Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

biology. In this field Pavlov’s contribution is great. He created the scientific method of research, concerning the activity of cerebral cortex based on the discovery of conditioned reflexes. He introduced the method of artificial fistulas to the alimentary canal in dogs to study secretions of the digestive glands.

Pavlov began to study the physiology of the central nervous system at the beginning of the XX-th century. He devoted 35 years of his life to research on this subject. His feverish and never ceasing work led to his establishing of the great science of the higher activities of the central nervous system. His teachings have exerted a very great influence on medicine, biology and philosophy. His work led to the establishment of psychology as a real science instead of a mere mass speculation about the mind and emotions.

For his study of the digestive glands he received the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1904. He is also known for his research in blood circulation and nutrition.

Pavlov died at the age of 87. Shortly before his death he wrote a letter addressed «To the youth of my country». The letter is known as Pavlov’s Last Will.

«What would I wish for the youth of my Fatherland who devote themselves to science?»

First of all – consistency, consistency, and still more consistency. From the very beginning train yourselves to strict orderliness in the amassing of knowledge. This is the most important condition for fruitful scientific work.

Learn the ABC’s of science before attempting to ascend its heights. Never reach for the next step without having mastered the preceding one. Never attempt to cover the gaps in your knowledge by even the most daring conjectures and hypotheses. No matter how the colourings of this bubble may please your eye, it will inevitably burst, leaving you with nothing but confusion.

Train yourselves to discretion and practice. Learn to do the rough work in science. Study, compare, and accumulate facts. Without facts your «theories» are useless.

91

While studying, experimenting, observing, try not to stop at the surface of facts. Do not become an archivist of facts. Try to penetrate the mystery of their origin. Be steadfast in your search for the laws governing them.

Second, modesty. Never think that you already know everything. No matter in what high esteem you are held, always have the courage to say to yourself: «I am still ignorant».

Do not allow yourself to be overcome by pride. Pride will make you stubborn where it is necessary to agree; it will make you reject useful advice and friendly assistance; it will make you lose sense of objectivity.

Third, passion. Remember – science requires your whole life. Science demands of men effort and supreme passion. Be passionate in your work and in your quests».

Tasks

I. Read aloud and translate:

great physiologist, psychological phenomena, in this field, great contribution, in terms of, physics and chemistry, to create the scientific method, research concerning the activity of cerebral cortex, the discovery of conditioned reflexes, at the beginning, the XX-th century, feverish and never ceasing work, to exert a very great influence on medicine, instead of, for his study, to be known, at the age of 87, fruitful, to compare, to accumulate facts, not to stop at the surface of facts, in your search, to be overcome by pride, to lose sense of objectivity, whole life.

II. Give the four forms of the verbs:

begin, lead, have, know, write, learn, leave, become, think, say, be, make, do, lose.

III. Find which of the word does not suit here:

92

IV. Read the sentences and correct them :

1. Ivan Pavlov tried to explain physiological phenomena in terms of psychology and philosophy. 2. I. Pavlov created the scientific method of research concerning, the activity of muscles. 3. Pavlov began to study the physiology of the endocrine system at the beginning of the XX-th century. 4. Pavlov is also known for his research in the skeleton of the human body. 5. He received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1904. 6. Shortly before his death he wrote a book addressed «To the young doctors of my country». 7. Always attempt to cover the gaps in your knowledge by even the most daring conjectures and hypotheses.

V. Complete the following sentences:

1.Pavlov introduced the method of artificial fistulas to the alimentary canal in dogs …

a)to create the abdominal cavity;

b)to study secretions of the digestive glands;

c)to observe blood circulation.

2.He devoted 35 years of his life to research on …

a)the establishment of physics as a real science;

b)the central nervous system;

c)a mere mass speculation about the mind and emotions.

3.His teachings have exerted a very great …

a)influence on medicine, biology and philosophy;

b)effect on the scientific method based on the discovery of conditioned reflexes;

c)action on the attempt to cover the gaps in his knowledge.

4.Learn the ABC’s of science … .

a)after attempting to ascend its heights;

b)without attempting to ascend its heights;

c)before attempting to ascend its heights.

93

5. Science demands of men … .

a)friendly assistance;

b)effort and supreme passion;

c)to lose sense of objectivity.

VI. Answer the questions:

1.What did Ivan Pavlov, great Russian physiologist, try to explain?

2.Is Pavlov’s contribution in this field of medicine great? 3. What method did he create? 4. What method did he introduce to study secretions of the digestive glands? 5. What letter did Pavlov address to the youth? 6. What is the most important condition for fruitful scientific work? 7. What are the necessary characteristics for those who devote themselves to science?

VII. Give a summary of the text.

94

UNIT 6. VLADIMIR BEKHTEREV

Grammar: The Past Simple Tense.

Word-building: Suffixes: adjectives: -al, -ous, -ive, -ic (-ical), -ful, -ible (-able).

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to graduate from - окончить учебное заведение to arrive - прибывать, достигать

to devote (to) - посвящать, уделять

disorder - нарушение, повреждение, расстройство to establish - основывать, создавать

to return - возвращаться human being - человек

environment - окружение, окружающая среда

to work under Professor - работать под руководством профессора

2. Learn the following words and word combinations:

an outstanding neurologist - выдающийся невролог mental disease - психическое заболевание

to defend thesis - защищать диссертацию

to receive the Doctor of Medicine - получить степень доктора медицины

Degree Objective Psychology - Объективная психология Reflexology - Рефлексология

the title of scientist emeritus - звание заслуженного ученого

3. Pay attention to the meaning of the verb «to go» with different prepositions. Learn them. Translate the sentences into Russian:

to go back - возвращаться

to go in for - заниматься чем-либо to go off - терять сознание

to go on - продолжать

to go throughиспытывать, переживать

95

1.She went off at once under the anaesthetics. 2. This student was going in for anatomy. 3.You should go on this investigation.

4.The scientist went abroad to study new phenomenon. 5. He went through severe disease. 6. I’ll try to go back in time.

4.Form «Past Indefinite» from the following verbs:

receive, study, start, found, return, translate, work, publish, graduate, arrive, establish, devote, head, author, defend, recover, prove.

5. Use these sentences in the Past Tense:

1. He is devoted his life to the service of human being. 2. We investigate the symptoms of a mental disease. 3. This disorder is a complication after the flu. 4. We shall graduate from the Academy in two years. 5. He heads the new psychophysiological laboratory. 6.The nervous system of this patient has been recovered by the end of the month. 7. They publish many interesting scientific papers every year. 8. The scientists will receive new data soon. 9. He tries to prove the hypothesis.

6. Read and translate the text:

FAMOUS SCIENTIST V. M. BEKHTEREV.

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was an outstanding Russian neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, morphologist, physiologist, and public figure, who authored over 1000 scientific publications and speeches.

V.M. Bekhterev was born on January 12, 1857, in Ssarali, near Viatka. In 1878 he graduated from the Medicosurgical Academy in St.Petersburg, one year before Pavlov arrived there. After graduation he devoted himself to the study of mental diseases, nervous disorders under Professor I.O. Merzeevsky. He defended thesis and received his Doctor of Medicine Degree in 1881 at the age of 24 and in 1884 he went abroad to do research work under DuBois-Reymond, Wundt and Charcot.

96

Bekhterev established the first psychophysiological laboratory in Russia at the University of Kazan in 1885, where he started clinical research of mental diseases. He founded the field of psycho reflexology, transferring Pavlov’s work on dogs to humans. Then in 1893 he returned to St.Petersburg and became Professor of the Military Medical Academy. In 1907 he founded a Psychoneurological Institute and in 1918 Bekhterev founded and headed a new Brain Institute.

His works «Objective Psychology» (1904), «On the Functions of the Nervous Centres» (1909), «Psychoreflexology» (1910), «Reflexology» (1919) were the examples of a scientific investigation of a human being and physical, biological and social environment. His works were translated into many foreign languages. He published more than 500 scientific papers on pathology and anatomy of the nervous system and founded a society of neuropathologists.

On the celebration of his 70th birthday he received the title of scientist emeritus. Bekhterev died on December 24, 1927, in Moscow.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the words. Define the part of speech:

clinical, public, scientific, surgical, mental, nervous, medical, neurological, objective, useful, possible, defensive.

II. Define the root of these nouns and form adjectives with «-ical»:

neurologist, psychologist, morphologist, physiologist, biologist, cardiologist, microbiologist.

III. Read and learn the following link-words:

who, over, in, near, from, there, after, himself, of, under, at, where, then, his, more, on, more than, on December 24.

IV. Translate into English the following word combinations:

общественная фигура; физиолог и морфолог; окончить академию; психическое заболевание; основать лабораторию; в

97

возрасте 20 лет; научное исследование; 22 ноября; возглавлять институт; анатомия нервной системы; поехать за границу; биологическая среда; доклад по анатомии.

V. Make these sentences interrogative:

1.They studied the method. 2. He investigated that new medicine.

3.That doctor became a good specialist. 4. She established psychological clinic. 5. He went abroad to do research work. 6. We began to carry out scientific experiment. 7. Doctor treated mental disorders.

VI. Use the verbs in Present and Past Simple:

1.The students (to translate) this paper into English language.

2.The patient (to receive) injections intramuscularly. 3. We (to graduate from) the Academy with good results. 4. My patient (to have) a very high temperature. 5. The aim of scientific investigation (to be) the problem of human ageing. 6. Doctor (to diagnose) nervous disorder. 7. Psychologists (to discuss) the work of the human body. 8.Scientists (to study) the environmental conditions. 9. Specialists (to start) to research abilities of a human being.

VII. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:

1.Институт мозга им. В.Бехтерева был основан в 1918 году.

2.Бехтерев изучал мозг методами анатомии, физиологии и психологии. 3. Ученые пытались создать комплексную науку о человеке и обществе. 4. Знание неврологии является важным для психолога. 5. Окружающая среда воздействует (to affect) на развитие человека. 6. Бехтерев описал симптомы для диагностики нервных болезней. 7. Специализированные клиники для детей с психическими заболеваниями были созданы во многих городах России.

98

UNIT 7. JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT 1825 – 1893

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

although - хотя

influence - влияние, воздействие

to carry on - продолжать, вести, проводить association - соединение, связь

to last - продолжаться, длиться

ultimately - в конечном счете, в конце концов to attract - привлекать, притягивать

to establish - основывать, создавать malady - болезнь, расстройство

disorder - нарушение, повреждение, расстройство manifestation - проявление

hereditary - наследственный

to set off - стимулировать, побудить care - внимание

irreversible - необратимый

to induce - вызывать. стимулировать to cure - вылечивать, исцелять

to impress - производить впечатление, поражать to consider - считать, полагать

to encompass - заключать (в себе), охватывать to determine - определять, устанавливать hemorrhage - кровотечение

2. Learn the following words and word combinations:

to begin an association - устанавливать связь throughout one’s life - на протяжении своей жизни

99

all over Europe - со всей Европы

to take an interest in smth - проявлять интерес к чему-либо mental disorder - психическое расстройство

a weak neurological system - слабая нервная система progressive and irreversible - прогрессирующий и необратимый

in order to induce and study - для того, чтобы вызвать и исследовать

in one’s own way - по-своему

due to the lack of use and control - вследствие недостатка использования и контроля

3. Pay attention to the meaning of the verb «to turn» with different prepositions. Learn them. Translate the sentences into Russian:

to turn over - переворачивать

to turn to - обращаться к чему-либо to turn up - возникать, появляться to turn in - ложиться спать

1. He turned over in bed the whole night. 2. Evidence of his illness turned up later. 3. The scientists turned to that problem. 4. I think I’ll turn in early today.

4. Read and define the parts of speech:

scientist, association, ultimately, neurological, ligament, relatively, became, influence, attract, malady, immediate, known, result, becoming, surface, founder, traumatic, irreversible, hypnotize, similar.

5. Read and define the meaning of the following international words:

Интернациональные слова – близкие по написанию и значению, но отличающиеся по произношению – употребляются во многих странах мира.

interest, progressive, patient, hypnotize, hypnosis, technique, hypnotic, aspect, phenomenon, degeneration, control, hysteria, director, traumatic, association, result, fact.

100