Bridge to clinical psychology. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета клинической психологии

VIII. Render the text in English:

Вирус усталости По меньшей мере 150 человек из каждой тысячи жителей Рос-

сии страдают нервно-психическими расстройствами. Жизнь, особенно в последнее время, не дает нам возможности расслабиться. К извечным проблемам - семейным и личностным – прибавились серьезные социальные и экономические, например – боязнь потерять работу. В Московской клинике неврозов проводят исследования, которые доказывают, что постоянный стресс способен вызвать глубокие изменения в иммунной, гормональной и нервной системах организма человека, породить так называемый вирус усталости. А это постоянные недомогания, снижение работоспособности, развитие заболеваний: астмы, язвы, других хронических недугов. Американцы, заботящиеся о своем здоровье, считают долгом раз-два в неделю посетить психолога. У нас лишь в последнее время преодолено само предубеждение против посещения психотерапевта.

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UNIT 16. CAUSES OF STRESS

Grammar: Infinitive.

Word-building: Suffixes: noun: -ment, -tion, -or (-er), -age adjectives: -ible (-able)

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to compile - составлять chart - список

to agree - соглашаться, считать to cite - ссылаться

purchase - покупка income - доход

to eventuate - являться результатом to tie - связывать

to worry - беспокоиться employment - занятие, работа responsibility - ответственность to struggle - стараться, бороться

to overwhelm - переполнять, перегружать demand - требование

to erupt - прерывать spouse - супруг(а) injury - поражение safety - безопасность

2. Learn the following words and word combinations:

mounting credit card debt - растущий долг по кредитной карте retirement income - пенсионный доход

interpersonal troubles - межличностные неприятности ebb and flow of family life - превратности семейной жизни lack of control - отсутствие управления

personal concern - личная заинтересованность legal proceeding - судебное разбирательство abuse of alcohol - злоупотребление алкоголем a career ladder - карьерная лестница

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3. Pay attention to the meaning of the verb «to bring» with different prepositions. Learn them. Translate the sentences into Russian :

to bring about - вызывать

to bring up - воспитывать, поднимать вопрос to bring back - напоминать

to bring round - приходить в себя

1. That film brought about a great discussion. 2. Bring me back our meeting. 3. Try to bring up your child properly. 4. Injection made in time brought her round. 5. What brought about the changes in the weather? 6. You shouldn’t have brought up that question in his presence. 7. He has gone through a serious operation but good nursing will soon bring him round.

4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive:

1. In spite of weather we were to go to the lecture. 2. They decided to complete the research in three weeks. 3. The medicine to be taken three times per day is rather expensive. 4. To prevent complication after serious disease, the patient has to be hospitalized. 5. To receive the best education was his greatest desire. 6. To improve the conditions was necessary for a weak patient. 7. The cause of his lateness was to be cleared up.

5. Remember the pronunciation of the words:

finances [faI'nxnsIz], bankruptcy ['bxNkrAptsI], spouse

[spaus], overwhelmed ["Ouvq'welmd], purchase ['pWCqs].

6. Read and translate the text:

LEADING CAUSES OF STRESS

To study the connection between significant life events and illness was the key task made by investigators from the University of Washington. As part of that study, they compiled a chart of the causes of stress.

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Most studies agree that it is finances which are a leading cause of stress. Some who name finances as leading cause of stress cite major purchases they have to make, such as a home or car. Others are stressed by a loss of income, or mounting credit card debt. For some, financial stress will eventuate in bankruptcy. While college students stress over paying for an education, older senior citizens find that retirement income can be a major cause of stress.

Closely tied to finances as a cause of stress is work. Our jobs or careers seem to cause constant stress. How is the workplace a cause of stress? We worry about getting and keeping adequate employment. We worry about new types of work or new responsibilities. We struggle to climb a career ladder, over whelmed by the demands. Work conditions may be changed or we may have interpersonal trouble at work.

Family, wonderful though each member may be, is also a leading cause of stress. Arguments erupt with a spouse or other family member. Parents divorce. Children marry. The ebb and flow of family life is filled with stress.

Family health is also a leading cause of stress. A sick family member, a serious injury, pregnancy, miscarriage, or abortion all cause stress. Abortion, relocation, and job changes for just one family member can cause stress for all.

Lack of control tops the list of personal concerns. Every human has a deep-seated desire for control over his or her own life. When control is weak or missing in a given area, we experience stress. Tasks around the house or at work to be carried on are stress. Legal proceedings to be solved cause a real stress. Bad habits to be wrestled with brings about stress. Many kinds of changes to be dealt with by people can be a cause of stress too.

Most people find that personal health is a leading cause of stress. For some, the stress is linked to obesity, and desire to lose weight. For others, the stress is a personal bad habit that affects health and must be changed. For example, smoking, abuse of alcohol or other drugs. Illness or injury, whether less or more serious, can be a leading cause of stress for many people.

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Personal safety is also a leading cause of stress. Women, more than men, tend to stress about their own and others’ safety. Adults tend to stress more than young people, who may act invincible.

Whether it is a friendship, dating, separation, marriage, divorce, or re-marriage, it is a relationship that can be a leading cause of stress for many.

Probably the most wrenching cause of stress is the death of a loved one or close friend. Even the death of a pet can be stressful.

Causes of stress change as we age. Life progresses to first jobs, marriage, children, and so on. Even if you move to a secluded cabin in the woods, stress will follow you. Gaining knowledge of the leading causes of stress is important. Using that knowledge to win over unhealthy stress is vital.

Tasks

I. Read and translate the words. Define the part of speech:

financial, study, member, investigator, paying, experience, employment, to climb, legal, abortion, invincible, solved, keeping, education, significant, retirement, miscarriage, closely.

II. Read and learn the following link-words:

between, by, from, as, while, over, about, we, of, that, most, some, who, such as, for, how, at, though, other also, with, around, less, many, others, more, their, whether, even, soon, if.

III. Translate into Russian paying attention to the construction

«Nominative with the Infinitive»:

1. Personal health is known to be of great importance. 2. His weak organism appears to have experienced stress. 3. Environment is likely to have affected his behaviour. 4. Obesity proved to be a serious problem to her. 5. They do not appear to study French. 6. There seem to be many causes of stress. 7. These drugs happened to be rather effective.

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IV. Translate the sentences using Emphatic construction «It is…that»:

1. It is this problem that was discussed at the conference. 2. It is during study that all the experiments were carried on by experienced specialists. 3. I was that cause which brought about serious complications. 4. It is the equipment of our new laboratory that enables to work much. 5. It is the researchers who established connection between life events and illnesses. 6. It was not until 5 years ago that the scientists began to work on that problem. 7. Adults do tend to stress more than young people. 8. That job did give him a great success. 9. His bad habit does cause anger of surrounding him people.

V. Read and translate the text. Entitle it:

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: exposure [Ik'spOuZq], assault [q'sLlt], seizure ['sJZq]

If two-week-old mice are exposed to half a minute of loud noise their hearing can be permanently affected. This is the latest finding to be added to the accumulating body of evidence for «critical periods» in the development of mammals, during which environmental influences have irreversible effects on the growth of the nervous system. Dr K. R. Henry of California University has discovered that as little as half a minute of loud noise sounded in one ear of a baby mouse leaves that ear permanently more sensitive to noise.

The research that led to this discovery was concerned with breeds of mice which have an inborn tendency to go into convulsions if exposed to loud sounds. These mice seem to have genetic abnormalities of the brain cells involved in the hearing process. It was however found that some breeds of mice not normally prone to these so-called audiogenic seizures could be made prone to them by exposure to intense noise soon after birth.

Dr Henry has shown that this effect is evidential only if the mice are first exposed to intense sound at an age of about 16 days.

An explanation suggested by Dr Henry is that the early intense noise in some way disrupts the mechanisms which normally protect

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the ear from such assaults by reducing its sensitivity. If this is so, the ultimate effect of the increase of sensitivity would be maladaptive, for it would mean that the ear was left without the means to buffer itself against intense highfrequency noises which are known to cause a degree of deafness by killing some of the sensitive cells in the inner ear.

VI. Enumerate other environmental stressors.

VII. Read and try to answer the question: What are some of the harmful effects of chronic stress?

Chronic stress can depress cognitive functioning leading to problems with attention and concentration, memory, decision-making and abstract thinking. Chronic stress has been found to cause serious effects in the body in general and in the brain in particular. Chronic stress causes excessive amounts of cortisol to be produced from the adrenal cortex which in turn causes damage to arteries with subsequent increased risk of myocardial infarction. In addition excessive cortisol interferes with deep sleep and with the production of brain-derived neurotropic factor and growth hormone – chemicals which the body needs for optimal functioning. Furthermore, virtually every aspect of the immune system is depressed by excessive amounts of cortisol. White blood cells are literally decreased in number and in function. This is why individuals often get sick when stressed.

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Unit 17. STUDENT STRESS

Grammar: Non-finite forms of the verbs (Verbals). Word-building: Suffixes: nouns: -er, -ty, -ment, -ship; adjectives:

-al, -ive, -ful; verbs: -ize; -ate, -en.

Tasks

1. Read and learn the words:

to evoke - вызывать

evocative - восстанавливающий

to appraise - оценивать, расценивать to challenge - требовать, заставлять to threaten - угрожать

threat - угроза

to elicit - выявлять, устанавливать to forebode - предчувствовать

to support - поддерживать

to separate - отделять, разделять separation - разлука

to suggest - предлагать

to encourage - поощрять, поддерживать to associate - соединять, связывать fatigue - усталость, утомление deprivation - потеря, лишение

to imagine - воображать, представлять approach - подход, метод

to lessen - недооценивать distress - страдание, несчастье to regard - считать, полагать

to deal with - иметь дело с чем-либо, бороться faculty - профессорско-преподавательский состав

2. Learn the following words and word combinations:

abrupt change - резкое изменение in advance of - заранее

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person – environmental model - модель персонального окружения foreboding sense of loss - предчувствие потери

doctoral programs - программа по получению степени магистра poor employment opportunitiesвозможности неперспективной работы

student’s performance - успеваемость (работоспособность) студента hypochondriacal phenomenon - явление повышенного интереса

кзаболеваниям (самовнушение)

3.Pay attention to the meaning of the verb «to stand» with different prepositions. Learn them. Translate the sentences into Russian:

to stand aside - не принимать участие to stand by - поддерживать

to stand for - терпеть, означать

to stand over - откладывать, отложить to stand out - выделять(ся)

1.My friend always stands by me in times of trouble. 2. The authorities won’t stand for your bad attitude to work. 3. Some people prefer to stand aside in such kinds of disputes. 4. You will have to stand over the decision of that question. 5. Whatever happens I’ll stand by you. 6. Try to stand aside in this complex experiment.

7.The meeting of graduate students was stood over. 8. His knowledge stands out.

4.Read and define the parts of speech:

actual, capacity, evocative, reducing, graduate, performance, negative, useful, uncertainty, personal, employment, stressed, stressful, opportunity, researcher, complexity, adjustment, category, preventive, internship, deprivation, minimize, individual, difficulty.

5. Remember the pronunciation of the words:

hypochondriacal ["haIpokOn'draIqkql], associate [q'sOuSIqt], routine ["rH'tJn].

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6. Read and translate the text:

STUDENT STRESS

Stress is any situation that evokes negative thoughts and feelings in a person. The same situation is not evocative or stressful for all people, and all people do not experience the same negative thoughts and feelings when stressed.

Model that is useful in understanding stress among students is the person-environmental model. Stressful events can be appraised by an individual as «challenging» or «threatening». When students appraise their education as a challenge, stress can bring them a sense of competence and an increased capacity to learn. When education is seen as a threat, however, stress can elicit feelings of helplessness and a foreboding sense of loss.

Individuals under low and high stress learn the least and that those under moderate stress learn the most. A field study and laboratory tests stand by the notion that excessive stress is harmful to students’ performance.

For some students, college is stressful because it is an abrupt change from high school. For others, separation from home is a source of stress. Studies of college dropouts associate with the feeling a mismatch between themselves and their college, wish to distance themselves from the source of stress, the college environment.

Solutions suggested for informing students in advance of what difficulties they might face and encouraging them to develop their own strategies to achieve personal goals.

Graduate students, facing poor employment opportunities when they finish their doctoral programs, feel stress associated with the uncertainty of their career choice and future prospects.

A major stressor for first-year medical students is the amount and complexity of material to be learned. Fatigue is often cited as a stressor and many researchers describe a hypochondriacal phenomenon by which medical students imagine they have the disease they are studying. For some medical students, the clinical years become routine and less stressful. The internship, overwork and sleep deprivation become major stressors.

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