Павлова Г.Б. Английский язык. Практический курс. Ч. 1

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6.Let‟s go out _______.

7.She doesn‟t know _______ about your intentions.

8._______ has broken the lock.

9._______ student will be able to tell you where the college library is.

10.If it‟s your party, you can invite _______ you like.

11.I was looking for _______, and now I can‟t remember what it was.

12.Has _______ offered to help you with your research?

Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски одним из следующих местоимений:

everyone / everybody, no one / nobody, someone / somebody,

something, somewhere, everywhere.

1.Did you say you found _______ in the street? – Yes, a diamond ring.

2.We all know the man is a thief, don‟t we? – Yes, _______ knows, but

_______ dares to say so publicly.

3.Where there any calls for me? – Yes, _______ rang while you were out. It was rather strange. He refused to give his name, but he wants to discuss _______ with you.

4.Do you have any plans for the summer? – I‟d like to go away _______ if I can. _______ I know has invited me to his villa in Portugal, so I may go there.

5.Has Matthew got a job yet? – No, but he‟s looked _______. He‟s been to all the job agencies. He hates the idea of sitting around doing _______.

Упражнение 8. Заполните пропуски местоимениями

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Text 1 Crime Prevention

Text 2 The Modern

Crime Prevention

Strategy

Text 3 Some Crime

Prevention Tips

Вопросы для обсуждения:

1.Is it possible to prevent all sorts of crimes and antisocial behavior?

2.Is prevention better than cure?

3.Governments should invest in crime prevention more, shouldn‟t they?

4.Do common people bear responsibility for preventing offences?

Слова к тексту 1:

CRIME PREVENTION

Crime prevention is one of the main present-day social problems throughout the world.

Crime prevention is a term describing techniques used to reduce crime and criminal activities as well as to deter criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by gov-

ernments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. The need to address crime is as old as civilization itself. Prevention

as a basis for policing was first formulated in England in 1829 when the Metropolitan Police Act* was passed. It became the ultimate goal of the organized police force. Nowadays crime prevention is a major strategy of crime control.

One of the relatively new concepts of modern crime prevention philosophy is situational crime prevention (SCP) that employs methods to reduce the opportunities for crime. SCP begins with an examination of the circumstances that allow particular types of crime. By gaining an understanding of these circumstances, those responsible for crime prevention introduce

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mechanisms to change the relevant environments with the aim of reducing the opportunities for particular crimes. So, SCP focuses on crime prevention rather than the punishment or detection of criminals and its intention is to make criminal activities less appealing to offenders.

There are five general techniques of situational crime prevention:

1. Increasing the effort to commit the crime;

2. Increasing the risks of committing the crime;

3. Reducing the rewards of committing the crime;

4. Reducing any provocation for committing the crime;

5. Removing any excuses for committing the crime.

A criminal act is usually performed if the offender decides that there is little or no risk attached to the act. One of the goals of SCP is to implement safeguards to the point where the potential offender views the act unfavorably. The logic behind this is based on the concept of rational choice - that every criminal will assess the situation of a potential crime, weigh up how much they may gain, balance it against how much they may lose and the probability of failing, and then act accordingly.

One example of SCP in practice is automated traffic enforcement. Automated traffic enforcement systems (ATES) use automated cameras on the roads to catch drivers who are speeding and those who run red lights. Such systems are used all over the world. These systems have been installed and are advertised as an attempt to keep illegal driving incidence down. As a

potential criminal, someone who is about to speed or run a red light knows that their risk of getting caught is nearly 100% with these systems. This completely disincentivizes the person from speeding or running red lights in areas in which they know ATES are set up.

* The Metropolitan Police Act – Закон о полиции Лондона.

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Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова с интернациональными корнями без словаря.

Person, term, practice, activity, automated, civilization, to address, percent, balance, to formulate, strategy, potential, organized, basis, modern, philosophy, situational, con-

trol, provocation, technique, mechanism, focus, examination, illegal, concept, criminal, prevention, protection, social position, reaction, to arrest, resident, cooperation.

Упражнение 2. Подберите в тексте 1 слова со схожим значением к следующим словам и словосочетаниям.

To lower the rate of crime, work of the police, the final aim, a modern social problem, effort, illegal acts, necessity, to overcome the speed limit, primary, to arrest criminals, to use, authorities, provocation to commit a crime, to realize.

Упражнение 3. Подберите в тексте 1 слова с противоположным значением к следующим словам и словосочетаниям.

An individual problem, to run green lights, to dismantle, legal, to gain, probability of success, to increase, to release, a loss, old, much risk, to forbid, favorably, legal activity, the hardened criminal, an impossibility to commit a crime, pedestrians.

Упражнение 4. Составьте словосочетания со следующими словами, дайте их перевод и употребите их в предложениях.

Activity, crime, techniques, choice, speed, circumstances, offender, to reduce, system, to increase.

Упражнение 5. Переведите словосочетания и научитесь читать их в хорошем темпе.

The main present-day social problem, to reduce crime and criminal activities, to enforce the law, to focus on crime prevention, to address crime, to pass the Metropolitan Police Act, the ultimate goal, situational crime prevention, an examination of the circumstances, to introduce mechanisms, to reduce the opportunities for particular crimes, detection of criminals, general techniques, to increase the effort to commit the crime, to reduce the rewards of committing the crime, to remove excuses for committing the crime, to implement safeguards, to assess the situation, traffic enforcement systems, to run red lights, to install the system, the risk of getting caught.

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Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте 1 эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний.

Предотвращение преступности, во всем мире, разыскивать преступников, поддерживать уголовное правосудие, основа работы полиции, организованная полиция, важная стратегия контроля за преступностью, применять методы, определенные виды преступлений, изменить соответствующую среду, сделать преступную деятельность менее привлекательной, потенциальный правонарушитель, рассматривать деяние как нежелательное, вероятность провала, снижать численность дорожных правонарушений, удерживать человека от превышения скорости.

Упражнение 7. Прочитайте текст и подберите прилагательные, которые характеризуют следующие существительные; прочитайте и переведите получившиеся словосочетания.

Activity, criminal, strategy, police force, goal, offender, environments, types, choice, crime.

Упражнение 8. Прочитайте внимательно текст 1 и решите, соответствуют следующие утверждения тексту или нет.

1.Crime prevention is applied specifically to efforts made by public to reduce crime.

2.Prevention as a basis for policing was first formulated in England in 1829 when the Metropolitan Police Act was passed.

3.One of the relatively new concepts of modern crime prevention philosophy is situational crime prevention (SCP) that employs methods to reduce the opportunities for crime.

4.SCP begins with an examination of the backgrounds of the criminals that commit particular types of crime.

5.SCP focuses on crime prevention and its intention is to make criminal activities less appealing to offenders.

6.One of the five general techniques of situational crime prevention is to increase the effort to commit the crime.

7.The logic behind SCP is based on the concept of rational choice - that every criminal will assess the situation of a potential crime, weigh up how much they may gain, balance it against how much they may lose and the probability of failing, and then act accordingly.

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8.Automated traffic enforcement systems are used only in a few countries of the world.

9.Every driver who is about to speed or run a red light knows that their risk of getting caught is practically non-existent with these systems.

Упражнение 9. Подберите определения к данным ниже словам.

prevention, to deter, intention, system, concept, technique, to assess, to reduce, circumstances, criminal justice, attempt, ultimate, provocation, metropolitan, potential

1)the institutional system devoted to preventing, detecting, apprehending, adjudicating, punishing, correcting, and reintegrating individuals who commit criminal behavior;

2)act of stopping or hindering some activity;

3)the state of mind of one who aims to bring about a particular consequence;

4)method of doing something expertly;

5)something that is likely to cause;

6)something that can or may come into existence or action;

7)to discourage somebody from doing something;

8)something of or in a capital city;

9)group of things or parts working together in a regular relation;

10)last, further, basic;

11)idea underlying a class of things, general notion;

12)make smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.;

13)make a start at doing something;

14)to evaluate;

15)condition, fact or detail connected with an event or person.

Упражнение 10. Объясните на английском языке, как вы понимаете следующие слова и выражения.

A social problem, an opportunity for crime, crime prevention philosophy, rational choice, punishment, traffic enforcement, the ultimate goal, to formulate, to speed, illegal driving incidence.

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Упражнение 11. Прочитайте историю, заполните пропуски, используя слова, данные ниже, и переведите предложения.

burglars, use, leave, put away, enjoying, front, out, hall, heard, stick, lock

People often _______ a light on when they go _______. But be sensible – don‟t leave a light on in the _______ as it never makes the _______

believe that you are in. Have you ever _______ of a family _______ an evening at home in the hall? Leave it on in the living-room. A window is also an open invitation to burglars. If you sometimes forget to shut and

_______ doors and windows, _______ a note on the inside of the _______

door to remind you. And make sure any ladders are _______ and not left where burglars can _______them.

Упражнение 12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту 1.

1.What is crime prevention?

2.When was the notion of “prevention” first formulated?

3.What is crime prevention nowadays?

4.What methods does the situational crime prevention employ?

5.How does the situational crime prevention work?

6.Enumerate five general techniques of situational crime prevention.

7.Explain one of the goals of SCP, can you?

8.What is an example of SCP in practice?

9.How do the automated traffic enforcement systems operate?

10.How do they influence the potential offenders on the roads?

Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения на русский язык c помощью любой компьютерной системы перевода. Отредактируйте полученный перевод с учетом особенностей русского языка.

1. The Government‟s strategy for dealing with crime is to sustain the rule of law by preventing crime where possible; to detect culprits when crimes are committed; to

convict the guilty and acquit the innocent; to deal firmly, adequately and sensibly with those found guilty; and to provide more effective support for the victims of crime.

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2.It is also very important to maintain public confidence in the criminal justice system and a proper balance between the rights of the citizen and the needs of the community as a whole.

3.In the past four years the Government has placed greater emphasis on crime prevention.

4.The establishment of local crime prevention panels has been encouraged and there are nearly 56,000 neighborhood watch schemes, some of which have succeeded in reducing crimes such as burglary.

5.There has been a rapid growth in the number of locally run victim support schemes, which offer practical help to the victims of crime on a voluntary basis.

6.Governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause crime because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the standard ways of responding to crime.

7.The theory behind SCP concentrates on the creation of safety mechanisms that assist in protecting people by making criminals feel they may be unable to commit crimes or would be in a situation where they may be caught or detected, which will result in them being unwilling to commit crimes where such mechanisms are in place.

Упражнение 14. Подготовьте план для передачи содержания текста 1. Выберите и выпишите из текста 1 опорные слова по каждому пункту плана и будьте готовы пересказать текст 1.

Text 2

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.

THE MODERN CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGY

Stopping crime before it happens, and preventing the harm caused to victims, must be preferable to picking up the pieces afterwards. That was the philosophy that drove the expansion in burglar alarms and window locks to cut burglary, better vehicle security features to stop car theft, and reforms to the scrap metal industry to tackle the theft of copper and lead from churches and railways.

But the fact that crime is changing means we all need to update the way we think about crime prevention, we need a culture change in which