11) Define the meaning of the modal verbs in the following sentences and translate them.

1. The lawyers were allowed to take part in the district conference.

2. The result of his research work is to be sent very quickly.

3. The students won’t be able to understand such schemes without the adviser’s help.

4. We were to do a lot of urgent work.

5. My friend had to interview the author of this article, but he couldn’t do it as he was seriously ill.

6. Will you be able to remember all the peculiarities of this law?

7. Who was not able to carry out this experiment?

8. I had to tell him the truth. His experiment was not allowed.

9. They are to be very grateful to our fathers that they withstood our country’s independence.

10. Did you have to fulfill the plan in time?

12) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Active or Passive Voice.

1. Kharkiv University … (to found) by V.N.Karazin.

2. He … (to give) me his textbook in the history of state and law next week.

3. The answer to this interesting question can … (to find) in the encyclopedia.

4. We … (to show) the historical monuments of the first capital to the foreign delegation.

5. Nobody … (to see) him the day before yesterday.

6. Budapest … (to divide) by the Da­nube into two parts: Buda and Pest.

7. The telegram … (to receive) tomorrow.

8. These Metro stations … (to build) by August 2009.

9. This high mountain … (to climb) never before.

10. The students … (to return) all the library books before each summer holidays.

13) Change into the Passive Voice.

1. We thought about our new friend all the time.

2. The experienced doctor will operate on his son in a week or two.

3. The young teacher has sent for the pupil's parents today.

4. The policemen were looking for the necessary newspaper everywhere.

5. Good mothers always take care of their children.

6. The schoolchildren are laughing at him.

7. The students of our group spoke to the scientific adviser yesterday.

8. Nobody sleeps in that bed in the corner of the room.

9. He was looking at her daughter with admiration.

10. Everybody is listening to the new lecturer with great attention.

Змістовий модуль 1 (Variant2)

1. Translate the following text in a written form.

The English word “law” means various forms of behaviour. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws.

There are many ways in which the law can be classified. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another. The main categories of English public law are: crimes (wrongs which, even committed against an individual can harm the well-being of society in general), constitutional law (regulation of how the law itself operates and of the relation between private citizen and government) and international law (regulation of relations between governments and between private citizens of one country and those of another).

A simple distinction between the civil law and the criminal law is that the former regulates the relationships between bodies or individuals and the latter regulates the legal relationships between the state and individual people or bodies.

The difference is seen in the parties to the legal action. A civil case will involve two or more people or bodies whilst the parties to a criminal case will be the state and an individual person or body. Criminal actions are always started by the state; civil ones are usually started by individuals.

Civil Law term applied to the body of private law used in those countries in which the legal system is based on modified ancient Roman law. Civil law is used in most nations in Europe and Latin America as well as in some countries in Asia and Africa. The term

“civil law” is also employed to distinguish those legal codes that deal with civil relationships (such as citizenship, marriage and divorce) from other codes such as those dealing with criminal law.

The civil law in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland covers business related to the family, property, contracts (legally binding agreements between people or companies) and torts (non-conractual wrongful acts committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation). It also includes constitutional, administrative, industrial and other laws.

In civil law system the main branches of the law are embodied in written codes. There are codes of criminal law, of criminal procedure, of commercial law and others. Common law system has no codes. Judge-made law is called common law.