Павлова Г.Б. Английский язык. Практический курс. Ч. 1
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РАЗДЕЛ III
Глагол to be: глагол-связка, смысловой и вспомогательный (§ 1)
Глагол to have: смысловой и вспомогательный (§ 2) Глагол to do: смысловой и вспомогательный (§ 3)
Present Simple (Простое настоящее время) (§ 4) Специальные вопросы (§ 5)
§ 1. Глагол to be: глагол-связка, смысловой и вспомогательный
1. Глагол to be, выступая в функции глагола-связки, соответствует в русском языке глаголам быть, являться (кем-либо, чемлибо). В настоящем времени на русский язык часто не переводится.
He is the best cadet in the section. |
Он лучший курсант |
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(=является лучшим курсантом) в группе. |
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His report was interesting. |
Его доклад был интересный. |
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Находясь в предложении перед инфинитивом другого английского глагола, to be имеет значение заключаться в том, чтобы…, состоять в том, чтобы…. В настоящем времени на русский язык может не переводиться.
Our task is to study well.
Наша задача – хорошо учиться (=заключается в том, чтобы хорошо учиться).
Their duties were to attend classes and pass credit tests.
Их обязанности состояли в том, чтобы посещать занятия и сдавать зачеты.
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2. Если глагол to be является в предложении смысловым глаголом, он имеет значение быть, находиться (где-либо). В настоящем времени на русский язык может не переводиться.
He is at the Institute now. |
Он (находится) в институте |
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сейчас. |
We were at the lecture. |
Мы были на лекции. |
3. Если в предложении после глагола to be мы видим причастие первой формы (Participle I) или второй формы (Participle II), то глагол to be является вспомогательным глаголом и на русский язык не переводится.
I am waiting for the professor. |
Я жду профессора. |
The cadets were writing the test at nine o‟clock.
Курсанты писали контрольную работу в девять часов.
The professor is invited to deliver a course of lectures.
Профессора приглашают прочитать курс лекций.
She was asked a difficult question.
Ей задали трудный вопрос.
Личные формы глагола to be
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
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I |
am |
was |
I |
He, She, It |
is |
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was |
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We, You, They |
are |
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were |
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He, She, It
We, You, They
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующими личными формами глагола be в Present Simple.
Mr and Mrs Ash are from Canada. They have just arrived in England. They are speaking to a customs officer at Heathrow Airport in London.
Officer: |
Where _______ you from? |
Mrs Ash: |
We _______ from Canada. |
Officer: |
_______ you here on holiday? |
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Mrs Ash: |
Yes, we _______. |
Officer: |
_______ this your first visit to England? |
Mrs Ash: |
Well, it _______ my husband‟s first visit, but I‟ve been |
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here before. |
Officer: |
I see. _______ these your suitcases? |
Mrs Ash: |
Yes, they _______. |
Officer: |
And what about this bag? _______ this yours, too? |
Mrs Ash: |
No, it _______n‟t. |
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими личными формами глагола be в Past Simple.
There was a robbery in London at 10 o’clock last night. A police inspector is interviewing Eddie Cooper about the robbery.
Inspector:
Cooper:
Inspector:
Cooper:
Inspector:
Cooper:
Inspector:
Cooper:
Inspector:
Cooper:
Inspector:
Cooper:
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски личными формами глагола be:
1.Water _______ something you wash yourself on.
2.I think they _______ artists. They look like artists.
3.Last year she _______ a student at the college.
4.We didn‟t begin the meeting on time because they _______ very late.
5.How _______ you, James? – I _______ fine, thanks.
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6.Their problem _______ not so difficult and they solved it soon.
7.Climbing _______ getting from a lower place to a higher place.
8._______ you at home last night? – No, I _______ not. I _______ at the cinema.
9.Anna Pavlova _______ a famous Russian dancer.
10.An immigrant _______ a person who comes from abroad to live in a country.
Упражнение 4. Посмотрите на водительские права и сообщите следующую информацию:
1.Name and surname of the driver.
2.Nationality of the driver.
3.Date of birth of the driver.
4.Place of birth of the driver.
5.Date of expiry of the licence.
6.Address of the driver.
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§ 2. Глагол to have: смысловой и вспомогательный
1. Глагол to have в качестве смыслового глагола имеет значение иметь, обладать.
I have a good job. У меня есть хорошая работа. He has a driving licence. У него есть водительские права.
We had some shares.
Мы владели несколькими акциями.
2. Если в предложении после глагола to have следует прича-
стие второй формы (Participle II), то глагол to have является вспомогательным глаголом и на русский язык не переводится.
I have translated the text. Я перевел текст.
They had finished their work by six o‟clock.
Они закончили свою работу к шести часам.
Личные формы глагола to have
Present Simple |
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Past Simple |
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I |
have |
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had |
I |
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He, She, It |
has |
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HAVE |
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had |
He, She, It |
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We, You, They |
have |
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had |
We, You, They |
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Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на значение глагола have.
MIRANDA WARNING
“You have the right to remain silent. Everything you say can be used against you on a court of law. You have the right to talk to a lawyer and have him present with you while you are being questioned. If you cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be appointed for you. Do you understand these rights?”
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Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию глагола have.
1.Many major cities in the world today have large populations of people who have recently arrived; they have emigrated from other countries.
2.Police officers have regular contacts with local residents.
3.The Academy has a highly qualified staff of professors, assistant professors and instructors.
4.I have just downloaded a file from the Internet and it has a virus.
5.The driver had serious injuries and was taken to the hospital.
6.The full-time students have better chances to learn English because they have a few lessons of the foreign language a week.
7.He has quite a few books and a large number of DVD‟s.
8.They have a large apartment with many rooms and several bathrooms.
9.The police have arrested five government employees on charges of corruption.
10.The Government has been exercising supervision over the police since the first days of its existence.
Упражнение 3. Переведите текст, укажите формы глаголов be
и have.
If you are invited to an English home, at five o‟clock in the morning you get a cup of tea. You must not say “Go away”. On the contrary, you should say, with your best five o‟clock smile: “Thank you so much. I love a cup of early morning tea, especially early in the morning.”
Then you have tea for breakfast; then you have tea at eleven o‟clock in the morning; then after lunch; then you have tea for tea; then after supper; and again at eleven o‟clock at night.
You must not refuse tea under the following circumstances: if it is hot; if it is cold; if you are tired; if anybody thinks that you might be tired; if you are
nervous; if you are happy; before you go out; if you are out; if you have just returned home; if you have had no tea for some time; if you have just had a cup.
You definitely must not follow my example. I sleep at five o‟clock in the morning; I have coffee for breakfast; I drink innumerable cups of black coffee during the day.
The other day, for instance, I wanted a cup of coffee and a piece of cheese for tea. It was a very hot day, and my wife made some cold coffee and put it in the refrigerator, where it froze solid. On the other hand, she left the cheese on the kitchen table, where it melted. So I had a piece of coffee and a glass of cheese.
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§3. Глагол to do: смысловой и вспомогательный
1. Если в предложении глагол to do является смысловым глаголом, то он имеет значение делать что-либо или заниматься чем-либо и используется, если речь идет о совершении какого-то действия.
They usually do their exercises in the morning.
Обычно они делают свои упражнения утром.
He does his work himself.
Он делает свою работу сам.
You did well to refuse this invitation.
Вы правильно сделали, что отказались от этого приглашения.
Глагол to do часто употребляется со словами job, damage, harm, exercise, research, one‟s best, someone a favor…, а также с су-
ществительными, оканчивающимися на –ing (shopping, cleaning, washing и т.п.).
His actions do harm to the company.
Его действия причиняют компании вред.
Will you do me a favor?
Окажите мне, пожалуйста, услугу.
He did all the talking at lunch.
За завтраком только он один и говорил.
Глагол to make является синонимом глагола to do, но употребляется в ситуациях, когда надо сказать, что что-либо было сделано своими руками, или обращается внимание на сам процесс выполнения работы.
She made the report at the conference.
Она делала доклад на конференции.
Children often make a lot of noise.
Дети часто шумят.
2. Выполняя функцию вспомогательного глагола, to do употребляется для образования отрицательных и вопросительных предложений временных форм Present Simple и Past Simple, а также отрицательных предложений в повелительном наклонении. В этих слу-
чаях глагол to do на русский язык не переводится.
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We don‟t speak French.
Мы не говорим на французском языке.
Did you meet them yesterday?
Вы встречались с ними вчера?
Don‟t go there tonight.
Не ходите туда сегодня вечером.
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски глаголами do или make.
1. Will you _______ me a cup of tea?
2. George _______ more than two hundred thousand pounds last year.
3.You don‟t _______ any exercise. No wonder you are overweight.
4.Do you _______ your car yourself?
5.I _______ a long journey to South Africa.
6.Can you _______ him a favor?
7.An arrested person can _______ one telephone call to his relatives.
8.I‟m sorry I‟ve _______ a mistake. It was only fifty thousand.
9.Excuse me, sir. Do you know you can _______ only thirty miles an hour in this zone?
10.It‟s no good. I can‟t _______ a profit at that price.
11.Don‟t worry if you don‟t win. Just _______ your best.
12.Don‟t _______ so much noise. Children are asleep.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию глагола do.
1.I didn‟t enjoy the film very much. It was far too long.
2.He did his best to become a law student.
3.The trainees do a lot of exercises at the shooting range.
4.Don‟t be silly!
5.I didn‟t want to be late, so I took a taxi.
6.Helen is not in London. She does her business in Spain.
7.What does he do after classes?
8.How long does it take you to get here in time?
9.I can‟t do Latin. It‟s too difficult for me.
10.You did brilliantly at your examination.
11.Does anyone know what time the meeting is going to start?
12.The robbers did some damage to his property.
13. Don‟t publish this article. It will do harm to his reputation.
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§ 4. Present Simple
(Простое настоящее время)
Yes, I like this library. I think it‟s very nice.
Yes, my friend thinks so, too. We always take books here. We come here every week.
We live quite near, so it doesn‟t take long to get here.
Утвердительная |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
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форма |
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I |
I |
I |
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We |
We |
We |
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You |
work |
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You |
do not work |
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Do |
You |
work |
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They |
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They |
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They |
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He |
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He |
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He |
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She |
work |
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She |
do |
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not work |
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Do |
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She |
work |
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It |
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It |
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Краткие ответы
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Yes, I (we, you, they) do. |
Yes, he (she, it) does. |
No, I (we, you, they) do not. |
No, he (she, it) does not. |
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Глаголы в Present Simple обозначают действия обычные, постоянные, свойственные подлежащему, т.е. действия, происходящие вообще, а не в момент речи. Они часто употребляются с наречиями usually (обычно), always (всегда), sometimes (иногда), often (ча-
сто), seldom (редко), ever (когда-либо), never (никогда), а также со словосочетаниями:
every day (evening, morning) – каждый день (вечер, утро) every week (month, year) – каждую неделю (месяц, год)
in the evening (morning, afternoon) – вечером (утром, днем) this week (month, year) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, году)
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They usually attend tutorials in the morning.
Они обычно посещают практические занятия утром.
He often plays chess after classes.
Он часто играет в шахматы после занятий.
We do not (=don't) study criminal law this year.
Мы не изучаем уголовное право в этом году.
He does not (=doesn‟t) take part in the conference this week.
Он не участвует в конференции на этой неделе.
Do you know how to interview witnesses?
Вы знаете, как нужно опрашивать свидетелей?
Does this professor deliver lectures every month?
Этот профессор читает лекции каждый месяц?
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол-сказуемое во времен-
ной форме Present Simple.
1.He loves winter sports.
2.She often works late at the office.
3.The evening train is always late.
4.We play table tennis every Thursday.
5.The computer belongs to Emma.
6.We believe it‟s the right thing to do.
7.He‟s hungry. He wants something to eat.
8.I usually go to work by bus.
9.It‟s OK. Everyone understands your problem.
10.They work from Mondays to Fridays.
Упражнение 2. Выберите правильную форму глаголасказуемого из двух, данных в скобках.
1.In Great Britain the traffic (keep, keeps) to the left, not to the right side of the road.
2.Newspapers (send, sends) special correspondents to places where important events take place.
3.People from every country of the diaspora (live, lives) in Israel.
4.Even friends sometimes (disagree, disagrees).
5.Necessity (know, knows) no law.
6.Every day we (read, reads) about crime in newspapers and magazines and (hear, hears) about it on television news programs.