VI. Match the words on the left (a) with their definitions on the right (b) and give their Russian equivalents.

A B

1. oath helpers

2. trial by battle

3. a juror

4. to convict

5. a verdict

6. to establish

7. ordeal

8. to sentence

9. licence

10. grand jury

a) a form of trial introduced by William the Conqueror and which was the contest of physical strength

b) to cause to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc

c) 20 persons who could decide if the person had to be tried for crime

a. a form of trial introduced by William the Conqueror and which was the contest of physical strength

b. to cause to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc

c. 20 persons who could decide if the person had to be tried for crime

d. decide and state officially in a court of law that sb is guilty of a crime

e. an official document that shows that permission has been given to do, own or use sth

f. a decision that is made by a jury in a court of law, stating if sb is considered guilty of a crime or not

g. some form of torture, which a defendant could survive only by calling upon God to prove his innocence, by working a miracle in his favour

h. to say officially in a court of law that sb is to receive a particular punishment

i. a number of persons who could swear an oath that the accused man was an honourable person and was telling the truth

j. a member of a jury

VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. The jury reached its verdict after only a few minutes, and it was by no means unusual in the State Trials for the jury not to retire at all.

2. As the years went by juries trying criminal cases did became increasingly courageous and

independent.

3. In recent time there have been strong moves to reduce the right to trial by jury.

4. We may agree that the defendant’s right to be tried by jury is a very important symbol of our democracy.

5. Those who advocate drastic change may not fully understand that our “adversarial” system of justice, where parties investigate their own cases and call their own evidence, is geared to trial by jury and not to trial by judge.

VIII. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

1. naturally; 2. easily; 3. hardly (2); 4. especially; 5. onwards; 6. immediately; 7. often; 8. heavily; 9. afterwards; 10. specially.

1. It is therefore ____ surprising that there was a great deal of violent and drunken crime.

2. As the religious leaders of the community, they ____ played an important part in some of the early forms of trial.

3. This was ____ a trial at all; it was more a licence to kill.

4. Anyone accused of crime would find that he was ____ dependent upon the opinion of his neighbours.

5. Oath helpers could ____ be bribed to ensure the acquittal of a guilty man, and they ____ did just that.

6. From this time ____, an accused person would first face the grand jury.

7. In cases of treason, _____ severe laws and rules of procedure were in force.

8. They had been ____ chosen by the Sheriff as being “dependable”.

9. Raleigh’s jury reached its verdict after only a few minutes, and it was by no means unusual

in State Trials for the jury not to retire at all, but to announce their guilty verdict ____.

10. Shortly ____, major constitutional freedoms were guaranteed in the Bill of Rights 1689.