Павлова Г.Б. Английский язык. Практический курс. Ч. 1

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A further avenue available is the confrontation of a suspect in custody with an eyewitness. This is accomplished through the process called a lineup when a witness or a victim observes and hears the suspect talk, but the suspect does not see the witness.

In many investigations, no descriptions of a person suspected of criminal activity is available. Thus an identification will be attempted to make by analyzing the methods and techniques employed by the suspect which are known as his modus operandi in the process of committing his crimes.

Since a print of one finger has never been known to duplicate exactly another fingerprint, it is possible to identify the individual with just one impression. Despite such factors as ageing and environmental influences, a person‟s fingerprints do not change.

DNA is an excellent way to identify people, matching a known sample to an unknown to confirm identification. DNA provides very accurate results. This method is used for victim identification in mass disasters and for matching crime scene DNA evidence with suspects or convicted offenders.

There are some other biometrical methods of identification, which include iris scans, hand geometry, facial identification, ear shape, body odour, signature dynamics, and voice verification. They are used to identify people when they cash checks, cross borders into the country, sign on to computer networks, or enter secure buildings.

Задание к тексту 3 (1). Ответьте на вопросы и выразите свое мнение там, где это уместно.

1.What are the commonly used methods of identification?

2.Give the essence of portrait parle. Can we trust this method of identification?

3.There is an expert opinion that eyewitness identifi-

cation is wrong a least 50% of the time. What do you think of this opinion? If it is true, can you give the reasons for this?

4. Are you familiar with the procedure of establishing

modus operandi? If you are not, use your mobile devices to find the information.

5.Find the information and speak about the first usage of fingerprints to identify a person.

6.In what cases is the DNA method used in identification?

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7.Speak on the modern ways to establish identity of a person.

8.When are they used?

9.What other non-standard methods of identification do you know? Give examples of their usage.

10.Give your opinion on the most reliable methods of identification in police work. If you have some interesting examples of their practical usage, share them with the class.

Выполните письменный перевод текста. IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES USED BY THE POLICE (2)

Police use identification procedures for numerous reasons. In some circumstances, the police identify a suspect during an investigation and use the identification procedure to test a witness‟ ability to identify the suspect as the perpetrator.

In other instances, the identification procedure is used as an investigative tool to further an investigation. A positive identification might form probable cause for a search warrant or the apprehension and subsequent questioning of a suspect, or both. Most significant are the circumstances in which a witness positively identifies the police suspect as the perpetrator, and the identification serves as compelling evidence in the prosecution of a case.

Data on the number of eyewitness identification procedures are not systematically or uniformly collected. While the exact number of eyewitness identification procedures related to crimes involving strangers is unknown, mistaken identifications have disastrous effects for those wrongly accused of crimes and for society, should a guilty person go free. Mistaken identifications may also erode public confidence in the criminal justice system as a whole.

Identification procedures may be used in different ways for different purposes. They are not always used to identify an unknown perpetrator of a crime. The police may, for example, use photo arrays and confirmatory single photographs to clarify the legal

identity (birth name/government name) of an individual who is well known to a witness, but only by a street name. A photo array consists of six to nine photographs displayed to a witness. An officer might create an array by selecting photographs of persons deemed to resemble the perpetrator. Officers might then display the photographs one at a time to the witness

and ask whether she or he recognizes each one. This method is known as a sequential procedure. Today, many police departments use computer systems to access image databases and assemble photo arrays.

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Учитесь связывать свои высказывания

Учитесь спорить

You should take into consideration the fact that …

Вы должны принять во внимание тот факт, что …

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РАЗДЕЛ VII

Present Progressive

(Настоящее продолженное время) (§ 1)

Present Perfect

(Настоящее совершенное время) (§ 2)

Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели (§ 3)

§ 1. Present Progressive (Настоящее продолженное время)

We‟re getting more bad weather than we used to. It‟s because of global warming.

The climate is changing.

As a result of the climate changing, the sea level is rising. Due to that, there‟s more soil erosion.

And as a result of soil erosion, parts of Britain

are slowly slipping into the sea.

Present Progressive употребляется:

1. Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в

2. Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в настоящий период времени, хотя и не обязательно в момент речи.

He is studying English this term.

Он изучает английский в этом семестре.

People are learning more quickly these days.

В наше время люди быстрее учатся.

Процесс развития такого действия может обозначаться следующими обстоятельствами времени:

this semester, this term (в этом семестре); this year / month (в этом году / месяце); this week (на этой неделе);

these days (в наше время).

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3. Для обозначения будущего действия, когда выражается намерение совершить действие или уверенность в его совершении. В этом случае в английском предложении, как и в русском, обычно имеется обстоятельство времени, указывающее на будущее время. Это действие может быть запланировано заранее или предполагается, что оно произойдет.

What are you doing tomorrow? – Что ты будешь делать завтра? They are arriving at 7 o‟clock. – Они приезжают в 7 часов.

I am taking English exam on Friday. – Я сдаю экзамен по английскому в пятницу.

В этом значении часто используются глаголы: come (прихо-

дить), arrive (прибывать), leave (уезжать), go (идти), return (возвращаться), stay (оставаться), take (брать), meet (встречать), do (делать), play (играть), work (работать) и т.д., а также обстоятель-

ства будущего времени: tomorrow (завтра),

the day after tomorrow (послезавтра), at … o'clock (в … часов),

next week / year / month и т.д.

Следует иметь в виду, что глаголы, выражающие чувства, восприятие и умственное состояние, а также некоторые другие глаголы не употребляются в Present Progressive. К числу этих глаголов отно-

сятся: love (любить), like (нравиться), hate (ненавидеть), want (хотеть), desire, wish (желать), see (видеть), hear (слышать), feel (чувствовать), notice (замечать), know (знать), understand (понимать), remember (помнить), forget (забывать), believe (верить), recognize

(узнавать), seem, appear (казаться) и некоторые другие.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые во временной форме Present Progressive.

1.We are having a good time.

2.What‟s happening?

3.Tomorrow we are going to London.

4.I‟m quite busy these days. I‟m doing a course at college.

5.The train is coming, look.

6.The number of cars on the road is increasing.

7.They‟re waiting for the bus.

8.The earth is slowly getting warmer.

9.Where are people running?

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10.Things are changing very fast today.

11.Crime in the world is a problem that is getting increasingly worse.

12.There is a marked contrast between what you are saying today and what you said before.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте текст и назовите глаголы во вре-

менной форме Present Progressive.

WE ARE GETTING HAPPIER

People are getting happier. According to a recent report from Western Statistics Office, 73% of people say that they are happy “most of the time”, compared with only 47% at the beginning of the century. Perhaps this is partly because the world is less crowded: the Western population is going down by about 1.3% per year. And life expectancy is increasing: in 1998, men lived for average of 69 years and women 75; both sexes now can expect to live for 113 years. We are getting richer, too. The average income in 2096

was 146,000 Western Credits – twice as much as in the year 2038.

The biochemical revolution is completing: 94% of the population is now green. (For some reason only 83% have green hair, but scientists expect to solve the last remaining problem by the year 2100.)

Not everything is getting better, though. The climate is still changing for the worse, and sea levels are continuing to rise. If average temperatures go on increasing, scientists are afraid that more of the world‟s capitals will go the same way as London, Paris and New York. Perhaps one day we all have to move to the mountains.

Religious belief is becoming much less common. In 2038, 65% of Western Federation citizens said that they believe in God; in 2096 the figure was only 24%, and only half of these went to church regularly.

(Figures from WSO Annual Report, July 2098)

(From The Times, 18 July 2098)

Упражнение 3. Поставьте сказуемое во временную форму Present Progressive. Используйте в предложениях обстоятельства времени, данные в скобках.

1.He works at some kind of invention. (this year)

2.We have two lectures a week. (this week)

3.The last train leaves at midnight. (tomorrow)

4.She always tells the truth. (at the moment)

5.Students attend evening classes. (these term)

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6.What do you usually do at weekends? (the day after tomorrow)

7.My cousin lives with his parents. (until he find a flat)

8.Her boy-friend often drives too fast. (today)

Упражнение 4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во вре-

менную форму Present Progressive.

A police helicopter is following a stolen car. The screw are reporting to Control:

1.He _______ (go) straight ahead. He _______

(leave) the downtown.

2.He _______ (drive) very fast and he _______

(overtake) lots of vehicles. It‟s dangerous.

3.Now he _______ (turn) left. I think he ______

(go) in the direction of the motorway.

4.Yes, he is on the motorway. He _______ (go) north and he _______ (not slow) down.

5.Now he _______ (begin) to slow down.

6.The car _______ (stop). It has no more petrol.

7.The driver _______ (open) the door and he _______ (get) out.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски глаголами, данными ниже, поставив их во временную форму Present Progressive.

play, harass, dump, deal, start, spray, vandalize, break

1.I‟m really worried. I think my neighbor ______ drugs.

2.Look! Those teenagers over there _______ graffiti all over the walls.

3.The residents in those flats _______ loud music again, and it‟s 1.30 a.m.

4.I think those two young men _______ that woman – they‟re following her and shouting.

5.Some children _______ a fire in that abandoned car.

6.He‟s taking all that rubbish out of his garden and he ______ in the street.

7.Police – come quickly! A group of boys _______ the school buildings. They _______ all the windows.

Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски глаголами, данными в скобках, поставив их во временную форму Present Progressive или Present Simple.

1.Julia is very good at languages. She _______ (speak) three languages very well.

2.Hurry up! Everybody _______ (wait) for you.

3.The River Nile _______ (flow) into the Mediterranean.

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4.Look at the river! It______(flow) very fast today. Much faster than usual.

5.How is your English? – Not bad. It _______ (improve) slowly.

6.Ron is in London at the moment. He _______ (stay) at the Park Hotel. He always _______ (stay) there when he‟s in London.

7.Normally I _______ (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I _______

(work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money.

8.My parents _______ (live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where _______ (your parents / live)?

9.Sonia _______ (look) for a place to live. She _______ (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.

10.What _______ (your father / do)? – He‟s an architect but he _______

(not work) at the moment.

Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения и задайте вопросы к выделенным словам. Используйте слова, данные в скобках.

1.The professor is talking too fast. (How?)

2.No one is trying to help him, he doesn't like it. (Why?)

3.Your English is getting better this term. (What?)

4.None of them is taking part in the discussion. (Who?)

5.He is making an investigative report. (What?)

6.New houses are going up in this district. (Where?)

7.He is leaving the country this week. (When?)

8.Some people are always disputing. (Who?)

9.Many old customs are dying out now. (What?)

10.Things are going ahead. (How?)

Упражнение 8. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык с помощью любой компьютерной системы перевода (например,

Prompt или Translate). Отредак-

тируйте компьютерный перевод.

1. Police often maintain that prosecutors are not working with them or are making their jobs more difficult than necessary.

2.Some of your statements are rather remote from the subject we are discussing now.

3.In the UK, if you are convicted of dangerous driving, for example if you cause an accident because you are using a mobile phone and hit another vehicle, you will automatically lose your driving license.

4.Things started to change when we really cracked down on arms dealings. That was such a problem for this area – it still is a problem, but we are really working on it now.