Павлова Г.Б. Английский язык. Практический курс. Ч. 1
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Text 1. What Is Law
Text 2. The Profession
of a Lawyer
Text 3. The International
Law Institute
Вопросы для обсуждения:
1.Can you tell the difference between laws and customs?
2.Are laws for ordinary people or for lawyers only?
3.Is it necessary for laws to change in the course of time?
4.Do you always observe laws?
Слова к тексту 1:
accept [ək'sept] v – признавать, принимать behave [bi'heiv] v – вести себя, поступать
behavior [bi'heiviə] |
n |
-– поведение |
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break [breik] v |
– нарушать |
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call [kɔ:l] v |
– называть |
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charge [ʧa:ʤ] n |
– обвинение |
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hear the charges – выслушивать обвинение |
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citizen ['sitizən] n |
– гражданин |
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community [kə'mju:niti] |
n |
– общество, сообщество |
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conduct ['kɔndʌkt] |
n |
– поведение |
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custom ['kʌstəm] n |
– обычай, привычка |
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deal with [di:l] |
v |
– иметь дело, заниматься |
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dealings ['di:liŋz] n |
– дела, сделки |
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descriptive |
[dis'kriptiv] |
a |
– описательный |
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determine [di'tə:min] v |
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– определять, устанавливать |
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enforce [in'fɔ:s] |
v – принуждать, проводить в жизнь |
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enforce the law – проводить в жизнь закон establish |
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[is'tæbliʃ] v |
– основывать, устанавливать experience |
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[iks'piəriəns] n |
– опыт |
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gravity ['græviti] |
n |
– сила тяжести, притяжение |
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guide [gaid] |
v |
– руководить, направлять |
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imperfect [im'pə:fikt] a |
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– несовершенный |
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impose upon [im'pouz] v |
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– налагать (обязательства) |
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informal [in'fɔ:məl] a |
– неофициальный, неформальный |
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judge [ʤʌʤ] n |
– судья |
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kidnap ['kidnæp] v |
– похитить с целью выкупа |
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lawbreaker ['lɔ:͵breikə] n |
– правонарушитель, преступник |
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limit [ˈlimit] n |
– граница, ограничение |
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maintain [mein'tein] |
v |
– поддерживать, защищать |
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murder ['mə:də] |
v |
– убивать |
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order ['ɔ:də] n |
– порядок |
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particular [pə'tikjulə] a |
– специфический, отдельный |
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penalty ['penlti] |
n |
– наказание |
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phenomenon [fi'nɔminən] n – явление, феномен |
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power ['pauə] n |
– власть, полномочие |
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precise [pri'saiz] |
a |
– точный, определенный, четкий |
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prescribe [pris'kraib] |
v |
– предписывать |
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prescriptive |
[pris'kriptiv] |
a |
– предписывающий |
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protection [prə'tekʃən] n |
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– защита |
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self-protection |
n |
– самозащита |
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refer [ri'fə:] v |
– относиться, иметь отношение |
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rely upon [ri'lai] |
v |
– полагаться на |
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rob [rɔb] v |
– грабить |
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society [sə'saiəti] |
n |
– общество |
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suffer ['sʌfə] v |
– испытывать, претерпевать |
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through [θru:] prep |
– через |
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toward [tə'wɔ:d] |
prep |
– (по отношению) к |
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trial ['traiəl] n |
– судебный процесс, суд |
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try [trai] v |
– стараться |
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tyranny ['tirəni] |
n |
– жестокость |
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various ['vɛəriəs] a |
– различный, разный |
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violator ['vaiəleitə] n |
– нарушитель |
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violence ['vaiələns] n |
– насилие |
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Text 1
Переведите следующий текст, пользуясь данным выше словарем, и научитесь его бегло читать.
WHAT IS LAW?
The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Every large group of people living together establishes rules to guide the actions of individuals toward one another. These rules of conduct are what we call laws.
Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers prescribe how fast we should drive.
In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that is, informal rules of social and moral be-
havior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually called customs. Customs need not be made by governments and need not be written down. We learn how to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can break these rules without suffering any penalty.
But there are certain rules which are to be obeyed by everyone who is old enough to behave responsibly. If any of us break these rules we may be brought before a court of law. We may be punished by the court or ordered to make amends in some way. All the rules that could result in the courts deciding to take actions against us if we break them are called laws.
Laws that maintain order in society are enforced by state and local governments through police force. The police arrest the lawbreakers, and judges hear the charges and after a fair trial determine the penalty that violators of the law should receive.
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Members of every community make laws for themselves in self–protection. If it were not for the law, you could not go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. In the absence of law you could only rely upon the law of the jungle.
Every country tries, therefore, to provide laws, which will help its people to live safely and comfortably. This is not at all easy thing to do. Man is imperfect; the world may never be free from crime, violence, and tyranny. We need laws to protect ourselves and others. They pro-
vide the “rules of game” in our dealings with other people. They may or may not be effective, but they are there, and there is little we do that is totally unaffected by the law.
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Упражнение 1. |
Прочитайте и переведите |
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слова |
с интернациональными |
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корнями без словаря. |
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Limit, form, group, detective, action, indi- |
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vidual, economic, system, |
to regulate, |
social, |
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moral, |
public, |
to collect, |
service, institution, religious, |
cultural, |
na- |
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tion, |
criminal, |
natural, phenomenon, instruction, |
activity, local, |
in- |
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spection, police, to arrest, |
militia, leader, |
protection, |
jungle, |
tyran- |
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ny. |
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Упражнение 2. |
Подберите в тексте 1 слова со схожим значе- |
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нием к словам и словосочетаниям. |
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To violate, |
behavior, society, habit, |
person, |
different, public, |
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certain, specific, |
punishment, |
to be fixed, |
unknown people, to be ad- |
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ducted, to be killed, |
offender, |
accusation, |
to direct, |
self-defense, to |
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get, to speak, to influence. |
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Упражнение 3. Подберите в тексте 1 слова с противоположным значением к словам и словосочетаниям.
Separately, slow, to misbehave, |
formal, immoral, to keep si- |
lence, to observe the rules, at night, |
in the presence, inexperience, |
disorder, to be under self-control, perfect, federal government, to obey the laws.
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Упражнение 4. Составьте словосочетания со следующими словами, дайте их перевод и употребите в предложениях.
To guide, |
descriptive, |
phenomena, |
gravity, |
prescriptive, |
speed, |
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to regulate, rules, |
behavior, |
institution, |
instruction, advice, |
to deal, |
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to break, penalty, |
order, local, force, |
to arrest, |
to hear, trial, jun- |
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gle, to provide, |
safely. |
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Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания. Научитесь читать их в хорошем темпе.
To refer to limits upon various forms of behavior; |
to establish rules; |
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to guide the actions of individuals toward one another; |
rules of conduct; |
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descriptive laws; |
the law of gravity; prescriptive laws; the speed limits; |
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to impose upon drivers; |
relations between people; |
to regulate by pre- |
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scriptive laws; |
informal rules of social and moral behavior; |
to belong to |
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particular social institutions; |
religions groups; |
educational groups; cul- |
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tural groups; |
to enforce against all citizens; |
to be made by governments; |
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to behave in society; |
the instruction of family; |
the advice of friends; to |
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deal with strangers; |
to break the rules; |
to suffer any penalty; |
to maintain |
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order in society; |
police force; |
to make amends; by state and local govern- |
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ments; |
to make laws in self-protection; |
to go out in daylight; without the |
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fear; |
to arrest the law breakers; |
to hear the charges; |
a fair trial; |
to de- |
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termine the penalty; |
violators of the law; to rely upon the law of the jun- |
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gle; to be unaffected by the law; |
to try to provide laws; |
to live safely and |
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comfortably; |
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to be imperfect; |
to be free from crime, violence and tyr- |
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anny; |
to protect ourselves and others; |
the rules of game; |
to deal with |
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other people. |
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Упражнение 6. |
Найдите в тексте 1 эквиваленты следующих |
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словосочетаний. |
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Закон джунглей; |
предписывать что-либо; описывать что-то; |
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несовершенный человек; |
жить в безопасности; |
обычаи страны; |
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общественное и моральное поведение; |
члены сообщества; |
страх |
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быть похищенным, |
убитым, ограбленным; защищать себя и других; |
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различные формы поведения; |
полагаться на закон; |
правила поведе- |
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ния; |
полиция; |
быть свободным от преступности, |
насилия и жесто- |
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кости; понести наказание; налагать на водителей; |
иметь дело с дру- |
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гими людьми; |
закон тяготения; поддерживать порядок в обществе; |
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вести себя ответственно; регулировать предписывающими законами; создавать законы; определить наказание; правила игры; нарушать правила; без страха; определенные правила; устанавливать правила; быть несовершенным; самозащита.
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Упражнение 7. Прочитайте текст и подберите прилагательные, которые характеризуют следующие существительные; прочитайте и переведите получившиеся словосочетания.
Forms, law, phenomena, trial, rules, government, behavior, institution, group.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте внимательно текст 1 и решите, соответствуют следующие утверждения тексту или нет.
1.Government usually establishes customs.
2.Some laws prescribe how people ought to talk, eat, work and relax.
3.When people break some rules and customs they suffer some penalty.
4.The law enables us to go out in daylight without fear of being robbed, kidnapped or murdered.
5.Laws that maintain order in society are enforced by different social institutions.
6.We may be punished by the court or ordered to make amends in some way.
Упражнение 9. Подберите определения к данным ниже словам.
judge, |
law, |
protection, |
murderer, |
jungle, |
trial, |
imperfect, |
custom, |
robbery, |
to rely on, penalty, |
to kidnap |
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1)the crime of taking money or other things from a bank, shop, especially by threats or violence
2)an official rule that all the citizens of the country must obey
3)generally accepted behavior in a social group
4)someone who has deliberately killed another person
5)not complete
6)land covered thickly with trees and vegetation
7)depend on with confidence
8)keeping safe from harm, illness or danger
9)public officer with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court
10)carry away somebody by force and unlawfully
11)punishment for wrongdoing, for failure to obey rules
12)examination in a law court before a judge
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Упражнение 10. Выберите из текста 1 любые пять слов и дайте им определения по аналогии с заданием упражнения 9.
Упражнение 11. Объясните на английском языке, как вы понимаете значение следующих слов и выражений.
Various forms of behavior; speed limit; to prescribe; social behavior; religious group; the advice of friends; self-protection; to live safely
Упражнение 12. Прочитайте историю, заполните пропуски, используя слова, данные ниже, и переведите предложения.
the jungle, |
robbed, kidnapped, customs, laws, |
to protect, |
rely on, fear, prescribe, imperfect |
Every country has its _______ . That‟s perfectly true. When I first came to a little Italian village I was shocked: everyone was smiling and waving at me. The _______ of hospitality _______ local people to
_______ the foreigners from any trouble. In daylight and even at night you can go out without _______ of being _______ or _______ .
Though the Italian laws are _______ like all the laws, in the country you can _______ open-heartedness and every possible support of the natives. The law of _______ is for huge industrial cities.
Упражнение 13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту 1.
1.What does the word “law” refer to?
2.What kind of rules do we call laws?
3.How do you understand the expressions “descriptive laws” and “prescriptive laws?
4.What laws regulate the relations between people?
5.How many groups of prescriptive laws can you single out?
6.What rules are called customs?
7.How do we learn out customs?
8.Do we suffer any penalty for breaking these rules?
9.What laws are enforced by state and local governments? Who plays the main role in this process of law enforcement?
10.Why do people make laws?
11.Why is it not easy to provide laws, which will help people live safely and comfortably?
12.How much do laws affect our life?
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Упражнение 14. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова и словосочетания.
1.English philosopher Thomas Hobbes described life without law as life in a “state of nature”.
2.Without rules people would live like predators (хищники), stealing and killing for personal benefit.
3.The imperfect laws are better than none.
4.If we continually break the rules, other members of society may ridicule us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us.
5.The city bank was robbed by teenage computer-hackers.
6.Must countries have special rules for young defendants?
7.Children under ten cannot stand trial at all under English law.
8.Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs.
9.Barristers belong to the institutions called Inns of Court (юридические корпорации).
10.An Australian couple kidnapped the ten year old child and kept him for one month demanding a large sum of money for his release.
11.In many countries the law is too tolerant to domestic violence.
12.I don‟t believe that the death penalty deters from committing violent crimes.
13.In some societies the family is considered to be so important that there is very little legal intervention in family life.
14.Civil rights are powers or privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protected.
15.I don‟t accept his position on the problem of disabled people.
16.Both print and electronic media determine which events are newsworthy.
17.To protect their freedom, the media operate as an interest group in a pluralist democracy.
18.They have an interest in reporting whatever they wish, whenever they wish, which certainly erode government‟s efforts to maintain order.
Упражнение 15. Подготовьте план для передачи содержания текста 1. Выберите и выпишите из текста 1 опорные слова по каждому пункту плана и будьте готовы пересказать текст 1.
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Вопросы для обсуждения:
1.Why is the profession of a lawyer so popular in our country?
2.How do lawyers of different countries differ from one another?
3.What are the most important requirements for different groups of lawyers?
Слова к тексту 2:
barrister ['bæristə] n |
– барристер, адвокат высшего ранга |
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benefit |
v |
– принести пользу |
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candidate ['kændideit] n |
– претендент, кандидат |
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counsel |
['kaunsl] v |
– советовать (что-то кому-то) |
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cover v |
– охватывать |
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diverse |
[dai'və:s] adj |
– разнообразный |
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draft a document [dra:ft] |
– составлять какой-либо документ |
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enormous [i'nɔ:məs] adj |
– |
обширный, огромный |
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further |
['fə:ðə] adj |
– дальнейший |
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take further courses – пройти дальнейшее обучение |
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insufficient |
[insə'fiʃənt] adj |
– недостаточный |
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litigate |
['litigeit] v – оспаривать (на суде) |
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litigation n |
– судебное разбирательство, тяжба |
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mediate ['mi:dieit] v |
– выступать посредником |
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memorize ['meməraiz] v |
– запоминать |
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negotiate [ni'gəuʃieit] v – вести переговоры, обсуждать условия offer advice – давать советы
practice ['præktis] v – практиковать
qualify ['kwɔlifai] v – получать квалификацию
solicitor [sə'lisitə] n – |
солиситер, адвокат, не имеющий права высту- |
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пать в судах высшей инстанции |
strengthen ['streŋθn] v |
– усиливать, укреплять |
substantially [səb'stænʃəli] adv – значительно |
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supervise ['su:pəvaiz] v |
– руководить кем-то, контролировать что-то |
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Text 2
Переведите следующий текст, пользуясь данным выше словарем, и научитесь его бегло читать.
THE PROFESSION OF A LAWYER
One of the most popular professions among young people all over the world is the profession of a lawyer. The general opinion is that the legal profession is interesting, diverse and quite necessary for any civilized society.
Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each takes a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs.
Lawyers perform four major functions: they counsel
– this means that they offer advice to their clients while
solving some legal problems or during negotiations and litigation; they negotiate – this means that they mediate between competing
interests trying to benefit their clients; they draft documents and they litigate – this means they present the interests of their clients in court.
How does someone become a lawyer? In some countries in order to practice
as a lawyer it is necessary to get a university degree in law. In others, a degree may be insufficient; professional examinations must be passed. In Britain, the main requirement is to pass the Bar Final examination* (for barristers) or the Law Society Final examination* (for solicitors). Someone without a degree at all may also prepare for the final examination but this will take several years. To get ready for the examination a candidate should memorize an enormous number of procedural rules covering a wide area of law.
In Japan, where there are relatively few lawyers, the examinations are particularly
hard: less than 5 percent of candidates pass. Even after passing the examination, a lawyer is not necessarily qualified. A solicitor in England, for ex-