Vocabulary Work

Exercises

1. refer to as infants/minors/children; 2. serve on a jury; 3. be sued; 4. get involved with the courts; 5. ensure sth/that; 6. be presumed to do sth; 7. do wrong; 8. abolish; 9. be legally responsible for sth; 10. have one’s future life blighted; 11. amount to inhuman and degrading treatment; 12. flaw; 13. it may well be that; 14. spell out; 15. a landmark judgment; 16. corporal punishment.

1. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.

1. совершеннолетие; 2. за исключением предметов первой необходимости; 3. составлять завещание; 4. отказать в справедливом судебном разбирательстве; 5. вмешиваться в систему правосудия; 6. установить вину; 7. подвергать несовершеннолетнего подсудимого запугиванию, унижению и страданиям; 8. бессрочный судебный запрет; 9. в противоречии со статьей Европейской Конвенции; 10. поставить вне закона/запретить телесное наказание детей; 11. объявлять незаконным, запрещать, объявлять (кого-л.) вне закона; 12. завоевать доверие ребёнка; 13. логичность/последовательность/связность информации/доклада/отчета; 14. руководствоваться насущными интересами ребёнка; 15. уровень жизни; 16. развиваться в полной мере.

2. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B).

A B

1. the age of majority a. решающий принцип/закон

2. child abuse/ill-treatment b. задержание/заключение под стражу

3. binding contract c. бессрочный судебный запрет

4. overriding principle d. последовательность информации

5. detention e. поворотное решение суда

6. supervision order f. юридически обязывающий договор

7. community sentence g. совершеннолетие

8. permanent injunction h. приказ об осуществлении надзора

9. landmark judgment i. жестокое обращение с детьми

10. the consistency of the account j. наказание в виде исправительных (общественных)

работ

3. Guess the concept of the following definitions.

1. A statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done sth wrong or illegal.

2. A spoken official warning given by the police to someone who has been arrested or who has done sth wrong that is not a serious crime.

3. An order given by a court which tells someone not to do sth.

4. An official written agreement that must be obeyed because it is accepted in law.

5. The general health, happiness and safety of a person or a group; well-being; practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people that need it.

4. Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word-combinations in which these words can be used.

1. minor (n); 2. juvenile (n); 3. welfare (n); 4. abuse (n, v); 5. confidence (n)

5. Match the words on the left (A) with their definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents.

A B

1. adoption a. causing people to feel that they have no value

2. binding b. one of the most important events, changes, or discoveries that

influences someone or sth

3. consent c. an illegal action or a crime

4. degrading d. the act of legally taking a child to be looked after as your own

5. intimidation e. more important than anything else

6. landmark f. permission or agreement

7. majority g. a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit

any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison

8. offence h. (especially of an agreement) which cannot be legally

avoided or stopped

9. paramount i. the age when you legally become an adult

10. probation j. frightening or threatening someone into making them do

what you want

6. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal against her two-year sentence.

2. Hebrew aguna (“deserted woman”) in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements.

3. Prior to the 1970s the term child abuse normally referred to only physical mistreatment, but since then its application has expanded to include, in addition to inordinate physical violence, unjustifiable verbal abuse; the failure to furnish proper shelter, nourishment, medical treatment, or emotional support; incest and other cases of sexual molestation or rape; and the use of children in prostitution or pornography.

4. Corporal punishments include flogging, beating, branding, mutilation, blinding, and the use of the stock and pillory. In a broad sense, the term also denotes the physical disciplining of children in the schools and at home.

5. In 1491, despite Austrian and English opposition, the Beaujeus concluded the marriage of Charles VIII with Anne of Brittany, which joined the domains of Brittany with the crown. When Charles freed himself from tutelage, however, his former guardians were exposed to the wrath of the new queen, whose duchy’s independence had been compromised.

7. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

_____________________________________________________________________________

1. abolished; 2. abuse; 3. charge; 4. confidence; 5. custody; 6. degrading; 7. detention; 8. divorce; 9. fair; 10. gained; 11. in custody; 12. inhuman;13. injunctions; 14. intimidation; 15. living; 16. offenses; 17. standard;18. to do wrong; 19. wrongdoing.

1. In the United States any suspect who is being interrogated ______________ must be offered the services of a lawyer, at the expense of the state if he cannot afford to pay, and failure to advise the suspect of this right (known as the Miranda warnings, after the case of Miranda v. Arizona) results in the rejection of a confession as evidence.

2. Belonging to this first generation, thus, are rights such as those set forth in Articles 2–21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including freedom from gender, racial, and equivalent forms of discrimination; the right to life, liberty, and security of the person; freedom from slavery or involuntary servitude; freedom from torture and from cruel, ________________, or ______________ treatment or punishment; freedom from arbitrary arrest, _____________, or exile; the right to a ____________ and public trial; freedom from interference in privacy and correspondence; freedom of movement and residence; the right to asylum from persecution; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and the right to participate in government, directly or through free elections.

3. The catalog of rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted without dissent by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948, is scarcely less than the sum of most of the important traditional political and civil rights of national constitutions and legal systems, including equality before the law… Also enumerated are such economic, social, and cultural rights as the right to work, the right to form and join trade unions, the right to rest and leisure, the right to a ______________ of ___________ adequate for health and well-being, and the right to education.

4. Amerigo Vespucci was the son of Nastagio, a notary. In 1479 he accompanied another relation, sent by the famous Italian family of Medici to be their spokesman to the king of France. On returning, Vespucci entered the “bank” of Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici and ______________ the ______________ of his employers.

5. Though Socrates (5th century BC) never taught directly, his whole activity rested on two unshakable premises: (1) the principle never ______________ nor to participate, even indirectly, in any _________________ and (2) the conviction that nobody who really knows what is good and right could act against it.

6. In _____________ cases the situation is often a de facto one: separation of the parents has taken place some time before the legal proceedings, and the child is already in the ___________ of one of them, so that the divorce decree may do no more than regularize in law what has already happened in fact.

7. Hence, in a case of armed robbery, the U.S. prosecutor may ____________ the suspect with armed robbery, simple robbery, assault, simple theft, or any combination of these _____________.

8. In July 1999, however, the Florida Supreme Court outlawed the state's use of the death penalty against 16-year-olds, and Montana ____________ the death penalty for those who were under 18 at the time of their crimes.

9. By the end of the 14th century the Court of Chancery in England had begun to grant ______________ as a remedy for the inadequacy of decisions in the common-law courts.

10. During the furor that ensued, more evidence came to light that prisoners held by the U.S. in various locations had been beaten, sexually assaulted, deprived of sleep and medical attention, frightened by dogs, and subjected to other forms of _______________, humiliation, and ___________.