Tense:

1.The doctor defined the symptoms of the disease. 2.Psychologist tried to establish the cause of mental disorder. 3.Clinical psychologists worked directly with people. 4.There were many different methods of diagnosis. 5.The severity of symptoms had persisted. 6.The researchers were engaged into a new programme development. 7.This abnormality had to be treated with drugs.

125

5. Read and translate the following link-words:

a range of, in, of, for example, which, a variety of, usually, as, with, other,

others, most, but, some, directly, either…or…, no, their, on, rapidly, to, through, very, however, that, because, same, largely, clearly.

6. Read and translate the text:

THE ESSENCE OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST’S WORK

Clinical psychology aims to reduce psychological distress and to enhance and promote psychological well-being. A wide range of psychological difficulties may be dealt with, including anxiety, depression, relationship problems, learning disabilities, child and family problems, and serious mental illnesses. To assess a client, a clinical psychologist may undertake a clinical assessment using a variety of methods including psychometric tests, interviews and direct observation of behaviour. Assessment may lead to therapy, counselling or advice.

Clinical Psychologists work largely in health and social care settings including hospitals, health centres, community mental health teams, child and adolescent mental health services and social services.

They usually work as part of a team with, for example, social workers, medical practitioners and other health professionals. Most clinical psychologists work in the National Health Service, which has a clearly defined career structure, but some work in private practice.

They work directly with people, either individually or in groups, assessing their needs and providing therapies based on psychological theories and research. Clinical psychology is a rapidly developing field and adding to the evidence base through research is very important. Some clinical psychologists work as trainers, teachers and researchers in universities.

126

Tasks

I. Define the parts of speech. Translate the words:

practitioner, assessment, psychological, difficulty, relationship, serious, largely, national, providing, teacher, through, rapidly, important, evidence, psychometric.

II. Give the Degrees of Comparison of the following words:

easy, wide, serious, hard, often, healthy, low, important, long, rapidly, typical, difficult.

III. Read and translate the sentences:

1. This assessment includes more psychological tests. 2. Psychologists face with many problems throughout a day. 3. This method of treatment is the best. 4. The condition of his patient is worse today. 5. Most clinical psychologists work in National Health Service. 6. The behaviour of the boy has been better. 7. The relationship in this family is the warmest.

IV. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the modal verbs and their equivalents:

1. This programme may include different tests. 2. You should follow the doctor’s advice. 3. Social workers were able to improve living conditions of poor people. 4. That remedy had to be tested last year. 5. The paperwork for the clients must be completed this day. 6. The psychologist has to help his clients to overcome their difficulties. 7. And now you can walk. 8. You are to look through the modern literature in this problem. 9. How often are you to see psychologist?

V. Read and translate the text. Give the description of your typical working day /a day of psychological student/:

A Typical Day of a Practicing Clinical Psychologist

A typical day as a clinical psychologist is difficult to describe because the work is so varied. For example, a psychologist in private

127

practice may have some extra responsibilities than one working in a hospital or clinic setting. Regardless, each clinical psychologist encounters many of the same things throughout a typical day.

The beginning of the day starts with the psychologist getting the files ready of the clients being seen that day. Typically a psychologist will see no more than five clients per day. Psychologists see a variety of clients ranging from children to adults and couples to families. Each client brings along their own personal problems and individual needs. All this must be taken into account when deciding which therapy is best for each specific client.

Children and adolescents are the most difficult population to work with, typically because it may be difficult to gain the parents’ cooperation with therapy. Disorders such as depression and anxiety are on the average relatively easy to treat. More difficult to treat are ob- sessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder, depending on the severity of each. Schizophrenia is by far the hardest disorder to treat. If caught in its early stages, it can be maintained; however, people suffering from schizophrenia will never lead a normal life.

At the end of the day, which sometimes lasts up to 12 hours, psychologists must complete the appropriate paperwork for the clients seen that day. This can be a very tedious task because insurance companies require detailed paperwork on clients.

128

UNIT 13. ABOUT DOCTORS AND ILLNESS Grammar: 1. Modal Verbs. 2. The first conditional.

Tasks

1. Read and translate the following sentences:

1.I must leave. 2. He must stay quiet. 3. Can you drive? 4. You mustn’t lean out of the window. 5. I can type. 6. You should see a doctor. 7. Can you repeat that, please? 8. You can open the window. 9. I can swim very well. 10. They can’t eat the meal in the main restaurant. 11. They mustn’t eat the meal in the main restaurant.

12.I can’t always tell people what I think. 13. It can’t have been a trick. 14. The voices can’t have been speaking in Spanish.

2.Read and translate the following. Pay attention to modal verbs:

1.Could I use your pen, please? 2. Could you repeat that, please?

3.She could be Italian. 4. When I was young, I could usually get what I wanted. 5. Could I leave now? 6.She’ll be able to relax with them. 7. The weather was good, so we were able to go out. 8. He was so busy that he wasn’t able to (couldn’t) come. 9. He could have had an accident. 10. I may be late tomorrow. 11. I may not get there in time. 12. May I call your uncle Tom? 13. You may have got lost.

14.He may have had an accident.

3.Read, paying attention to «have to», translate the following:

1.They have to know each other very well. 2. You have to arrive as soon as possible. 3. He has to go now. 4. She has to stop smoking.

5.You have to have an operation at once. 6. The government says you have to do military service. 7. School children don’t have to go to school at the weekend.

4.Read and translate the sentences:

1.If you speak the language, the locals will be very hospitable. 2.If you are late, we won’t wait for you. 3.If you leave now, you’ll catch

129

your train. 4.If she stays in bed, she’ll feel better. 5.If we work hard, we’ll get a good job. 6.If you eat carrots, you’ll be able to see in the dark. 7.If they go shopping, they will spend a lot of money. 8.If you ride a bike, you’ll save energy. 9.If you have to have an operation, a doctor will advise you to go to a hospital.

5. Read and translate the following word combinations:

general practitioner, physician or surgeon, both … and, consult- ing-room, to perform an operation, serious illness, to go to a hospital, cough and sore throat, to take care of smb, to suffer from heart trouble, to have a temperature, to need attention.

6. Read and learn the following:

130