Павлова Г.Б. Английский язык. Практический курс. Ч. 1

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5.Today we are working on our new “Catch the Car Thieves” campaign.

We are creating secure parking facilities in the three main car theft hotspots and launching a media publicity campaign.

6.The City Council is providing five million rupees in funding, but we need twice that amount. We are trying to get more funding from the local business community.

7.Women, if you go for a drive in California, don‟t forget that it is illegal to drive a car if you are wearing a housecoat. It is also useful to know that the speed limit for vehicle without a driver is 60 miles an hour!

8.Many young people are using the strikes to protest about poor schools, expensive university education, and high unemployment.

§ 2. Present Perfect

(Настоящее совершенное время)

-I‟ve just heard about the film.

Have you bought the tickets yet?

-We‟re too late.

They‟ve already sold all the tickets.

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Сказуемое во временной форме Present Perfect переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола совершенного вида, а иногда и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения.

We have just come back from our holidays.

Мы только что вернулись из отпуска.

She has worked in London for six months.

Она работает в Лондоне шесть месяцев.

I haven‟t been there before.

Я здесь раньше не был.

Have you found a new job?

Ты нашел новую работу?

Глагол в Present Perfect обозначает действие, которое совершилось к настоящему моменту, причем имеется результат совершения этого действия. Связь уже совершившегося действия с настоящим моментом проявляется:

1) в виде результата действия, то есть опыта или знаний, приобретенных к настоящему моменту речи:

Sorry, I've left the book at home.

Извини, я забыл (оставил) книгу дома.

2) в виде указания на период времени, который еще не закончился, то есть включает и настоящий момент. Этот момент может

быть обозначен следующими словами и словосочетаниями: today (се-

годня), this morning (сегодня утром), this week (на этой неделе), this month (в этом месяце), this year (в этом году).

I have seen him this week.

Я видел его на этой неделе.

Have you read today's newspaper?

Вы читали сегодняшнюю газету?

Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями неопределен-

ного времени: already (уже), ever (когда-либо), just (только что), lately (недавно, за/в последнее время), many times (много раз), never (никогда), often (часто), once (однажды), recently (недавно), up to now (до сих пор), yet (еще, уже):

He has just finished his report.

Он только что закончил свой доклад.

This is the best work you have ever done.

Это самая лучшая работа, которую вы когда-либо делали.

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Have you heard the news yet?

Вы уже слышали новости?

I haven't read the correspondence yet.

Я еще не прочитал корреспонденцию.

My brother has already crashed his new car.

Мой брат уже разбил свою новую машину.

Следует отметить, что наречие already употребляется в утвердительных предложениях, а в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях вместо already употребляется наречие yet.

Глагол в Present Perfect также употребляется для выражения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося в настоящем (часто с глаголами, не употребляющимися в форме Progressive). В этом случае глагол в Present Perfect переводится на русский язык, как правило, глаголом настоящего времени. Отрезок времени, в котором протекает действие, обозначается в предложении обстоятельством времени:

1) с предлогом for: for a long time (в течение долгого времени), for years (в течение многих лет):

I have known him for a long time.

Язнаю его долгое время.

2)с предлогом since: since morning (с утра), since 9

o'clock (с 9 часов):

I have been here since 2 o‟clock.

Я нахожусь здесь с 2-х часов.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемые во временной форме Present Perfect.

1.I‟ve just had an idea.

2.Has your course started yet?

3.We‟ve lived in Oxford since 1992.

4.The lawyers have done all that is possible.

5.It isn‟t a very good party. Most people have already gone home.

6.The victim has only had that camera for three days.

7.I‟ve felt really tired for a whole week now.

8.There have been many railway accidents this year.

9.Two prisoners have escaped this week.

10.In politics England has always preferred evolution.

11.I have always believed that this is not possible.

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Упражнение 2. Выполните рифмованный перевод любого фрагмента текста песни „Brighton in the Rain”.

I‟ve never been to Athens and I‟ve never been to Rome I‟ve only seen the Pyramids in picture books at home I‟ve never sailed across the sea or been inside the plane I‟ve always spent my holidays in Brighton in the rain.

I‟ve never eaten foreign food or drunk in a foreign bar I‟ve never kissed a foreign girl or driven a foreign car I‟ve never had to find my way in a country I don‟t know

I‟ve always known just where I am and where I‟ll never go.

I‟ve read travel books by writers who have been to Pakistan I‟ve heard people telling stories of adventures in Iran

I‟ve watched TV documentary about China and Brazil But I‟ve never been abroad myself; it‟s making me feel ill.

I‟ve studied several languages like Hindi and Malay

I‟ve learnt lots of useful sentences I‟ve never been able to say The furthest place I‟ve ever been was to the Isle of Man

And that was full of tourists from Jamaica and Japan.

Упражнение 3. Переведите текст анкеты, данной ниже.

ARE YOU A PEACEFUL PERSON?

Answer the questions as honestly as you can and then find out your total score. (But don’t take the test too seriously!)

1.If you have ever been in a political demonstration, score 2.

2.If you have lost your temper during the last three days, score 3.

3.If you ever driven at over 160 kph, score 2.

4.If you have ever broken a cup, a glass or plate on purpose, score 1.

5.If you have been in a fight in the last three years, score 3.

6.If you have seen a war film, gangster film, western or other violent film in the last month, score 1.

7.If you have ever been in love with two people at the same time, score 2.

8.If you have ever had violent dreams, score 1.

9.If you have ever walked out of a job, score 2.

10.If you have ever watched a boxing match, score 2.

11.If you like the town better than the country, score 1.

Your score:

0-9: you are a peaceful person.

10-15: average.

16-20: you are not at all peaceful!

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Упражнение 4. Подберите к главным предложениям подходящие по смыслу придаточные и переведите их.

Упражнение 5. Ответьте на следующие реплики и вопросы с помощью наречия just и форм причастия II:

checked, eaten, made, remembered, rung, tidied.

1.We must find out the address. – It‟s all right I‟ve just remembered it.

2.The children‟s room looks neat. – Yes, They‟ve____________.

3.Is Daniel making some coffee? – It‟s ready. _______________.

4.Has Rachel got all the answers right? – Yes, ______________.

5.What happened to that chocolate? – Sorry, ________________.

6.Have you told your sister? – Yes, I‟ve_____________.

Упражнение 6. Закончите рассказ, составив из слов, данных ниже, предложения со сказуемым во временной форме Present Perfect.

Andrew is a very hard-working student. It’s midnight and he is still working at his computer. He’s been at his computer for six hours.

1)not / have / any fun / for a long time;

2)have / a cold / for a week;

3)not / see / his friends / for ages;

4)not / do / any sport / since last year;

5)be / busy with his studies / for months.

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Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски в диалоге словами, данными в скобках. Поставьте глаголы-сказуемые в форму Present Perfect.

Упражнение 8. Заполните пропуски в предложениях глагола- ми-сказуемыми в Present Perfect и наречиями for или since.

1.You ought to wash your car. You haven’t washed it for ages.

2.I think I‟ll ring my girlfriend. I _______ the weekend.

3.We‟re going to see some old friends. We _______ five years.

4.Let‟s watch a video, shall we? We _______ quite a while.

5.We could have a barbecue. We ________ last summer.

6.Shall we play tennis? We _______ our holidays.

Упражнение 9. Прочитайте описание ситуаций и составьте предложения со словом time и глаголом-

сказуемым в Present Perfect.

1.You are watching a cricket match. You have never seen one before. This is the first time I’ve seen a cricket match.

2.You have lost your bank card. It has happened once before. This is ______________________________.

3.The washing machine has broken down. This has happened twice before. This is ______________________________.

4.You are in England for the first time in your life. This is ______________________________.

5.You are staying in a hotel where you once stayed before.

This is ______________________________.

6.You have missed the bus. You‟ve done the same thing about four times before.

This is about ______________________________.

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4.There‟s still a problem with the television. Someone _______ (repair) it, but then it broke down again.

5.I _______ (lose) my bank card. I can‟t find it anywhere.

6.The match _______ (start). United are playing well.

7.Daniel _______ (earn) some money last week. But I‟m afraid he‟s already spent it all.

8.We _______ (plant) an apple tree in the garden. Unfortunately it died.

9.Prices _______ (go) up. Everything is more expensive this year.

10.I _______ (phone) the office at eleven to speak to the manager, but he isn‟t there today.

Упражнение 13. На основе данных ниже слов составьте краткие сообщения (два предложения) о событиях, поставив глаголы-сказуемые в форму Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1)the Prime Minister / visit Luton University / speak to students there / earlier today

The prime Minister has visited Luton University. He spoke to students there earlier today.

2)the train drivers / go on strike / stop work / at twelve o‟clock

3)the Queen / arrive in Toronto / fly there / in an RAF aircraft

4)two men / escape from Parkhurst Prison / get away / during the night

5)the actor Howard Bates / die in a car accident / his car / crash into a wall

6)Linda Jones / win the women‟s marathon / run it / in 2 hours 27 minutes

Упражнение 14. Переведите текст с помощью словаря. Выпишите глаголы-сказуемые, укажите их время.

TRUTH AND LIES

RESERCHERS from a UK University claim that the best way to identify a lie is to ask a suspect to repeat their version of events in reverse order.

The researchers say that it takes more effort and is more stressful to lie than it does to tell the truth. A suspect who is asked to repeat in reverse order a series of events that they have in-

vented will be under stress, and will make mistakes.

There are a number of other theories about how to identify liars. Many of them concern body language, for example, if a suspect fidgets, scratches their nose or looks at their hands a lot, these

could be signals that they are not telling the truth. Behavioral psychology suggests that liars are less helpful and less co-operative in interviews.

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However, recent studies have found that liars are so worried that people won‟t believe them that they try particularly hard to make a positive impression. The result is that they may actually appear more helpful than a person who is telling the truth. All of this makes the investigator‟s job very difficult, which is why the reverse order tactic is such a useful strategy. Unlike truth-tellers, liars usually tell their stories in a strict chronological order. If the interviewer asks them to tell the story in another way, they find it very difficult. Lying takes such a lot of mental effort that when investigators introduce the extra demand of telling their story backward, they show more of the body language and behavior associated with not telling the truth. In experiments where police officers did this, they found it easier to tell the difference between truthful and false accounts.

Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения с помощью любой компьютерной системы перевода

(например, Prompt или Translate).

Отредактируйте компьютерный перевод.

1. Courts have awarded criminal defendants too many civil rights.

2.Usually, society turns to criminal justice only after the other institutions of social control have failed.

3.A grand jury indictment is a written accusation by a grand jury that one or more persons have committed a crime.

4.Idaho, Utah and Montana are the only states that have criminated any possibility to find a criminal defendant not guilty by reason of insanity.

5.The judge has brought about a compromise between the two parties.

6.The higher court has already confirmed the lower court's findings.

7.Consent searches have become the most common type of searches performed by law enforcement officers.

8.The right to counsel has existed in federal courts since the ratification of the Bill of Rights.

9.Confession is an admission by a person accused of a crime that he or she has committed the offence charged.

10.Many groups and movements have managed to achieve profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of rights.

11.One of the most important powers of the police, which has caused much difficulty and controversy, is the power to question or interview persons suspected of crime.

12.Ever since the first police force was founded, the police have come under criticism – for denying civil liberties, for failing to catch criminals, or for catching the wrong people.

13.The strikes have escalated in both size and militancy in recent days.

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§3. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели

Одна из функций, которые инфинитив выполняет в предложении, это функция обстоятельства цели. Перед инфинитивом, выражающим цель, могут стоять союзы in order, so as (чтобы; для того, чтобы). Эти союзы, однако, редко употребляются в разговорной речи. При переводе на русский язык перед инфинитивом, выражающим цель, обычно ставится союз «чтобы» или «для того, чтобы».

Study hard in order to pass the exam.

Занимайтесь усердно, чтобы сдать экзамен.

He learned English (in order) to get a good job.

Он изучал английский язык, чтобы устроиться на хорошую работу.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели.

1.Work hard in order to get promoted.

2.Arrive early in order to get tickets.

3.To perform well under operational conditions we learn different means and methods of crime detection.

4.We must know laws well to define crimes accurately.

5.The government took these measures in order to reduce crime.

6.Now the staff are working at weekends in order to complete the project in time.

7.I study encyclopedias in order to answer quiz questions.

8.Our boss went to Birmingham in order to meet a client.

9.They had to borrow money in order to pay their bills.

Упражнение 2. Составьте предложения с союзом in order.

Alan wants to succeed in business, so he is listening to a talk on the subject. Here is what the speaker is showing the audience.