- •Management
- •Оглавление
- •Глава I. Коммуникативные, лексико-грамматические и синтаксические особенности профессионального и делового перевода. 13
- •Глава II. Профессиональные и деловые тексты и задания. 25
- •Глава III. Supplementary texts for translation 170
- •Введение
- •Глава I. Коммуникативные, лексико-грамматические и синтаксические особенности профессионального и делового перевода.
- •I.1Лексико-грамматические особенности профессионального и делового перевода.
- •I.1.1 Перевод will настоящим временем (habits and characteristics laws and rules, items of an agreement - неизменно, непременно, всегда)
- •I.1.2 Использование русских отглагольных существительных.
- •I.1.3 Закон семантической сочетаемости в. Г. Гака.
- •I.1.4 Перевод предложений со страдательным залогом (подлежащее выражено дополнением; неопределённо-личным предложением), случаи перевода действительного залога страдательным залогом и наоборот.
- •I.1.5 Прием смыслового развития.
- •I.1.6 Синонимические пары. Антонимический перевод.
- •I.1.7 Приём лексических опущений (компрессия).
- •I.1.8 Описательный перевод.
- •I.1.9 Терминологические словосочетания.
- •I.2 Синтаксические трансформации.
- •I.2.1 Подлежащее — фактическое обстоятельство времени.
- •I.2.2 Подлежащее — фактическое обстоятельство цели.
- •I.2.3 Подлежащее — фактическое обстоятельство места.
- •I.2.4 Подлежащее — фактическое обстоятельство причины.
- •I.2.5 Подлежащее - фактическое дополнение.
- •I.2.6 Передача предиката состояния предикатом действия.
- •I.2.7 Номинализация глагольного сказуемого, сказуемое - фактическое подлежащее.
- •I.2.8 Номинализация определения к подлежащему.
- •I.2.9 Восстановление имени при существительном в позиции подлежащего.
- •I.2.10 Членение и объединение высказываний.
- •Глава II. Профессиональные и деловые тексты и задания.
- •1.3. Answer the questions:
- •1.4. Fill in the blanks with one word chosen from the list below.
- •1.5. Translate the sentences which have actual adverbial modifier of time, place, reason and purpose.
- •2. Marketing concept
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •2.2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Market economy
- •3.1. Words to remember:
- •3.2. Read the text.
- •Mixed Economies
- •3.3. Answer the questions:
- •3.4. Now match the words (1-10) with the correct meaning.
- •3.5. Translate the sentences, where the subject - in fact another part of the sentence.
- •4. Letters of credit
- •4.1. Words to remember:
- •4.2. Read the text.
- •4.3. Answer the questions:
- •5. Bill of lading (b/l).
- •5.1. Words to remember:
- •5.2. Read the text.
- •5.3. Answer the questions:
- •5.4. Translate the sentences, where the subject - in fact another part of the sentence.
- •5.5. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the translation of will.
- •6. Starting a Business Means Getting Organized
- •6.1. Words to remember:
- •6.2. Match the words 1-10 with the definitions a- j.
- •6.3. Read the text.
- •6.4. Match the words with the definitions:
- •6.7. Read the text and decide whether the statements are true (t), false (f) or information is not available (n/a):
- •Individual proprietorship agreement partnership
- •6.9. Fill in the gaps.
- •6.10 Answer the questions:
- •6.11 Переведите в следующих предложениях состояние действием. Используйте и другие трансформации.
- •Unit II Competition
- •1. Business Means Competition
- •1.1.Words to remember:
- •1.2. Match the words with the definitions:
- •2. Idioms
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •Internal analysis of the organization
- •2.2. Examples:
- •2.3. The idioms are from sport in business. Which sports?
- •2.4. Which sports?
- •2.5. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the idioms.
- •2.6. Translate the sentences, using the transformation.
- •3. Jockeying for Position
- •3.1. Read the text.
- •3.2. Translate the text into English.
- •4. One company Targets Another
- •4.1. Read the text.
- •4.2. Read the text and decide whether these statements are true (t), false (f) or information is not available (n/a).
- •4.3. Complete each sentence with one of the following words or phrases.
- •4.4. Answer the questions.
- •4.5. Translate the sentences, where the subject - in fact adverbial modifier of time, place, cause or purpose.
- •5. How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy (Michael e. Porter)
- •5.1. Read the text.
- •5.2. Translate the following words and word-combinations from Russian into English as quickly as possible:
- •6. Internet Technologies
- •6.1. Match the words with the definitions:
- •6.3. Answer the questions:
- •7. The Price of Pleasure
- •7.1. Words to remember:
- •7.2. Match the words with the definitions.
- •7.3. Read the text.
- •7.4. Read the whole text and decide whether these statements are (t), (f) or (n/a).
- •7.5. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the text?
- •7.6. Complete each sentence with one of the following words or phrases.
- •8. Big Return from a Small Investment
- •8.1. Words to remember:
- •8.2. Discuss the following with your partner:
- •8.3. Match the words with the definitions:
- •8.4. Read the text.
- •8.5. Read the text and decide whether these statements are true (t), false (f)
- •8.6. Which statements best expresses the main idea of the text?
- •8.7. Complete each sentence with one of the following words or phrases.
- •8.8. Answer the questions.
- •8.9. Translate the sentences, where the predicate is an actual subject.
- •9. Starting a Fish Farm
- •9.1. Words to remember:
- •9.2. Discuss the following with your partner:
- •9.3. Match the words with the definitions:
- •9.4. Look at the text. Mark the closest to the word need.
- •9.5. Read the text.
- •9.6. Decide what text refers to.
- •9.7. Answer the questions.
- •9.8. Read the whole text and decide whether these statements are true (t) or false (f).
- •9.9. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the text?
- •9.10. Complete each sentence with one of the following words and phrases.
- •9.11. Translate the sentences, restoring a name at a noun in a position of a subject and using other transformations.
- •10. Foreign Students Financial Aid
- •10.1. Words to remember:
- •10.2. Match the words with the definitions:
- •10.3. Mark two answer choices closest in meaning to ‘close to’.
- •10.4. Mark the answer closest in meaning to the word ‘about’
- •10.5. Read the text: Four Kinds of Financial Aid
- •10.6. Answer the questions.
- •10.7. Read the text and decide whether these statements are true (t) or false (f).
- •10.8. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •10.9. Translate the sentences, where the subject - in fact adverbial modifier of cause.
- •Unit III How to be successful
- •1. Punishment or Reward?
- •1.1. Words to remember:
- •1.2. Discuss the following with your partner:
- •1.3. Match the words with the definitions:
- •1.4. Which of the idioms on the left refer to the right?
- •1.5. Read the text: Punishment or Reward?
- •1.6. Decide whether these statements are true (t), false (f) or information is not available (n/a) in the text.
- •1.7. Comment the following statements.
- •1.8. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •1.9. Discuss these questions with your partner.
- •1.10. Translate an objective and subjective infinitive turn.
- •2. How to avoid being accused of Plagiarism
- •2.1. Words to remember:
- •2.2. Match the words with the definitions:
- •2.4. Read the text:
- •2.5. Decide whether these statements are true (t), false (f) or information is not available (n/a) in the text.
- •2.6. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the text?
- •2.7. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •2.8. Discuss these questions with your partner. Use the phrases below.
- •3. Urbanization Problem
- •3.1. Words to remember:
- •3.2. Discuss the following with your partner.
- •3.3. Match the words with the definitions.
- •3.4. Mark the answer choice equal to:
- •4. Cities Now Home to More than Half of All People
- •4.1. Read the text:
- •4.2. Decide whether these statements are true (t) or false (f):
- •4.3. Where would it best fit in the text?
- •5. Business Plan
- •5.1. Words to remember:
- •5.2. Match the words with the definitions:
- •5.3. Which word is closest in meaning to:
- •5.5. Answer the questions:
- •5.6. Decide whether these statements are true (t) or false (f).
- •5.7. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the text?
- •5.8. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •5.9. Discuss these questions with your partner:
- •6. Fluidity means minimal bureaucracy
- •6.1. Words to remember:
- •6.2. Match the words with the definitions:
- •6.3. Give the translation analysis of sentences with the indication of receptions and variants of translation into Russian.
- •6.4. Read the text:
- •6.5. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •6.6. Translate the sentences, using the method of semantic development.
- •Unit IV Market Technology Adoption
- •1. Increased technology adoption
- •1.1. Words to remember:
- •1.2. Match the words with the 7 market influences definitions:
- •1.3. Read the text.
- •1.4. Answer the questions:
- •1.5. Match
- •2. Marginal cost
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •2.2. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the synonymic couples.
- •2.3. Translate the text.
- •3. An Externality
- •3.1. Read the text.
- •3.2. Answer the questions:
- •4. An input-output model
- •4.1. Read the text.
- •4.2. Answer the questions:
- •4.3. Read the text.
- •5. Land Market influences
- •5.1. Words to remember:
- •5.2. Read the text.
- •Realtor
- •Consideration
- •Depreciation
- •6. Approaches to Determine Value
- •6.1. Read the text.
- •6.2. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •6.3. Answer the questions:
- •7. Women’s Labor Market influences
- •7.1. Read the text.
- •7.2. Answer the questions:
- •8. Credit Market influences
- •8.1. Read the text.
- •Variety of investments
- •Central banking & Government influencing
- •8.2. Answer the questions:
- •9. Risk Market influences
- •9.1. Read the text.
- •9.2. Answer the questions:
- •9.3. Give the translation of logical-grammatical and lexical units. Then translate the sentences.
- •Unit V Households Constraints
- •1. Households
- •1.1. Words to remember:
- •1.2. Read the text.
- •2. Challenges of Seasonal Labor
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •2.2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Education as a Constraint to adoption
- •3.1. Read the text.
- •4. Household Labor Distribution
- •4.1. Read the text.
- •5. Implications of Constraints and How to Address them
- •5.1. Read the text.
- •6. Constraints adoption
- •6.1. Read the text.
- •6.2. Answer the questions
- •6.3. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •6.4. Translate the sentences.
- •7. Meeting the Expected Profitability Condition
- •7.1. Read the text.
- •7.2. Answer the questions:
- •7.3. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •Unit VI Market Technology
- •1. Defining a “Good” technology
- •1.1. Words to remember:
- •1.2. Read the text.
- •2. Fluidity indicator
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •2.2. Get ready for oral sequential translation of the text.
- •3. General Conditions of Delivery
- •3.1. Read the text.
- •3.2. Match the definition with the necessary term.
- •3.3. Make antonymous pairs.
- •4.2. Give the translational analysis of the sentences and alternative translations into English.
- •5. Economic development does not always mean socio-economic well-being of a people
- •5.1. Words to remember:
- •5.2. Match the definition with the necessary term.
- •5.3. Match the words with the definitions:
- •6. Gini coefficient
- •6.1. Read the text.
- •6.2. Answer the questions
- •6.3. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •Unit VI Strategic Management
- •1. Strategic management
- •1.1. Words to remember
- •1.2. Match the words with the definitions:
- •1.3. Translate the texts and give the translational analysis. Strategic Action.
- •1.4. Answer the questions
- •1.5. Complete each sentence with one of the following words:
- •1.6. Match the words with the definitions:
- •2. Strategic Management as "identification
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •3. Finished products
- •3.1. Read the text.
- •4. Production output (works and services)
- •4.1. Read the text.
- •5. Shipment of goods
- •5.1. Read the text.
- •6. Acceptance
- •6.1. Words to remember: - также в табличке
- •6.2. Read the text.
- •6.3. Read the text.
- •Varieties of acceptances
- •6.4. Read the text. History
- •6.5. Read the text. Comparison with other drafts
- •7. The major items in the current account are:
- •7.1. Words to remember также в табличке
- •7.2. Answer the questions
- •Unit VIII Management in economics
- •1. Management in economics
- •2. Supply and demand
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •3. Scarcity
- •3.1. Read the text.
- •4. Economics and other disciplines
- •4.1. Read the text.
- •5. Welfare definition
- •5.1. Read the text.
- •6. Management Fundamentals of Business
- •6.1. Read the text.
- •Unit IX Auditing
- •1. "In God we trust, all others we audit"
- •2. Financial Audit
- •3. Internal, Governmental and External Audit
- •4. Process of Audit
- •4.1. Words to remember:
- •4.2. Read the text.
- •4.3. Answer the questions.
- •Unit X Tax
- •2. History of taxation
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •2.2. Answer the questions.
- •3. Types of Taxes
- •3.2. Read the text.
- •4. Income tax
- •4.1. Read the text.
- •5. Poll tax
- •5.1. Read the text.
- •6. Value added tax
- •6.1. Read the text.
- •6.2. Answer the questions.
- •Unit XI Сontracts and deliveries
- •1. Contracts and deliveries
- •2. Contracts and their performance
- •By road
- •Important documents and organizations which regulate trade.
- •General Conditions of Delivery
- •1. Basis and volume of delivery
- •2. Packing and Marking
- •Общие условия поставки
- •1. Содержание и объём поставки
- •2. Упаковка и маркировка
- •4. Sales letters.
- •Unit XII Law and economics
- •1. Law and economics
- •2. Two sides of social scitntists
- •2.1. Read the text.
- •3. ModelingCourts lewis a. Kornhauser
- •3.1. Words to remember
- •3.2. Read the text.
- •4. Formal models of adjudication and interpretations
- •4.1. Words to remember:
- •4.2. Read the text. A Variety of Court Models
- •4.3. Answer the questions.
- •4.4. Read the text.
- •5. Is There a Method to the Madness?
- •5.1. Words to remember
- •5.2. Read the text.
- •6. Constitutional design and metarules
- •6.1. Words to remember
- •6.2. Read th text.
- •7. Hume’s legal functionalism
- •7.1. Words to remember
- •7.2. Read the text.
- •A. The Artifice of Fictional Motives
- •8. Ideology and legal normativity
- •8.1. Words to remember
- •8.2. Read the text.
- •9. Legal normativity and ideological advertising
- •9.1. Words to remember:
- •9.2. Read the text.
- •10. Concluding remarks
- •10.1. Read the text.
- •11. Act versus Rule Utilitarianism and the Role of Social Practices
- •11.1. Read the text.
- •12. Law limitations and economics as an explanative theory
- •12.1. Read the text.
- •13. Internal and External Criticism
- •13.1. Read the text.
- •Internal Criticism
- •13.2. Read the text. External Criticism
- •Глава III. Supplementary texts for translation Tastes differ
- •Micrographics is no small business
- •Fresh approach to healthcare-information management
- •Logistics Operations &Production
- •Industry Level
- •Types of companies
- •Value chain
- •Transport and Logistics
- •State-owned corporations
- •Disadvantages
- •Приложения
- •Синонимические пары:
- •Cлова-ловушки, ложные друзья и коварные враги переводчика. –
- •Словарь «Ложные друзья и коварные враги переводчика»
- •Intrigue – Интрига, Возможность;
- •Полезные идиомы
- •Список наиболее частотных логико-грамматических лексических единиц, характерных для английского делового и профессионального текста:
- •Глоссарий
- •List of most basic latin ex-
- •List of most basic mathematical symbols
- •198095, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Розенштейна, д. 21.
2. Упаковка и маркировка
2.1. Оборудование должно отгружаться в экспортной морской упаковке, соответствующей характеру данного оборудования.
2.2. Упаковка должна обеспечить полную сохранность груза от всякого рода повреждений и коррозии при перевозке его морем, по железной дороге и смешанным транспортом с учетом нескольких перегрузок в пути, а также длительного хранения. Груз должен быть упакован таким образом, чтобы он не мог перемещаться внутри тары при изменении ее положения.
Продавец несет ответственность за повреждение или поломку груза вследствие ненадлежащей упаковки, за образование коррозии.
В случае, если упакованное оборудование или его отдельные части будут превышать габаритные размеры (overall dimensions) при перевозке: 12 х 2,7 м, то стороны по контракту должны согласовать такие габариты до начала производства продавцом этого оборудования.
4. Sales letters.
Commercial letters.
A reply to an enquiry for Fabrics.
Dear Sirs,
We have received your enquiry for fabrics with a linen look and with a woollen look for coats and suits. We regret that we are unable to offer any fabric with a linen look, but we can deliver the fabric with a woolen look. Our offer is as follows:
qualily: 45 .
width: 175/180
weight: 485/495
price: |5,00 per metre; f.o.b. British port
delivery: by the end of this year, subject to acceptance within 7 days.
We will be pleased to hear at your earliest convenience whether you are interested.
Your faithfully,
A reply to an enquiry for Ladies' and Men's Knitwear.
Dear Sirs,
We have received your letter of 8th April requesting samples of ladies' and men's knitwear for immediate delivery. We have dispatched, under separate cover by airmail, a collection of samples: blouses, jumpers, waistcoats, cardigans with short and long sleeves, with various types of collars made of wool. All technical details are set out on the individual sample headers and prices are given on the attached Price List, all prices are quoted f.o.b. English Port, less 2½ % cash discount for prompt settlement by Letter of Credit or cash against documents in London. If you have the prospect of any reasonable order and you wish to talk about such matters, the undersigned would be quite willing to come to Poland, or we could discuss matters in London should you visit here in the near future.
We hope that you will find our samples suitable for your purpose, and look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
A good sales letter consists of four essential elements. It must:
Хорошее рекламное письмо состоит из 4 основных элементов: Оно должно:
a) arouse interest заинтересовывать
b) create desire вызывать желание
c) carry conviction убеждать
d) induce action побуждать к действию
An offer of silent mashines.
Dear Mr. Johnson,
(Interest)
We are sorry for you. Your ears are deafened by the ceaseless noise of mashines. You get frequent headaches and go home tired and irritable. In short, you are gradually becoming a nervous wreck. And it is understandable.
(Desire)
But thanks to our silent machines you can rid yourself of all this suffering. Your peace in the office will be assured; life will become peaceful for everyone and, what is important, output will go up.
(Conviction)
Give us the chance to bring your office up to date. We will give you a generous allowance on all your silent modern typewriters.
(Action)
You no longer need to be the suffering victim of noise. All you need to do is to complete and return the enclosed card. Our Mr. Kendall will then call whenever it is convenient for you to see him and discuss with you a plan to bring peace into your office. Meanwhile, he asks me to send you his compliments (кланяться).
Yours sincerely...
An offer of ladies' handbags.
Dear Sirs,
We think you will be intеrested in our leather handbags which are offered at various prices and in variety of colours. The high quality of our products is well known and universally acknowledged. We are certain that a trial order would convince you that, at the prices quoted, the goods we are offering are excellent value for money. From all list prices we allow a trade discount of 30% and a further special discount of 5% on all orders received on or before 3/d May. Under pressure of rising costs we shall not find it possible to extend these favourable terms beyond that date, so why not take advantage of them now and send us an immediate order.
We are offering you goods of very high quality on unusually generous terms and would welcome the opportunity to serve you.
Yours faithfully...
An offer of tights.
Dear Sirs,
We have great pleasure in enclosing samples of a brand new concept in hosiery. This is, we believe, the most significant breakthrough in the production of hosiery since tights first become popular.
This product is made in one piece, knitted from toe lo toe in one operation, and offering a new possibility in fit and comfort. The reason 1 am presenting these samples to you now is that from the Spring we will have this style on offer, and the price should be very competitive. With the tremendous impact on the world economy continuing to be felt by inflation, this method of production in the long term offers the best solution to stable prices, and we believe that over the next two or three years, this particular method of production will become more and more competitive.
An enquiry for calculators.
Dear Sirs,
We have seen an advertisement for your pocket calculator Memory 809 MD for J45. We would like to receive your offer for the supply of 500 pieces including the information how long you would require to complete an order for the quantity mentioned.
Yours faithfully...
An enquiry for calculators.
Dear Sirs,
I am interested in obtaining regular supplies of fabrics with a linen look and a woolen look for coats and suits. I estimate my requirements for 2007 at 14,000 m. Before placing a firm order I must be satisfied that the quality is the same or as good as the one I have had up to now from other suppliers.
I must be also sure that the price will remain firm over the year, and above all, that the delivery will be reliable.
Please, treat this matter as urgent.
Yours faithfully…
An enquiry for ladies' and men's knitwear.
Dear Sirs,
We would like to inform you that we are interested in purchasing Ladies' and Men's Knitwear, such as jumpers, cardigans, pullovers, with long and short sleeves, made of all kinds of pure wool.
An offer should include, besides the usual details, quantity discount, kind of packing, quality description, technical data and any other information that might be useful to the buyers and draw attention to the product.
We will be grateful if you treat this matter as urgent.
Yours faithfully,
Replies
Replies to enquiries are an important stage in business dealings. Great care must be taken to ensure that the customer receives the information since careful treatment of customer enquiries can significantly help in winning order. On the other hand, inability to deal with enquiries can lead to loss of valuable orders.
Reply to an enquiry for Coffee.
Dear Sir,
We thank you for your enquiry of 5th June, and we have pleasure in submitting herewith two copies of our Export Price List together with some publicity material. Our usual discount is 5% but if an order is exceptionally large we are prepared to increase the discount.
All items in our range are carried in stock, enabling us to effect despatch of orders within 10 to 14 days of receipt of order. We hope that our products will meet your approval and we will have the pleasure of receiving your order instruction.
Yours faithfully,
A reply to an enquiry for Angora Rabbit Hair.
Dear Sir,
Thank you for your enquiry of 2nd February concerning angora rabbit hair. We have pleasure in enclosing our price list and catalogues. Under separate cover we are sending you our samples, which we have specially selected to meet your needs. We hope that you will give us an order which will have our best attention.
Yours faithfully,
Translate the sentences into English
В России с 1 сентября 2014г в силу вступили поправки в Гражданский кодекс, по которым закрытые и открытые акционерные общества (ЗАО и ОАО), а также общества с дополнительной ответственностью (ОДО) прекращают свою деятельность. Вместо них появятся публичные и непубличные компании.
Отличием публичных юридических лиц станет свободная торговля ценными бумагами компании. Акционерное общество, у которого устав и фирменное наименование указывают на то, что оно является публичным, подпадет под правила о публичных обществах. Все остальные акционерные общества, а также общества с ограниченной ответственностью (ООО) теперь будут непубличными обществами.
Общества при первом изменении документов смогут перейти в новый статус, причем массовая перерегистрация ОАО в сжатые сроки не потребуется. Госпошлина за приведение документов в соответствие с новыми нормами, согласно закону, не взимается.
Эти поправки в законодательство были инициированы в 2012 году. Глава Минюста Александр Коновалов заявил тогда, что 80 процентов юридических лиц зарегистрированы как ООО. Такие формы, как ОДО и полное товарищество, оказались официально невостребованными.
Translate the sentences from Group A into English. You can use the translations in Group B.
Group А.
1. Акционерные общества
2. С юридической точки зрения акционерное общество считается отдельным лицом, то есть, что у его акционеров (владельцов) и директора (человек, выбранный акционерами, чтобы управлять компанией), есть ограниченная ответственность.
3. Капитал для этого типа компании привлечен из средств общественности.
4. Поэтому plc может быть заявлена на фондовой бирже.
5. Прежде, чем заниматься бизнесом, pls должен иметь минимальный размер уставного капитала (в Англии, например, он должен выдать по крайней мере 50 000 фунтов стерлингов на сумму акций).
6. Закрытое акционерное общество с ограниченной ответственностью.
7. Акции закрытых ационерных обществ с ограниченной ответственностью пренадлежат специально избранным лицам или компаниям, что означает, что он не может быть включен в листинг (перечень) фондовой биржи.
8. Однако, в отличие от открытых обществ с ограниченной ответственностью, для закрытых акционерных общества с ограниченной ответственностью минимум капитала не устанавливается– для ЗАО с ограниченной ответственностью теоретически возможно иметь всего одну акцию одного человека.
9. Акционеры общества с ограниченной ответственностью отвечают только капиталом, вложенным в компанию.
10. В случае банкротства выплаты кредиторам будут производиться из средств компании, а не из личных средств акционеров.
11. Открытое акционерное общество с ограниченной ответственностью “plc” используется, чтобы показать, что акции компании могут быть куплены всеми желающими, в отличие от акции закрытого общества с ограниченной ответственностью.
12. Партнерство - ассоциация (двух или более лиц) для ведения бизнеса для взаимной прибыли.
13. Партнеры это совладельцы предприятия, намеренные получать прибыль с помощью партнерства, они - агенты которые имеют доверенные отношения друг с другом, и следовательно, каждый партнер ответственен за действия других.
14. Партнерство может быть общим или ограниченным.
15. Общие партнерства, в которых все партнеры делятся обязательствами по долгам партнеров и в которых каждый из партнеров является агентом фирмы.
16. В обычном товариществе партнеры могут иметь одинаковые или различные инвестиции капитала и могут разделить прибыль и потери в разных долях.
17. Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью состоит из одного или более обычных партнеров и один или несколько партнеров с ограниченной ответственностью.
18. Партнер с ограниченной ответственностью может ограничить свои обязательства в соотве тствии с суммой его инвестиций, внеся изменения в соглашение.
19. Партнер с ограниченной ответственностью не несёт ответственноти как генеральный партнер, если он не принимает участия в управлении;
20. Ограниченный партнер имеет доступ ко полной информации о всех факторах, влияющих на сотрудничество.
21. Партнер с ограниченной ответственностью получает свою долю прибыли или иной компенсации по доходу.
22. Партнеры делятся на различные классы, такие как скрытые, тихие, номинальные и тайные партнеры.
23. Тихим партнером или пассивным называют не активных партнеров, не известных общественности в качестве партнера; его связь с фирмой так или иначе скрывается.
24. Номинальный партнер это тот, кто позволяет своим именем появится в качестве члена фирмы, в которой он не имеет никакого реального дохода.
25. Этот договор подобен договору обычного партнера но без фактической доли в фирме.
26. Корпорация является юридическим лицом, созданным в рамках государственного законодательства с правом ведения своих дел, как физическое лицо.
27. Корпорация действительна, когда правительство штата выдает свидетельство о регистрации, которое распространяется на одного или нескольких лиц, известных как учредителей.
28. Корпорации могут быть классифицированы как :
28. 1. Статус: де-юре; фактическая; корпорация процессуальным отводом.
28. 2. Тип: частная, государственная, некоммерческая, закрытого типа, профессиональная.
28. 3. Местоположение: внутренняя корпорация; иностранная корпорация.
Group B. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. A partnership is an association of two or more persons formed to carry on a business for mutual profit.
2. General partnerships are those in which all the partners share the liabilities of the partnership debts and in which each partner is an agent for the firm.
3. A corporation comes into existence when the state government issues a certificate of incorporation which is applied for by one or more persons known as incorporators.
4. The shares of a private limited company are held by specially chosen persons or companies, which means it can’t be listed on the stock exchange.
5. A limited partner shall receive his share of the profits or other compensation by way of income.
6. Corporations may be classified as to:
6. 1. Status: de jure corporation; de facto corporation; corporation by estoppel.
6. 2. Type: private corporation; public corporation; nonprofit corporation; closed corporation; professional corporation.
6. 3. Location: domestic corporation; foreign corporation.
7. In a general partnership partners may have the same or different investments of capital and may share the profits and losses in the same or different proportions.
8. A limited partner shall have the right to full information about all things affecting the partnership;
9. A public company with limited liability "plc" is used to show that the company's shares can be bought by anyone , unlike shares of a closed society with limited liability..
10. The partners are co-owners of the enterprise, they intend to make a profit through the partnership, they are agents for and have a fiduciary relationship with each other, and consequently, each partner is responsible for the acts of the others.
11. Shareholders of a limited liability company responsible only the capital invested in the company.
12. For this reason, a plc can be listed on the stock exchange.
13. However unlike public limited companies, private limited companies don’t need a minimum amount of share capital – it’s theoretically possible for a private limited company to have just one share held by one person.
14. From a legal point of view, a joint-stock company counts as a separate person, which means that its shareholders (owners) and directors (people chosen by the shareholders to run the company) have limited liability.
15. Before it can start doing business, a plc needs to have a minimum amount of share capital (in England for example, it needs to issue at least £50,000 worth of shares).
16. A limited partnership is composed of one or more general partners and one or more limited partners.
17. Joint-stock companies
18. A limited partner may limit his liabilities to the amount of his investment by inserting modifying articles in the partnership agreement.
19. In case of bankruptcy payments to creditors will be made from the company's funds , and not from personal funds of shareholders.
20. The capital for this type of company is raised from members of the public.
21. Partners are divided into various classes such as dormant, silent, nominal, ostensible, and secret partners.
22. Partnerships may be general or limited.
23. A nominal partner is one who allows his name to appear as a member of the firm in which he has no real interest.
24. Private limited company (Ltd.).
25. A silent partner is said to be the same as a sleeping partner: one who is neither an active partner nor generally known to the public as a partner; his connection with the firm is concealed in some way.
26. A corporation is a legal entity created under state law with the power to conduct its affairs as though it were a natural person.
27. A limited partner shall not become liable as a general partner unless he takes part in the control of the business;
28. This arrangement is similar to that of an ostensible partner, who may appear to be a partner but who has no actual interest in the firm.
Match the English words with the Russian ones:
|
corporation de facto limited partner limited liability company legal entity corporation de jure association with unlimited responsibility corporation owing to an incontestable legal presumption, |
1. Физическое лицо
2. юридическое лицо
3. корпорация де-юре
4. корпорация де-факто
5. товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью
6. корпорация в силу неопровержимой правовой презумпции
7. товарищество с неограниченной
8. партнер с ограниченной ответственностью